Abstract
Turkish is the 16th most spoken language in the world, with approximately 83 million users. Today, based on social reasons, bilingualism and multilingualism are prevalent. Similarly, studies on bilingualism or multilingualism in literature have been increasing. This study aims to show the preliminary results of the Turkish word recognition performance of Turks (Turkish-German bilinguals) living in Germany. In this study, 60 early and late bilingual subjects whose ages ranged from 18 to 65 years old were tested. Speech recognition test material consisted of 120 three-syllabic Turkish words recorded on CD which were played to the bilingual individuals using an IBM 386sx personal computer, Westra Audiometer CAD- 03, and sound insulated room per Industrial Acoustics Company (IAC) standards. The individuals were asked to repeat the Turkish words they listened to. The words were recorded by the author in the way they had been repeated by the individuals. The results were assessed per percentages of word recognition. Turkish-German early bilinguals performed more poorly than late bilinguals in terms of word recognition. This finding indicates that bilingualism may affect early bilinguals’ word recognition performance in terms of auditory processing. It was observed in the literature that bilingual children lag behind their monolingual peers in terms of both vocabulary and grammatical development. The findings in this study are consistent with those studies. More studies are needed for bilingual individuals.
References
- Crandell C. C., & Smaldino J. J. (1996). Speech perception in noise by children for whom English is a second language. American Journal of Audiology, 5, 47-51.
- Cutler A., Weber A., Smits R., & Cooper, N. (2004). The pattern of English phoneme confusion by native and coconfusedisteners. Journal Acoustical Society of America, 116, 3668-3678.
- Gat I. B., & Keith R. W. (1978). An effect of linguistic experience: Auditory word discrimination by native and non-native speakers of English. Audiology, 17, 339-345.
- Göksel A., & Kerslake C. (2005). Turkish: A comprehensive grammar. London: Routledge.
- Golestani N., Rosen S., & Scott S. K. (2009). Native-language benefit for understanding speech in noise: The contribution of semantics. Bilingualism, 12, 385-392.
- Harley T. (2001). The psychology of language from data to theory. New York: Psychology Press.
- Lewis M. P., Gary F. S., & Charles D. F. (2014). Ethnologue: Languages of the world. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com
- Mayo L. H., Florentine M., & Buus, S. (1997). Age of second-language acquisition and perception of speech in noise. Journal Speech Language and Hearing Research, 40(3), 686-93.
- Menz A. (2011). The Turkish languages of Europe. In B. Kortmann, J. Auwera van der (Eds). The languages and linguistics of Europe a comprehensive guide. (pp. 159-178). Boston: Monton de Gruyter.
- Moradi H. (2014). An investigation through different types of bilinguals and bilingualism. International Journal of Humanity and Social Sciences Studies, 1(2), 147-154.
- Rogers C. L., Lister J. J., Febo D. M., Besing J. M., & Abrams H. B. (2006). Effects of bilingualism, noise, and reverberation on speech perception by listeners with normal hearing. Applied Psycholinguistics, 27, 465-485.
- Sharifinik M., Ahadi M., & Rahimi V. (2021). Bilingualism and cognitive and auditory processing: A comprehensive review. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal, 19(3), 231-239.
- Shi L. F., & Sanchez D. (2010). Spanish/English bilingual listeners on clinical word recognition test: What to expect and how to predict. Journal Speech Language and Hearing Research, 53, 1096-1110.
- Stuart, A., Zhang, J., & Swink, S. (2010). Reception thresholds for sentences in quiet and noise for monolingual English and bilingual Mandarin-English listeners. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 21(4), 239-248.
- Şahin Kamişli, G., & Kemaloğlu, Y. (2022). Türkçede konuşma odyometrisinde kullanılan sözcük listeleri ve cümle testleri. In Y. K. Kemaloğlu, H. Kasapoğlu Çengel & G. Mengü (Eds), Odyolojide konuşmanın fonetik (sesbilgisel) ve fonolojik (sesbilimsel) özelliklerinin önemi-Türkçe örneği (s. 122-129) Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri Yayınevi.
- van Engen K. J. (2010). Similarity and familiarity: Second language sentence recognition in first- and second-language multi-talker babble. Speech Communication, 52, 943-953.
- von Hapsburg, D., Champlin, C. A., & Shetty S. R. (2004). Reception thresholds for sentences in bilingual (Spanish/English) and monolingual (English) listeners. Journal American Academy of Audiology, 15(1), 88-98.
- Weiss D., & Dempsey J. J. (2008). Performance of bilingual speakers on the English and Spanish versions of the Hearing in Noise Test (HINT). Journal American Academy of Audiology, 19, 5-17.
- Wrembel M., Marecka M., Zembrzuski D., & Otwinowska-Kasztelanic A. (2016). Do early bilinguals speak differently than their monolingual peers? Predictors of phonological performance of Polish-English bilingual children. E. Babatsouli, D. Ingram (Eds). In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Monolingual and Bilingual Speech (pp. 207-213). Chania: Institute of Monolingual and Bilingual Speech.
- Zhang, T., Van Heuven, W. J., & Conklin, K. (2011). Fast automatic translation and morphological decomposition in Chinese-English bilinguals. Psychological Science, 22(10), 1237-1242.
Abstract
Türkçe, yaklaşık 83 milyon konuşanı ile dünyada en çok konuşulan 16. dildir. Günümüzde toplumsal nedenlere dayalı iki dillilik veya çok dillilik yaygındır. Benzer şekilde, konu ile ilgili alınyazında yapılan çalışmaların sayısı da artmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Almanya’da yaşayan Türklerin (Türkçe-Almanca iki dillilerin) Türkçe sözcük tanıma performansının preliminer sonuçlarını sunmaktır. Bu çalışmada, yaşları 18-65 arasında değişen 60 erken ve geç iki dilli bireyler dâhil edilmiştir. Konuşmayı Tanıma Testi materyali 120 adet üç heceli Türkçe sözcükten oluşmaktadır ve IBM 386sx kişisel bilgisayar, Westra Odyometre CAD- 03 ve Industrial Acoustics Company (IAC) standartlarında sesten arındırılmış odada kayıtlı ses olarak CD’den iki dilli bireylere kulaklıklar ile dinletilmiştir. Bireylerden işitsel olarak dinledikleri sözcükleri tekrar etmeleri istenmiştir. Tekrar ettiği sözcükler çalışmayı yapan yazar tarafından tekrar edildiği şekilde kayıt formuna el ile kaydedilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar sözcüğü ayırt etme yüzdesi olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Türkçe-Almanca erken iki dilli, geç ikidilli bireylere göre sözcük tanıma performansı açısından daha kötü performans göstermiştir. Bu bulgu, erken iki dillilerin işitsel işlemleme boyutunda sözcük tanıma performansını etkileyebileceğini göstermiştir. Literatürde, iki dilli çocukların iki farklı dilleri için de ayrı ayrı tek dilli akranları ile karşılaştırıldıklarında hem sözcük bilgisi hem de dil bilgisel gelişim hızı açısından tek dilli akranlarına kıyasla daha geride oldukları görülmüştür. Çalışmamızda literatür ile uyumlu bulgular göstermektedir. İkidilli bireyler için daha fazla çalışma yapılmasına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.
Keywords
References
- Crandell C. C., & Smaldino J. J. (1996). Speech perception in noise by children for whom English is a second language. American Journal of Audiology, 5, 47-51.
- Cutler A., Weber A., Smits R., & Cooper, N. (2004). The pattern of English phoneme confusion by native and coconfusedisteners. Journal Acoustical Society of America, 116, 3668-3678.
- Gat I. B., & Keith R. W. (1978). An effect of linguistic experience: Auditory word discrimination by native and non-native speakers of English. Audiology, 17, 339-345.
- Göksel A., & Kerslake C. (2005). Turkish: A comprehensive grammar. London: Routledge.
- Golestani N., Rosen S., & Scott S. K. (2009). Native-language benefit for understanding speech in noise: The contribution of semantics. Bilingualism, 12, 385-392.
- Harley T. (2001). The psychology of language from data to theory. New York: Psychology Press.
- Lewis M. P., Gary F. S., & Charles D. F. (2014). Ethnologue: Languages of the world. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com
- Mayo L. H., Florentine M., & Buus, S. (1997). Age of second-language acquisition and perception of speech in noise. Journal Speech Language and Hearing Research, 40(3), 686-93.
- Menz A. (2011). The Turkish languages of Europe. In B. Kortmann, J. Auwera van der (Eds). The languages and linguistics of Europe a comprehensive guide. (pp. 159-178). Boston: Monton de Gruyter.
- Moradi H. (2014). An investigation through different types of bilinguals and bilingualism. International Journal of Humanity and Social Sciences Studies, 1(2), 147-154.
- Rogers C. L., Lister J. J., Febo D. M., Besing J. M., & Abrams H. B. (2006). Effects of bilingualism, noise, and reverberation on speech perception by listeners with normal hearing. Applied Psycholinguistics, 27, 465-485.
- Sharifinik M., Ahadi M., & Rahimi V. (2021). Bilingualism and cognitive and auditory processing: A comprehensive review. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal, 19(3), 231-239.
- Shi L. F., & Sanchez D. (2010). Spanish/English bilingual listeners on clinical word recognition test: What to expect and how to predict. Journal Speech Language and Hearing Research, 53, 1096-1110.
- Stuart, A., Zhang, J., & Swink, S. (2010). Reception thresholds for sentences in quiet and noise for monolingual English and bilingual Mandarin-English listeners. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 21(4), 239-248.
- Şahin Kamişli, G., & Kemaloğlu, Y. (2022). Türkçede konuşma odyometrisinde kullanılan sözcük listeleri ve cümle testleri. In Y. K. Kemaloğlu, H. Kasapoğlu Çengel & G. Mengü (Eds), Odyolojide konuşmanın fonetik (sesbilgisel) ve fonolojik (sesbilimsel) özelliklerinin önemi-Türkçe örneği (s. 122-129) Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri Yayınevi.
- van Engen K. J. (2010). Similarity and familiarity: Second language sentence recognition in first- and second-language multi-talker babble. Speech Communication, 52, 943-953.
- von Hapsburg, D., Champlin, C. A., & Shetty S. R. (2004). Reception thresholds for sentences in bilingual (Spanish/English) and monolingual (English) listeners. Journal American Academy of Audiology, 15(1), 88-98.
- Weiss D., & Dempsey J. J. (2008). Performance of bilingual speakers on the English and Spanish versions of the Hearing in Noise Test (HINT). Journal American Academy of Audiology, 19, 5-17.
- Wrembel M., Marecka M., Zembrzuski D., & Otwinowska-Kasztelanic A. (2016). Do early bilinguals speak differently than their monolingual peers? Predictors of phonological performance of Polish-English bilingual children. E. Babatsouli, D. Ingram (Eds). In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Monolingual and Bilingual Speech (pp. 207-213). Chania: Institute of Monolingual and Bilingual Speech.
- Zhang, T., Van Heuven, W. J., & Conklin, K. (2011). Fast automatic translation and morphological decomposition in Chinese-English bilinguals. Psychological Science, 22(10), 1237-1242.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Studies on Education |
| Journal Section | Makaleler |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | January 27, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023Volume: 11 Issue: 1 |
