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BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY AND USE OF BLOCKCHAIN IN PUBLIC SERVICES

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 4, 157 - 193, 01.10.2019

Öz

Blockchain technology,
closely followed by both public and private sector since 2008, has many
applications such as crypto coins, registration and management of citizenship
information, electronic voting and supply chain management. Due to its unique
structure resulting from its technical characteristics, the technology is
expected to have a devastating impact on many existing applications. For this
reason, large investments, intensive research and prototype development
activities on blockchain technology are carried out by states and international
organizations. In this study, after analyzing the activities of leading
countries and organizations in blockchain technology, current situation of
Turkey in the world with respect to use of blockchain in public services are
discussed. 

Kaynakça

  • KAYNAKÇA • AVRUPA KOMİSYONU, (2017), European Blockchain Observatory and Forum Setting-up and Running a European Expertise Hub on Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technologies, Tender Specifications, Brüksel.
  • • AVRUPA KOMİSYONU, (2018), European Commission launches the EU Blockchain Observatory and Forum, Basın Bildirisi, IP/18/521, Brüksel.
  • • BACCHI, U., (2017), Moldova eyes blockchain to end child trafficking, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-moldova-blockchain-child-trafficking/moldova-eyes-blockchain-to-end-child-trafficking-idUSKBN1DF2GQ, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.03.2018).
  • • BANK OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA, (2017), Speech by Governor Loi M Bakani, CMG at the Blockchain Seminar at PNG Institute of Banking & Business Management (IBBM) Auditorium, https://www.bankpng.gov.pg/announcement/governor-loi-m-bakani-cmg-speech-at-blockchain-seminar-at-png-institute-of-banking-business-management/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21.04.2018).
  • • BHUNIA, P., (2018), How the Dutch Government is exploring blockchain use cases through many concurrent pilot projects, https://www.opengovasia.com/articles/how-the-dutch-government-is-exploring-potential-uses-of-blockchain-through-many-concurrent-pilot-projects (Erişim Tarihi: 24.03.2018).
  • • BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER EKONOMİK VE SOSYAL İŞLER BİRİMİ, (2016), United Nation e-Government Survey 2016, xviii, 49, 111, New York.
  • • BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER EKONOMİK VE SOSYAL İŞLER BİRİMİ, (2018), United Nation E-Government Survey 2018, 89, 114, 232, 249, New York.
  • • BOĞAZİÇİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ BİLGİSAYAR MÜHENDİSLİĞİ BÖLÜMÜ, (2017), Undergraduate Courses | CmpE WEB, https://www.cmpe.boun.edu.tr/courses/undergraduate (Erişim Tarihi: 22.05.2018).
  • • BOĞAZİÇİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ İŞLETME BİLİŞİM SİSTEMLERİ PROGRAMI, (2018), Curriculum - Business Information Systems, http://bis.boun.edu.tr/en/curriculum/ (Erişim Tarihi: 22.05.2018).
  • • BOUCHER, P., NASCIMENTO, S., & KRITIKOS, M., (2017), How blockchain technology could change our lives, Science and Technology Options Assessment, 6-20, Brüksel.
  • • BUCK, J., (2017), Australia Ends Double Taxation of Bitcoin, Cryptocurrencies, https://cointelegraph.com/news/australia-ends-double-taxation-of-bitcoin-cryptocurrencies (Erişim Tarihi: 14.01.2018).
  • • BUCK, J., (2017), BREAKING: Russia Issuing ‘CryptoRuble’, https://cointelegraph.com/news/breaking-russia-issuing-cryptoruble (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2018).
  • • CHENG, S., DAUB, M., DOMEYER, A., & LUNDQVIST, M., (2017), Using blockchain to improve data management in the public sector, https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/digital-mckinsey/our-insights/using-blockchain-to-improve-data-management-in-the-public-sector#0 (Erişim Tarihi: 28.03.2018).
  • • DANIELL, J., (2017), US Department of Homeland Security Continues Blockchain Funding, https://www.ethnews.com/us-department-of-homeland-security-continues-blockchain-funding (Erişim Tarihi: 13.11.2018).
  • • DANIELL, J., (2018), Royal Bank of Canada Patent Application Describes Automated Credit Score Platform Using Blockchain Technology, https://www.ethnews.com/royal-bank-of-canada-patent-application-describes-automated-credit-score-platfor (Erişim Tarihi: 30.05.2018).
  • • DAS, S., (2017), A New Pro-Bitcoin, Ethereum Association Launches in the German Parliament, https://www.ccn.com/new-pro-bitcoin-ethereum-association-launches-german-parliament/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17.11.2017).
  • • DAS, S., (2017), Seoul Govt Selects Samsung SDS for City-Wide Blockchain Project, https://www.ccn.com/samsung-sds-wins-order-ahead-seoul-citys-2022-blockchain-upgrade/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21.12.2018).
  • • DEL CASTILLO, M., (2018), Russia xis Leading the Push for Blockchain Democracy, https://www.coindesk.com/russias-capital-leading-charge-blockchain-democracy/ (Erişim Tarihi: 28.05.2018).
  • • DELAHUNTY, S., (2018), Developments and Adoption of Blockchain in the US Federal Government, https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2018/01/25/ developments-and-adoption-of-blockchain-in-the-u-s-federal-government/#1b70c8d33 d99 (Erişim Tarihi: 23.05.2018).
  • • DELOITTE, (2017), Disrupting the utility: Tech Trends 2017 and the utility industry, 12, New York: Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited.
  • • DIXON, C., (2018), Why Decentralization Matters, https://medium.com/@cdixon/ why-decentralization-matters-5e3f79f7638e (Erişim Tarihi: 22.03.2018).
  • • DONG, L., (2018), What's the future of blockchain in China?, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/01/what-s-the-future-of-blockchain-in-china/ (Erişim Tarihi: 03.05.2018).
  • • DUBAI FUTURE FOUNDATION, (2017), Registration for 3rd cycle of world’s fastest-growing business accelerator programme opens, http://www.dubaifuture.gov.ae/ registration-for-3rd-cycle-of-worlds-fastest-growing-business-accelerator-programme-opens/ (Erişim Tarihi: 11.04.2018).
  • • EHRSAM, F., (2017), Blockchain Governance: Programming Our Future, https://medium.com/@FEhrsam/blockchain-governance-programming-our-future-c3bfe30f2d74 (Erişim Tarihi: 26.03.2018).
  • • FILIPOWSKI, A. F., (2018), Blockchain for 2018 and Beyond: A (growing) list of blockchain use cases, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/blockchain-2018-beyond-growing-list-use-cases-filipowski-/?trackingId=R6J17arzemU1VIY2vtVhIQ%3D%3D (Erişim Tarihi: 26.02.2018).
  • • FRANCE STRATEGIE, (2017), A propos de France Strategie, https://www.strategie.gouv.fr/propos-de-france-strategie (Erişim Tarihi: 22.01.2018).
  • • FRANKFURT SCHOOL BLOCKCHAİN CENTER, (2017), Blockchain Center, https://www.frankfurt-school.de/en/home/research/centres/blockchain.html (Erişim Tarihi: 27.02.2018).
  • • FRASER, K., (2017), Estonia - Land of Digital Trust, https://hackernoon.com/estonia-land-of-digital-trust-1340c4561408 (Erişim Tarihi: 27.02.2018).
  • • GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA, (2017), News | Government of the Republic of Slovenia, http://www.vlada.si/en/prime_minister/news/a/slovenias _challenges_2020_a_vision_for_the_development_and_regulation_of_blockchain_technology_in_modern_society_1108/ (Erişim Tarihi: 16.01.2018).
  • • GRAHAM, N., (2018), The Korea Customs Service to Participate in Blockchain Pilot Program, https://www.ethnews.com/the-korea-customs-service-to-participate-in-blockchain-pilot-program (Erişim Tarihi: 30.05.2018).
  • • GROENFELDT, T., (2017), 7 European Banks Form Blockchain Consortium for SMEs, https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomgroenfeldt/2017/06/28/7-european-banks-form-blockchain-consortium-for-smes/#4301004f3818 (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2017).
  • • HABERTURK GAZETECİLİK A.Ş., (2017), Zincirin halkası olacağız, http://www.haberturk.com/zincirin-halkasi-olacagiz-1658871-ekonomi adresinden alındı (Erişim Tarihi: 11.04.2017).
  • • HEMPEL, J., (2018), Blockchain's Brand New World is Being Built by Refugees, https://www.wired.com/story/refugees-but-on-the-blockchain/ (Erişim Tarihi: 26.03.2018).
  • • HIGGINS, S., (2017), Government-Backed Firm to Launch Blockchain IDs in Luxembourg, https://www.coindesk.com/luxembourg-government-backed-firm-to-launch-blockchain-id-platform/ (Erişim Tarihi: 11.02.2018).
  • • HIGGINS, S., (2017), World Bank to Support Blockchain Bonds Trial in Kenya, https://www.coindesk.com/world-bank-to-support-blockchain-bonds-trial-in-kenya/ (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2018).
  • • KAKUSHADZE, Z., & LIEW, J.-S., (2018), CryptoRuble: From Russia with Love, SSRN Electronic Journal, 55-56. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.3059330
  • • KELSO, C. E. (2018), Austria Wants to Regulate Bitcoin like Gold and Derivatives, https://news.bitcoin.com/austria-wants-to-regulate-bitcoin-like-gold-and-derivatives/ (Erişim Tarihi: 26.02.2018).
  • • KILLMEYER, J., WHITE, M., & CHEW, B., (2017), Will blockchain transform the public sector?, 7, Deloitte University Press.
  • • LAMPORT, L., SHOSTAK, R., & PEASE, M., (1982), The Byzantine Generals Problem, 4(3), 382-401.
  • • LUX, T., (2017), FINMA is investigating ICO procedures, https://www.finma.ch/en/news/2017/09/20170929-mm-ico/ (Erişim Tarihi: 18.02.2018).
  • • MANDELLI, A., (2017), IOTA Partners Healthcare Providers for Blockchain Research in Norway, https://www.ccn.com/iota-spearheads-dlt-research-in-norway/ (Erişim Tarihi: 12.11.2017).
  • • MATHUR, A., (2018), PNG's Blockchain initiative to bring unique banking for their citizens, https://bcfocus.com/latest-news/pngs-blockchain-initiative-to-bring-unique-banking-for-their-citizens/6648/ (Erişim Tarihi: 23.05.2018).
  • • MAUPIN, J., (2017), The G20 Countries Should Engage with Blockchain Technologies to Build an Inclusive, Transparent and Accountable Digital Economy for all, http://www.g20-insights.org/policy_briefs/g20-countries-engage-blockchain-technologies-build-inclusive-transparent-accountable-digital-economy/ (Erişim Tarihi: 23.03.2018).
  • • MCELROY, W., (2017), Fedcoin: The US will Issue e-Currency That You will Use, https://news.bitcoin.com/fedcoin-u-s-issue-e-currency (Erişim Tarihi: 12.06.2017).
  • • MEDİPOL ÜNİVERSİTESİ, (2018), Medipol Üniversitesi - Haberler - Medipol’de kripto para dersi verilecek, http://www.medipol.edu.tr/Haber/1407/Medipol-de-dijital-para-dersi-verilecek.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 22.05.2018).
  • • MEDİPOL ÜNİVERSİTESİ, (2018), MEBİS, https://mebis.medipol.edu.tr/ programbilgi/program/ 10122 (Erişim Tarihi: 31.01.2019).
  • • MERZ, M., (2018), Enerchain Project Overview and Key Insights, 5-6, Hamburg: PONTON GmbH.
  • • MINISTRY FOR EUROPEAN AFFAIRS and EQUALITY, (2018), Consultation Paper in relation to the establishment of Malta Digital Innovation Authority (MDIA) and the framework for the cert, https://meae.gov.mt/en/Public_Consultations/OPM/Pages/ Consultations/ConsultationPaperinrelationtotheestablishmentofMaltaDigitalInnovationAuthorityMDIA.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 17.05.2018).
  • • NAKAMOTO, S., (2008), Cryptography MailingList: Bitcoin P2P e-cash paper, http://satoshi.nakamotoinstitute.org/emails/cryptography/1/#selection-33.2-47.46 (Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2018).
  • • NOMURA RESEARCH INSTITUTE, (2016), Survey on Blockchain Technologies and Related Services FY2015 Report, Tokyo: Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI).
  • • OBJECTTECH, (2017), Post - ObjectTech - Self-Sovereign Identity, http://www.objecttechgroup.com/the-blog/2017/6/6/objecttech-agreement-with-the-gdrfa-dubai (Erişim Tarihi: 04.02.2018).
  • • PARLIAMENTARY SECRETARIAT FOR FINANCIAL SERVICES, DIGITAL ECONOMY AND INNOVATION OFFICE OF THE PRIME MINISTER, (2018), The establishment of the Malta Digital Innovation Authority; the Framework for the Certification of Distributed Ledger Technology Platforms and Related Service Providers and a Virtual Currency Act, Office of the Prime Minister Consultation Document, 10, Malta.
  • • PIPAN, R., (2017), The Bitfury Group and Government of Republic of Georgia Expand Historic Blockchain Land-Titling Project, Tbilisi.
  • • POWELL, D., (2018), Power Ledger unveils first commercial deployment of energy trading platform in Melbourne, https://www.smartcompany.com.au/startupsmart/ news-analysis/power-ledger-first-commercial-deployment-energy-trading-platform-melbourne/ (Erişim Tarihi: 15.05.2018).
  • • PROBST, L., FRIDERES, L., CAMBIER, B. & MARTINEZ-DIAZ, C., (2016), Blockchain applications & services, Business Innovation Observatory, Brussels: European Commission.
  • • PROCIVIS, A. G, (2017), What is eID+? Procivis - e-government as a Service, http://procivis.ch/eid/what-is-eid/ (Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2018).
  • • REESE, A., (2018), America’s First Partially Blockchain-Based Election Takes Place in West Virginia, https://www.ethnews.com/americas-first-partially-blockchain-based-election-takes-place-in-west-virginia (Erişim Tarihi: 30.05.2018).
  • • REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA, (2017), Become an e-resident - e-Residency, e-Residency - New Digital Nation, https://e-resident.gov.ee/ (Erişim Tarihi: 23.02.2018).
  • • SETH, S., (2018), Russian Bank Completes Bond Blockchain Transaction, https://www.investopedia.com/news/russian-bank-completes-bond-blockchain-transaction/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2018).
  • • SMOLENSKI, N., (2017), Blockchain in Government Briefing: Q3 2017, Dallas, Texas: Learning Machine, 25, 26, 37, 38.
  • • SOUTHURST, J., (2018), Real Estate Tech Firm Zweispace Japan Starts Registering Property Sales on the Blockchain, Bitsonline: https://bitsonline.com/real-estate-zweispace-japan-blockchain/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21.02.2019).
  • • SUK-YEE, J., (2017), Kyobo Life Consortium Selected as Tentative Blockchain Operator, http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=17895 (Erişim Tarihi: 04.02.2018).
  • • SUNDARARAJAN, S,. (2017), Austrian Government Backs New Blockchain Research Institute, https://www.coindesk.com/austrian-government-backs-new-blockchain-research-institute (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2018).
  • • T. C. ULAŞTIRMA, DENİZCİLİK VE HABERLEŞME BAKANLIĞI, (2018), e-Devlet Kapısı Devletin Kısayolu, https://www.turkiye.gov.tr/ (Erişim Tarihi: 24.04.2018).
  • • USA HOMELAND SECURITY DEPARTMENT, (2016), S&T Awards $199K to Austin Based Factom Inc. for IoT Systems Security, https://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/news/2016/06/17/st-awards-199k-austin-based-factom-inc-iot-systems-security (Erişim Tarihi: 23.05.2018).
  • • USTA, A., & DOĞANTEKİN, S., (2017), Blockchain 101, 123, İstanbul.
  • • WALPORT, M., (2016), Distributed Ledger Technology: beyond block chain, 6-8, 25, 26, 53, 65, 67, Londra: UK Government Office for Science.
  • • WIECK, M., (2017), It's Time for Governments to Embrace Blockchain, https://www.coindesk.com/three-questions-governments-embrace-blockchain-2018/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21.03.2018).
  • • WIKIPEDIA, (2018), Cypherpunk, http://www.wiki-zero.net/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6 Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQ3lwaGVycHVua3M (Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2018).
  • • WOOLF, N., (2017), Everything You Need to Know about Blockchain but were too Embarrassed to Ask, https://medium.com/s/welcome-to-blockchain/everything-you-need-to-know-about-blockchain-but-were-too-embarrassed-to-ask-b3cee3e918f8 (Erişim Tarihi: 21.03.2018).
  • • WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM, (2018), Building Block(chain)s for a Better Planet, 11, San Francisco.

BLOKZİNCİR TEKNOLOJİSİ VE KAMU KURUMLARINCA VERİLEN HİZMETLERDE BLOKZİNCİRİN KULLANIM DURUMU

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 4, 157 - 193, 01.10.2019

Öz

2008 yılında ilk ortaya
çıkmasından bugüne kadar geçen sürede hem kamu hem de özel sektör tarafından
yakından ilgi ile takip edilen blokzincir teknolojisi; kripto paralar,
vatandaşlık bilgilerinin kaydı ve yönetimi, elektronik oylama, tedarik zinciri
yönetimi gibi birçok uygulama sahasına sahiptir. Teknik özelliklerinden
kaynaklanan benzersiz yapısı nedeniyle mevcuttaki birçok uygulama için yıkıcı
bir etkisi olacağı öngörülen teknolojiye özellikle gelişmiş devletler ve uluslararası
kuruluşlar tarafından büyük yatırımlar yapılmakta, yoğun biçimde araştırma ve
prototip geliştirme faaliyetleri yürütülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, önemli
uluslararası birlik ve kuruluşlar ile dünyanın dijitalleşme konusunda önde
gelen ülkelerinin çalışmaları analiz edilerek Türkiye’nin dünyadaki konumu ve
kamu hizmetlerinde teknolojinin uygulama alanları irdelenmiştir.  

Kaynakça

  • KAYNAKÇA • AVRUPA KOMİSYONU, (2017), European Blockchain Observatory and Forum Setting-up and Running a European Expertise Hub on Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technologies, Tender Specifications, Brüksel.
  • • AVRUPA KOMİSYONU, (2018), European Commission launches the EU Blockchain Observatory and Forum, Basın Bildirisi, IP/18/521, Brüksel.
  • • BACCHI, U., (2017), Moldova eyes blockchain to end child trafficking, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-moldova-blockchain-child-trafficking/moldova-eyes-blockchain-to-end-child-trafficking-idUSKBN1DF2GQ, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.03.2018).
  • • BANK OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA, (2017), Speech by Governor Loi M Bakani, CMG at the Blockchain Seminar at PNG Institute of Banking & Business Management (IBBM) Auditorium, https://www.bankpng.gov.pg/announcement/governor-loi-m-bakani-cmg-speech-at-blockchain-seminar-at-png-institute-of-banking-business-management/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21.04.2018).
  • • BHUNIA, P., (2018), How the Dutch Government is exploring blockchain use cases through many concurrent pilot projects, https://www.opengovasia.com/articles/how-the-dutch-government-is-exploring-potential-uses-of-blockchain-through-many-concurrent-pilot-projects (Erişim Tarihi: 24.03.2018).
  • • BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER EKONOMİK VE SOSYAL İŞLER BİRİMİ, (2016), United Nation e-Government Survey 2016, xviii, 49, 111, New York.
  • • BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER EKONOMİK VE SOSYAL İŞLER BİRİMİ, (2018), United Nation E-Government Survey 2018, 89, 114, 232, 249, New York.
  • • BOĞAZİÇİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ BİLGİSAYAR MÜHENDİSLİĞİ BÖLÜMÜ, (2017), Undergraduate Courses | CmpE WEB, https://www.cmpe.boun.edu.tr/courses/undergraduate (Erişim Tarihi: 22.05.2018).
  • • BOĞAZİÇİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ İŞLETME BİLİŞİM SİSTEMLERİ PROGRAMI, (2018), Curriculum - Business Information Systems, http://bis.boun.edu.tr/en/curriculum/ (Erişim Tarihi: 22.05.2018).
  • • BOUCHER, P., NASCIMENTO, S., & KRITIKOS, M., (2017), How blockchain technology could change our lives, Science and Technology Options Assessment, 6-20, Brüksel.
  • • BUCK, J., (2017), Australia Ends Double Taxation of Bitcoin, Cryptocurrencies, https://cointelegraph.com/news/australia-ends-double-taxation-of-bitcoin-cryptocurrencies (Erişim Tarihi: 14.01.2018).
  • • BUCK, J., (2017), BREAKING: Russia Issuing ‘CryptoRuble’, https://cointelegraph.com/news/breaking-russia-issuing-cryptoruble (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2018).
  • • CHENG, S., DAUB, M., DOMEYER, A., & LUNDQVIST, M., (2017), Using blockchain to improve data management in the public sector, https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/digital-mckinsey/our-insights/using-blockchain-to-improve-data-management-in-the-public-sector#0 (Erişim Tarihi: 28.03.2018).
  • • DANIELL, J., (2017), US Department of Homeland Security Continues Blockchain Funding, https://www.ethnews.com/us-department-of-homeland-security-continues-blockchain-funding (Erişim Tarihi: 13.11.2018).
  • • DANIELL, J., (2018), Royal Bank of Canada Patent Application Describes Automated Credit Score Platform Using Blockchain Technology, https://www.ethnews.com/royal-bank-of-canada-patent-application-describes-automated-credit-score-platfor (Erişim Tarihi: 30.05.2018).
  • • DAS, S., (2017), A New Pro-Bitcoin, Ethereum Association Launches in the German Parliament, https://www.ccn.com/new-pro-bitcoin-ethereum-association-launches-german-parliament/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17.11.2017).
  • • DAS, S., (2017), Seoul Govt Selects Samsung SDS for City-Wide Blockchain Project, https://www.ccn.com/samsung-sds-wins-order-ahead-seoul-citys-2022-blockchain-upgrade/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21.12.2018).
  • • DEL CASTILLO, M., (2018), Russia xis Leading the Push for Blockchain Democracy, https://www.coindesk.com/russias-capital-leading-charge-blockchain-democracy/ (Erişim Tarihi: 28.05.2018).
  • • DELAHUNTY, S., (2018), Developments and Adoption of Blockchain in the US Federal Government, https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2018/01/25/ developments-and-adoption-of-blockchain-in-the-u-s-federal-government/#1b70c8d33 d99 (Erişim Tarihi: 23.05.2018).
  • • DELOITTE, (2017), Disrupting the utility: Tech Trends 2017 and the utility industry, 12, New York: Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited.
  • • DIXON, C., (2018), Why Decentralization Matters, https://medium.com/@cdixon/ why-decentralization-matters-5e3f79f7638e (Erişim Tarihi: 22.03.2018).
  • • DONG, L., (2018), What's the future of blockchain in China?, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/01/what-s-the-future-of-blockchain-in-china/ (Erişim Tarihi: 03.05.2018).
  • • DUBAI FUTURE FOUNDATION, (2017), Registration for 3rd cycle of world’s fastest-growing business accelerator programme opens, http://www.dubaifuture.gov.ae/ registration-for-3rd-cycle-of-worlds-fastest-growing-business-accelerator-programme-opens/ (Erişim Tarihi: 11.04.2018).
  • • EHRSAM, F., (2017), Blockchain Governance: Programming Our Future, https://medium.com/@FEhrsam/blockchain-governance-programming-our-future-c3bfe30f2d74 (Erişim Tarihi: 26.03.2018).
  • • FILIPOWSKI, A. F., (2018), Blockchain for 2018 and Beyond: A (growing) list of blockchain use cases, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/blockchain-2018-beyond-growing-list-use-cases-filipowski-/?trackingId=R6J17arzemU1VIY2vtVhIQ%3D%3D (Erişim Tarihi: 26.02.2018).
  • • FRANCE STRATEGIE, (2017), A propos de France Strategie, https://www.strategie.gouv.fr/propos-de-france-strategie (Erişim Tarihi: 22.01.2018).
  • • FRANKFURT SCHOOL BLOCKCHAİN CENTER, (2017), Blockchain Center, https://www.frankfurt-school.de/en/home/research/centres/blockchain.html (Erişim Tarihi: 27.02.2018).
  • • FRASER, K., (2017), Estonia - Land of Digital Trust, https://hackernoon.com/estonia-land-of-digital-trust-1340c4561408 (Erişim Tarihi: 27.02.2018).
  • • GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA, (2017), News | Government of the Republic of Slovenia, http://www.vlada.si/en/prime_minister/news/a/slovenias _challenges_2020_a_vision_for_the_development_and_regulation_of_blockchain_technology_in_modern_society_1108/ (Erişim Tarihi: 16.01.2018).
  • • GRAHAM, N., (2018), The Korea Customs Service to Participate in Blockchain Pilot Program, https://www.ethnews.com/the-korea-customs-service-to-participate-in-blockchain-pilot-program (Erişim Tarihi: 30.05.2018).
  • • GROENFELDT, T., (2017), 7 European Banks Form Blockchain Consortium for SMEs, https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomgroenfeldt/2017/06/28/7-european-banks-form-blockchain-consortium-for-smes/#4301004f3818 (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2017).
  • • HABERTURK GAZETECİLİK A.Ş., (2017), Zincirin halkası olacağız, http://www.haberturk.com/zincirin-halkasi-olacagiz-1658871-ekonomi adresinden alındı (Erişim Tarihi: 11.04.2017).
  • • HEMPEL, J., (2018), Blockchain's Brand New World is Being Built by Refugees, https://www.wired.com/story/refugees-but-on-the-blockchain/ (Erişim Tarihi: 26.03.2018).
  • • HIGGINS, S., (2017), Government-Backed Firm to Launch Blockchain IDs in Luxembourg, https://www.coindesk.com/luxembourg-government-backed-firm-to-launch-blockchain-id-platform/ (Erişim Tarihi: 11.02.2018).
  • • HIGGINS, S., (2017), World Bank to Support Blockchain Bonds Trial in Kenya, https://www.coindesk.com/world-bank-to-support-blockchain-bonds-trial-in-kenya/ (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2018).
  • • KAKUSHADZE, Z., & LIEW, J.-S., (2018), CryptoRuble: From Russia with Love, SSRN Electronic Journal, 55-56. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.3059330
  • • KELSO, C. E. (2018), Austria Wants to Regulate Bitcoin like Gold and Derivatives, https://news.bitcoin.com/austria-wants-to-regulate-bitcoin-like-gold-and-derivatives/ (Erişim Tarihi: 26.02.2018).
  • • KILLMEYER, J., WHITE, M., & CHEW, B., (2017), Will blockchain transform the public sector?, 7, Deloitte University Press.
  • • LAMPORT, L., SHOSTAK, R., & PEASE, M., (1982), The Byzantine Generals Problem, 4(3), 382-401.
  • • LUX, T., (2017), FINMA is investigating ICO procedures, https://www.finma.ch/en/news/2017/09/20170929-mm-ico/ (Erişim Tarihi: 18.02.2018).
  • • MANDELLI, A., (2017), IOTA Partners Healthcare Providers for Blockchain Research in Norway, https://www.ccn.com/iota-spearheads-dlt-research-in-norway/ (Erişim Tarihi: 12.11.2017).
  • • MATHUR, A., (2018), PNG's Blockchain initiative to bring unique banking for their citizens, https://bcfocus.com/latest-news/pngs-blockchain-initiative-to-bring-unique-banking-for-their-citizens/6648/ (Erişim Tarihi: 23.05.2018).
  • • MAUPIN, J., (2017), The G20 Countries Should Engage with Blockchain Technologies to Build an Inclusive, Transparent and Accountable Digital Economy for all, http://www.g20-insights.org/policy_briefs/g20-countries-engage-blockchain-technologies-build-inclusive-transparent-accountable-digital-economy/ (Erişim Tarihi: 23.03.2018).
  • • MCELROY, W., (2017), Fedcoin: The US will Issue e-Currency That You will Use, https://news.bitcoin.com/fedcoin-u-s-issue-e-currency (Erişim Tarihi: 12.06.2017).
  • • MEDİPOL ÜNİVERSİTESİ, (2018), Medipol Üniversitesi - Haberler - Medipol’de kripto para dersi verilecek, http://www.medipol.edu.tr/Haber/1407/Medipol-de-dijital-para-dersi-verilecek.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 22.05.2018).
  • • MEDİPOL ÜNİVERSİTESİ, (2018), MEBİS, https://mebis.medipol.edu.tr/ programbilgi/program/ 10122 (Erişim Tarihi: 31.01.2019).
  • • MERZ, M., (2018), Enerchain Project Overview and Key Insights, 5-6, Hamburg: PONTON GmbH.
  • • MINISTRY FOR EUROPEAN AFFAIRS and EQUALITY, (2018), Consultation Paper in relation to the establishment of Malta Digital Innovation Authority (MDIA) and the framework for the cert, https://meae.gov.mt/en/Public_Consultations/OPM/Pages/ Consultations/ConsultationPaperinrelationtotheestablishmentofMaltaDigitalInnovationAuthorityMDIA.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 17.05.2018).
  • • NAKAMOTO, S., (2008), Cryptography MailingList: Bitcoin P2P e-cash paper, http://satoshi.nakamotoinstitute.org/emails/cryptography/1/#selection-33.2-47.46 (Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2018).
  • • NOMURA RESEARCH INSTITUTE, (2016), Survey on Blockchain Technologies and Related Services FY2015 Report, Tokyo: Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI).
  • • OBJECTTECH, (2017), Post - ObjectTech - Self-Sovereign Identity, http://www.objecttechgroup.com/the-blog/2017/6/6/objecttech-agreement-with-the-gdrfa-dubai (Erişim Tarihi: 04.02.2018).
  • • PARLIAMENTARY SECRETARIAT FOR FINANCIAL SERVICES, DIGITAL ECONOMY AND INNOVATION OFFICE OF THE PRIME MINISTER, (2018), The establishment of the Malta Digital Innovation Authority; the Framework for the Certification of Distributed Ledger Technology Platforms and Related Service Providers and a Virtual Currency Act, Office of the Prime Minister Consultation Document, 10, Malta.
  • • PIPAN, R., (2017), The Bitfury Group and Government of Republic of Georgia Expand Historic Blockchain Land-Titling Project, Tbilisi.
  • • POWELL, D., (2018), Power Ledger unveils first commercial deployment of energy trading platform in Melbourne, https://www.smartcompany.com.au/startupsmart/ news-analysis/power-ledger-first-commercial-deployment-energy-trading-platform-melbourne/ (Erişim Tarihi: 15.05.2018).
  • • PROBST, L., FRIDERES, L., CAMBIER, B. & MARTINEZ-DIAZ, C., (2016), Blockchain applications & services, Business Innovation Observatory, Brussels: European Commission.
  • • PROCIVIS, A. G, (2017), What is eID+? Procivis - e-government as a Service, http://procivis.ch/eid/what-is-eid/ (Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2018).
  • • REESE, A., (2018), America’s First Partially Blockchain-Based Election Takes Place in West Virginia, https://www.ethnews.com/americas-first-partially-blockchain-based-election-takes-place-in-west-virginia (Erişim Tarihi: 30.05.2018).
  • • REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA, (2017), Become an e-resident - e-Residency, e-Residency - New Digital Nation, https://e-resident.gov.ee/ (Erişim Tarihi: 23.02.2018).
  • • SETH, S., (2018), Russian Bank Completes Bond Blockchain Transaction, https://www.investopedia.com/news/russian-bank-completes-bond-blockchain-transaction/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2018).
  • • SMOLENSKI, N., (2017), Blockchain in Government Briefing: Q3 2017, Dallas, Texas: Learning Machine, 25, 26, 37, 38.
  • • SOUTHURST, J., (2018), Real Estate Tech Firm Zweispace Japan Starts Registering Property Sales on the Blockchain, Bitsonline: https://bitsonline.com/real-estate-zweispace-japan-blockchain/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21.02.2019).
  • • SUK-YEE, J., (2017), Kyobo Life Consortium Selected as Tentative Blockchain Operator, http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=17895 (Erişim Tarihi: 04.02.2018).
  • • SUNDARARAJAN, S,. (2017), Austrian Government Backs New Blockchain Research Institute, https://www.coindesk.com/austrian-government-backs-new-blockchain-research-institute (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2018).
  • • T. C. ULAŞTIRMA, DENİZCİLİK VE HABERLEŞME BAKANLIĞI, (2018), e-Devlet Kapısı Devletin Kısayolu, https://www.turkiye.gov.tr/ (Erişim Tarihi: 24.04.2018).
  • • USA HOMELAND SECURITY DEPARTMENT, (2016), S&T Awards $199K to Austin Based Factom Inc. for IoT Systems Security, https://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/news/2016/06/17/st-awards-199k-austin-based-factom-inc-iot-systems-security (Erişim Tarihi: 23.05.2018).
  • • USTA, A., & DOĞANTEKİN, S., (2017), Blockchain 101, 123, İstanbul.
  • • WALPORT, M., (2016), Distributed Ledger Technology: beyond block chain, 6-8, 25, 26, 53, 65, 67, Londra: UK Government Office for Science.
  • • WIECK, M., (2017), It's Time for Governments to Embrace Blockchain, https://www.coindesk.com/three-questions-governments-embrace-blockchain-2018/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21.03.2018).
  • • WIKIPEDIA, (2018), Cypherpunk, http://www.wiki-zero.net/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6 Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQ3lwaGVycHVua3M (Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2018).
  • • WOOLF, N., (2017), Everything You Need to Know about Blockchain but were too Embarrassed to Ask, https://medium.com/s/welcome-to-blockchain/everything-you-need-to-know-about-blockchain-but-were-too-embarrassed-to-ask-b3cee3e918f8 (Erişim Tarihi: 21.03.2018).
  • • WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM, (2018), Building Block(chain)s for a Better Planet, 11, San Francisco.
Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Çetin Karahan

Aslıhan Tüfekci

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ekim 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Temmuz 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Karahan, Ç., & Tüfekci, A. (2019). BLOKZİNCİR TEKNOLOJİSİ VE KAMU KURUMLARINCA VERİLEN HİZMETLERDE BLOKZİNCİRİN KULLANIM DURUMU. Verimlilik Dergisi(4), 157-193.

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22408  Verimlilik Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY-NC 4.0) ile lisanslanmıştır.