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Media and New Media Representation of Islam and Muslims during the "Clash of Civilizations": Constructive Dialogue or Destructive Stereotypes?

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 15, 1 - 17, 29.12.2023

Rūta Sutkutė

Öz

More than 45 years have passed since E. Said published his book titled "Orientalism", where he represented and deconstructed the attitude towards the Orient. His assumptions sparked controversial debates that are still relevant today. The theory of "Clash of Civilizations" emphasizes that the conflict between Western and Islamic civilizations has been continuing for more than 1,300 years and has a deep religious context. Nevertheless, media might play a significant role encouraging cross-cultural understanding and cooperation, or, conversely, promoting destructive stereotypes. Therefore, this article examines the role of the media in shaping "social reality" in different cultural environments.
The primary aim of the study is to explore the role of the media as a mediator in shaping public opinion, worldview, and perpetuating stereotypes in different cultural environments: The "Orient" and the "West". The following tasks are set: to analyze the media's role as a mediator in shaping public opinion and constructing stereotypes; to find out the connections between Orientalism and (negative) representation of ethnic, religious, social, etc. minorities in media; to analyze the concepts of Islamophobia/Muslimophobia, the theory of "Clash of Civilizations" and to discuss the emergence of negative images of Islam and Muslims in various media channels; discuss the role of media regarding social movements and outline the boundaries for further research in the context of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Orientalism Islamophobia Muslimophobia Clash of Civilizations Media Representation Hamas

Kaynakça

  • Bleich, E. (2011). What is Islamophobia and how much is there? Theorizing and measuring an emerging comparative concept. American Behavioral Scientist, 55(12), 1581-1600. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764211409387
  • Daniel, W. L. (2006). Islam and the „Clash of civilizations“. Journal of Church and State, 48(3), 509-523. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23921660
  • Dixit, P. (2023, October 10). Social media platforms swamped with fake news on the Israel-Hamas war. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/10/social-media-platforms-swamped-with-fake-news-on-the-israel-hamas-war
  • Erdenir, B. (2010). Islamophobia qua racial discrimination: Muslimophobia. In A. Triandafyllidou (ed.), Muslims in 21st Century Europe: Structural and Cultural Perspectives (pp.27-44). Routledge.
  • Esposito, J. L., & Kalin, I. (2011). Islamophobia and the challenges of pluralism in the 21st century. Oxford University Press.
  • Esposito, J. L., & Mogahed, D. (2007). Who speaks for Islam?: What a billion Muslims really think. Gallup Press.
  • Fukuyama, F. (1989). The End of History? The National Interest, 16, 3-18. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24027184 Hay, D. (1968). Europe: the emergence of an idea (2nd ed.). Edinburgh University Press.
  • Halliday, F. (1999). Islamophobia reconsidered. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(5), 892-902. https://doi.org/10.1080/014198799329305
  • Halliday, F. (2003). Islam and the myth of confrontation. Religion and politics in the Middle East. I. B. Tauris.
  • Hroub, K. (2000). Hamas: political thought and practice. Institute for Palestine Studies.
  • Huntington, S. P. (1993). The Clash of Civilizations? Foreign Affairs, 72(3), 22-49.
  • Huntington, S. P. (2002). The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order. The Free Press.
  • Jensen, T. (2006). The Muhammad Cartoon crisis. The tip of an Iceberg. Japanese Religions, 31(2), 173-185. https://portal.findresearcher.sdu.dk/en/publications/the-muhammad-cartoon-crisis-the-tip-of-an-iceberg
  • Kayaoğlu, T. (2012). Three takes on Islamophobia. International Sociology, 27(5), 609-615. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580912452360
  • Koopmans, R. & Statham, P. (1999). Ethnic and civic conceptions of nationhood and the differential success of the extreme right in Germany and Italy. In M. Giugni, D. McAdam, & C. Tilly (eds.), How Social Movements Matter (pp.225-251). University of Minnesota Press.
  • Lane, I. G. (2009). The extraordinary renditions of Maher Arar and Abdullah Almalki: Orientalism, Islamophobia, and the erosion of citizenship and human rights. PhD thesis, University of Prince Edward Island. https://doi.org/10.32920/ryerson.14657439.v1
  • Lewis, B. (2001). What went wrong?: Western impact and Middle Eastern response. Oxford University Press. Lippmann, W. (1997). Public Opinion (Reissue ed.). Free Press.
  • Lopez, A., Ireland, C., Ireland, J., & Lewis, M. (2020). The handbook of collective violence: current developments and understanding. Taylor & Francis.
  • Lopez, F. B. (2011). Towards a definition of Islamophobia: approximations of the early twentieth century. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 34(4), 557-558. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2010.528440
  • McAdam, C., & Paulsen, R. (1993). Specifying the relationship between social ties and activism. American Journal of Sociology, 99(3), 640-667. https://doi.org/10.1086/230319
  • McAdam, D., McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (1996). Comparative perspectives on social movements: Political opportunities, mobilizing structures, and cultural framings (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • McCammon, H. J., Muse, C. S., Newman, H. D., & Terrell, T. M. (2007). Movement framing and discursive opportunity structures: The political successes of the U.S. women’s jury movements. American Sociological Review, 72(5), 725-749. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240707200504
  • Mishal, S., & Sela, A. (2000). The Palestinian Hamas: vision, violence, and coexistence. Columbia University Press.
  • Modood, T. (1997). Introduction: the politics of multiculturalism in the new Europe. In T. Modood, & P. Werbner (Eds.), The politics of multiculturalism in the new Europe. Racism, Identity and Community (pp.1-26). Zed Books.
  • Mutman, M. (2019). From Orientalism to Islamophobia. In G. Nash (Ed.), Orientalism and literature. Cambridge critical concepts (pp. 255-268). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108614672.015
  • Roy, S. (2011). Hamas and civil society in Gaza: Engaging the Islamist social sector (Revised ed.). Princeton University Press. Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. Pantheon.
  • Said, E. W. (1994). Culture and Imperialism. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. See the rest of the world. Vintage Books.
  • Said, E. W. (2004). Orientalism once more. Development and Change, 35(5), 869-875. https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/wiley/orientalism-once-more-FC0msKAk1v Sajid, A. (2005). Islamophobia: a new word for an old fear. Anti-Semitism & Islamophobia, 12(2). https://pij.org/journal/39
  • Samiei, M. (2009). Neo-orientalism? A critical appraisal of changing Western perspectives: Bernard Lewis, John Esposito and Gilles Kepel. PhD thesis, University of Westminster. https://doi.org/10.34737/90z6y
  • Samiei, M. (2010). Neo-Orientalism? The relationship between the West and Islam in our globalised world. Third World Quarterly, 31(7), 1145-1160. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27896605
  • Snow, D. A., & Benford, R. D. (1988). Ideology, frame resonance, and participant mobilization. In B. Klandermans, H. Kriesi, & S. Tarrow (eds.), From structure to action: social movement participation across cultures (pp. 197-217). JAI Press.
  • Tarrow, S. G. (1998). Power in movement: Social movements and contentious politics (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • The Runnymede Trust (1997). Islamophobia: a challenge for us all. Report. London: The Runnymede Trust. https://mcislamofobia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Islamophobia-a-challenge-for-us-all-without-cartoons-1.pdf
  • Tilly, C. (2002). Stories, identities, and political change. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
  • Tuastad, D. (2003). Neo-Orientalism and the new barbarism thesis: Aspects of symbolic violence in the Middle East conflict(s). Third World Quarterly, 24(4), 591-599. https://doi.org/10.1080/0143659032000105768
  • Van Dijk, T. A. (1991). Racism and the press. Routledge.
  • Van Dijk, T. A. (1995). The mass media today: discourses of domination or diversity? Javnost - The Public, 2(2), 27-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.1995.11008592

Media and New Media Representation of Islam and Muslims during the "Clash of Civilizations": Constructive Dialogue or Destructive Stereotypes?

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 15, 1 - 17, 29.12.2023

Rūta Sutkutė

Öz

More than 45 years have passed since E. Said published his book titled "Orientalism", where he represented and deconstructed the attitude towards the Orient. His assumptions sparked controversial debates that are still relevant today. The theory of "Clash of Civilizations" emphasizes that the conflict between Western and Islamic civilizations has been continuing for more than 1,300 years and has a deep religious context. Nevertheless, media might play a significant role encouraging cross-cultural understanding and cooperation, or, conversely, promoting destructive stereotypes. Therefore, this article examines the role of the media in shaping "social reality" in different cultural environments.
The primary aim of the study is to explore the role of the media as a mediator in shaping public opinion, worldview, and perpetuating stereotypes in different cultural environments: The "Orient" and the "West". The following tasks are set: to analyze the media's role as a mediator in shaping public opinion and constructing stereotypes; to find out the connections between Orientalism and (negative) representation of ethnic, religious, social, etc. minorities in media; to analyze the concepts of Islamophobia/Muslimophobia, the theory of "Clash of Civilizations" and to discuss the emergence of negative images of Islam and Muslims in various media channels; discuss the role of media regarding social movements and outline the boundaries for further research in the context of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Islamophobia Muslimophobia Clash of Civilizations Media Representation Hamas Orientalism

Kaynakça

  • Bleich, E. (2011). What is Islamophobia and how much is there? Theorizing and measuring an emerging comparative concept. American Behavioral Scientist, 55(12), 1581-1600. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764211409387
  • Daniel, W. L. (2006). Islam and the „Clash of civilizations“. Journal of Church and State, 48(3), 509-523. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23921660
  • Dixit, P. (2023, October 10). Social media platforms swamped with fake news on the Israel-Hamas war. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/10/social-media-platforms-swamped-with-fake-news-on-the-israel-hamas-war
  • Erdenir, B. (2010). Islamophobia qua racial discrimination: Muslimophobia. In A. Triandafyllidou (ed.), Muslims in 21st Century Europe: Structural and Cultural Perspectives (pp.27-44). Routledge.
  • Esposito, J. L., & Kalin, I. (2011). Islamophobia and the challenges of pluralism in the 21st century. Oxford University Press.
  • Esposito, J. L., & Mogahed, D. (2007). Who speaks for Islam?: What a billion Muslims really think. Gallup Press.
  • Fukuyama, F. (1989). The End of History? The National Interest, 16, 3-18. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24027184 Hay, D. (1968). Europe: the emergence of an idea (2nd ed.). Edinburgh University Press.
  • Halliday, F. (1999). Islamophobia reconsidered. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(5), 892-902. https://doi.org/10.1080/014198799329305
  • Halliday, F. (2003). Islam and the myth of confrontation. Religion and politics in the Middle East. I. B. Tauris.
  • Hroub, K. (2000). Hamas: political thought and practice. Institute for Palestine Studies.
  • Huntington, S. P. (1993). The Clash of Civilizations? Foreign Affairs, 72(3), 22-49.
  • Huntington, S. P. (2002). The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order. The Free Press.
  • Jensen, T. (2006). The Muhammad Cartoon crisis. The tip of an Iceberg. Japanese Religions, 31(2), 173-185. https://portal.findresearcher.sdu.dk/en/publications/the-muhammad-cartoon-crisis-the-tip-of-an-iceberg
  • Kayaoğlu, T. (2012). Three takes on Islamophobia. International Sociology, 27(5), 609-615. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580912452360
  • Koopmans, R. & Statham, P. (1999). Ethnic and civic conceptions of nationhood and the differential success of the extreme right in Germany and Italy. In M. Giugni, D. McAdam, & C. Tilly (eds.), How Social Movements Matter (pp.225-251). University of Minnesota Press.
  • Lane, I. G. (2009). The extraordinary renditions of Maher Arar and Abdullah Almalki: Orientalism, Islamophobia, and the erosion of citizenship and human rights. PhD thesis, University of Prince Edward Island. https://doi.org/10.32920/ryerson.14657439.v1
  • Lewis, B. (2001). What went wrong?: Western impact and Middle Eastern response. Oxford University Press. Lippmann, W. (1997). Public Opinion (Reissue ed.). Free Press.
  • Lopez, A., Ireland, C., Ireland, J., & Lewis, M. (2020). The handbook of collective violence: current developments and understanding. Taylor & Francis.
  • Lopez, F. B. (2011). Towards a definition of Islamophobia: approximations of the early twentieth century. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 34(4), 557-558. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2010.528440
  • McAdam, C., & Paulsen, R. (1993). Specifying the relationship between social ties and activism. American Journal of Sociology, 99(3), 640-667. https://doi.org/10.1086/230319
  • McAdam, D., McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (1996). Comparative perspectives on social movements: Political opportunities, mobilizing structures, and cultural framings (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • McCammon, H. J., Muse, C. S., Newman, H. D., & Terrell, T. M. (2007). Movement framing and discursive opportunity structures: The political successes of the U.S. women’s jury movements. American Sociological Review, 72(5), 725-749. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240707200504
  • Mishal, S., & Sela, A. (2000). The Palestinian Hamas: vision, violence, and coexistence. Columbia University Press.
  • Modood, T. (1997). Introduction: the politics of multiculturalism in the new Europe. In T. Modood, & P. Werbner (Eds.), The politics of multiculturalism in the new Europe. Racism, Identity and Community (pp.1-26). Zed Books.
  • Mutman, M. (2019). From Orientalism to Islamophobia. In G. Nash (Ed.), Orientalism and literature. Cambridge critical concepts (pp. 255-268). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108614672.015
  • Roy, S. (2011). Hamas and civil society in Gaza: Engaging the Islamist social sector (Revised ed.). Princeton University Press. Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. Pantheon.
  • Said, E. W. (1994). Culture and Imperialism. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. See the rest of the world. Vintage Books.
  • Said, E. W. (2004). Orientalism once more. Development and Change, 35(5), 869-875. https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/wiley/orientalism-once-more-FC0msKAk1v Sajid, A. (2005). Islamophobia: a new word for an old fear. Anti-Semitism & Islamophobia, 12(2). https://pij.org/journal/39
  • Samiei, M. (2009). Neo-orientalism? A critical appraisal of changing Western perspectives: Bernard Lewis, John Esposito and Gilles Kepel. PhD thesis, University of Westminster. https://doi.org/10.34737/90z6y
  • Samiei, M. (2010). Neo-Orientalism? The relationship between the West and Islam in our globalised world. Third World Quarterly, 31(7), 1145-1160. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27896605
  • Snow, D. A., & Benford, R. D. (1988). Ideology, frame resonance, and participant mobilization. In B. Klandermans, H. Kriesi, & S. Tarrow (eds.), From structure to action: social movement participation across cultures (pp. 197-217). JAI Press.
  • Tarrow, S. G. (1998). Power in movement: Social movements and contentious politics (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • The Runnymede Trust (1997). Islamophobia: a challenge for us all. Report. London: The Runnymede Trust. https://mcislamofobia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Islamophobia-a-challenge-for-us-all-without-cartoons-1.pdf
  • Tilly, C. (2002). Stories, identities, and political change. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
  • Tuastad, D. (2003). Neo-Orientalism and the new barbarism thesis: Aspects of symbolic violence in the Middle East conflict(s). Third World Quarterly, 24(4), 591-599. https://doi.org/10.1080/0143659032000105768
  • Van Dijk, T. A. (1991). Racism and the press. Routledge.
  • Van Dijk, T. A. (1995). The mass media today: discourses of domination or diversity? Javnost - The Public, 2(2), 27-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.1995.11008592
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Gazetecilik, İletişim Çalışmaları, İnternet
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Rūta Sutkutė 0000-0001-8169-2632

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 25 Aralık 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Ekim 2023
Kabul Tarihi 12 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 15

Kaynak Göster

APA Sutkutė, R. (2023). Media and New Media Representation of Islam and Muslims during the "Clash of Civilizations": Constructive Dialogue or Destructive Stereotypes?. Yeni Medya(15), 1-17.
 Kapak Resmi İndir

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