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ÇOCUK TİCARETİ SUÇUNU ANLAMAK

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 23, 93 - 115, 26.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.54842/ustich.1037346

Öz

Uluslararası hukuka göre, çocuk ticareti, 18 yaşından küçük bir kişinin cinsel sömürü, kölelik, zorla çalıştırma, kulluk veya organların alınması dahil olmak üzere sömürü amacıyla işe alınması, bir yerden bir yere taşınması, devredilmesi, barındırılması veya teslim alınması anlamına gelir. İnsan ticareti suçunun bir unsuru olarak çocuk ticareti, tüm ülkeleri ve bölgeleri uluslararası bir suç ağında birbirine bağlamaktadır. Her yıl çocuklar anavatanlarından başka ülkelere ya da kendi ülkeleri içinde, genellikle kırsal alanlardan kentsel alanlara kaçırılmaktadırlar. Çocuk ticareti suçu, başta Birleşmiş Milletler Çocuk Hakları Sözleşmesi olmak üzere uluslararası hukukta çocuklara garanti edilen insan haklarını ihlal etmektedir. En hızlı büyüyen ulusötesi suçlardan biri olan çocuk ticareti, çocukların hayatta kalmaları ve gelişmelerini, eğitim, sağlık ve korunma haklarını tehdit etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, çocuk ticaretinin ne olduğu, yaygın nedenleri, çocuğa olan biopsikososyal etkileri ile mağdurlarının genel profili ve çocuk ticaretine karşı mücadelede odaklanılması gereken unsurlar sosyal hizmet disiplini bakış açısı ile tartışılacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Coy, Madddie, “Moved around like bags of rubbish nobody wants: how multiple placement moves can make young women vulnerable to sexual exploitation.” Child Abuse Review, 18, (2009): 254–266.
  • Dottridge, Mike, “Trafficking in children in West and Central Africa”, Gender & Development, (2002) 10:1, 38-42, DOI: 10.1080/13552070215890
  • End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes (ECPAT) International, Summary Paper On Sale And Trafficking Of Children For Sexual Purposes, (2020) Erişim https://ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/ECPAT-Summary-paper-on-Sale-and-Trafficking-of-children-for-Sexual-Purposes-2020.pdf (16.12.2021)
  • Gjermeni, E., Van Hook, M. P., Gjipali, S., Xhillari, L., Lungu, F., & Hazizi, A. “Trafficking of chil-dren in Albania: Patterns of recruitment and reintegration”. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32, (2008):941–948. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.09.015
  • Glind, Hans van de, ILO’s International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) Migration and child labour - Exploring child migrant vulnerabilities and those of children left-behind. (Geneva: 2010)–27 Erişim www.ilo.org/ipecinfo/product/viewProduct.do?productId=14313 (14.12.2021)
  • Greenbaum, Jordan, Crawford-Jakubiak, James E ve Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect “Child Sex Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation: Health Care Needs of Victims,” Pediatrics 135, no. 3 (2015): 566-574.
  • Greenbaum V., Jordan, Yun, Katherine ve Todres, Jonathan. “Child Trafficking: Issues for Policy and Practice” The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 46 (2018): 159-163.
  • Hill, Alice ve Carey, Romano. “The trade in human lives”. Americas Quarterly, 4(2), (2010) 84–89
  • Hoot, James, Tadesse, Selamawit ve Abdella, Rahmet, “Voices Seldom Heard”, Journal of Children and Poverty, 12:2, (2006) 129-139, doi: 10.1080/10796120600879558
  • Hossain M, Zimmerman C, Abas M, Light M, Watts C. “The relationship of trauma to mental disorders among trafficked and sexually exploited girls and women” Am J Public Health100(12) (2010):2442-2449. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.173229
  • International Labour Organization, A Future Without Child Labour, (2002).
  • International Labour Organization, ILO action against trafficking in human beings (2008) Erişim www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_norm/—declaration/documents/publication/wcms_090356.pdf (16.12.2021)
  • International Labor Organization, Global Estimate of Forced Labour: Executive Summary (2012) Erişim http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/wcms_181953.pdf (16.12.2021)
  • International Labour Organization, International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) Facts on Commercial sexual exploitation of children (2005)
  • International Organization for Migration, Caring for trafficked persons: Guidance for health providers. (Geneva, Switzerland: 2009) Erişim http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/free/CT_Handbook.pdf (16.12.2021)
  • Mitchell, Kimberly J., David Finkelhor, and Janis Wolak. “Conceptualizing Juvenile Prostitution as Child Maltreatment: Findings from the National Juvenile Prostitution Study.” Child Maltreatment 15, no. 1 (2010): 18–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559509349443.
  • Noll, Jennie G., and Chad E. Shenk. “Introduction to the special issue: the physical health consequences of childhood maltreatment--implications for public health.” Journal of pediatric psychology vol. 35,5 (2010): 447-9. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsq013
  • Rafferty, Yvonne. “Gender as an obstacle to good health: Health related human rights violations and the girl child”. International Psychology Bulletin, 17 (2013):15-24.
  • United Nations, “Protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons, especially women and children, supplementing the United Nations convention against transnational organized crime” (2000) Erişim www.osce.org/odihr/19223 (06.12.2021)
  • United Nations, “Convention on the rights of the child” (1989) Erişim www.unicef.org/crc (06.12.2021)
  • United Nations Children’s Fund, “Birth Registration: right from the start,” Innocenti Digest 9 (2002)
  • United Nations Children’s Fund, Combatting Child Trafficking: Handbook of Parliamentarians (2005) Erişim http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/IPU_combattingchildtrafficking_GB(1) (01.12.2021)
  • United Nations Children’s Fund, Fact Sheet: Protection and Conflict (2005).
  • United Nations Children’s Fund, The State of the World’s Children, New York, (2005).
  • United Nations Development Fund for Children, Progress for children: Achieving the MDGs with equity (No. 9) (New York: 2010) Erişim www.unicef.org/protection/Progress_ for_Children-No.9_EN_081710.pdf (06.12.2021)
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ve Inter-Parliamentary Union, Combating Trafficking in Persons: A Handbook for Parliamentarians (2009) 82–83.
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Toolkit to combat trafficking in persons: Global programme against trafficking in human beings. (Vienna: 2008) Erişim www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/HT_Toolkit08_English.pdf (06.12.2021)
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Global report on trafficking in persons (2009) Erişim www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/Global_Report_on_TIP.pdf (29.11.2021)
  • United States Department of Justice, “Effects of federal legislation on the commercial sexual exploitation of children”. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Washington, DC Office of Justice Programs (2010) Erişim www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/228631.pdf (29.11.2021)
  • Uslu, Büşra. "Kenya Cumhuriyeti'nde Çocuk Koruma Sistemi: Makımeı Çocuk Evi Örneği". Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi 19 (2019): 127-152

UNDERSTANDING THE CRIME OF CHILD TRAFFICKING

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 23, 93 - 115, 26.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.54842/ustich.1037346

Öz

Under international law, child trafficking means the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of a person under the age of 18 for the purposes of sexual exploitation, slavery, forced labor, servitude or exploitation, including removal of organs. Child trafficking, as an element of the crime of human trafficking, connects all countries and regions in an international crime network. Every year, children are smuggled from their homeland to other countries or within their own country, often from rural to urban areas. The crime of trafficking in children violates the human rights guaranteed to children in international law, especially the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Child trafficking, one of the fastest growing transnational crimes, threatens the survival and development of children and their right to education, health and protection. In this study, child trafficking, its common causes, its biopsychosocial effects on children and the general profile of its victims and the elements that should be focused on in the fight against child trafficking will be discussed from the persepective of social work discipline.

Kaynakça

  • Coy, Madddie, “Moved around like bags of rubbish nobody wants: how multiple placement moves can make young women vulnerable to sexual exploitation.” Child Abuse Review, 18, (2009): 254–266.
  • Dottridge, Mike, “Trafficking in children in West and Central Africa”, Gender & Development, (2002) 10:1, 38-42, DOI: 10.1080/13552070215890
  • End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes (ECPAT) International, Summary Paper On Sale And Trafficking Of Children For Sexual Purposes, (2020) Erişim https://ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/ECPAT-Summary-paper-on-Sale-and-Trafficking-of-children-for-Sexual-Purposes-2020.pdf (16.12.2021)
  • Gjermeni, E., Van Hook, M. P., Gjipali, S., Xhillari, L., Lungu, F., & Hazizi, A. “Trafficking of chil-dren in Albania: Patterns of recruitment and reintegration”. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32, (2008):941–948. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.09.015
  • Glind, Hans van de, ILO’s International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) Migration and child labour - Exploring child migrant vulnerabilities and those of children left-behind. (Geneva: 2010)–27 Erişim www.ilo.org/ipecinfo/product/viewProduct.do?productId=14313 (14.12.2021)
  • Greenbaum, Jordan, Crawford-Jakubiak, James E ve Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect “Child Sex Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation: Health Care Needs of Victims,” Pediatrics 135, no. 3 (2015): 566-574.
  • Greenbaum V., Jordan, Yun, Katherine ve Todres, Jonathan. “Child Trafficking: Issues for Policy and Practice” The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 46 (2018): 159-163.
  • Hill, Alice ve Carey, Romano. “The trade in human lives”. Americas Quarterly, 4(2), (2010) 84–89
  • Hoot, James, Tadesse, Selamawit ve Abdella, Rahmet, “Voices Seldom Heard”, Journal of Children and Poverty, 12:2, (2006) 129-139, doi: 10.1080/10796120600879558
  • Hossain M, Zimmerman C, Abas M, Light M, Watts C. “The relationship of trauma to mental disorders among trafficked and sexually exploited girls and women” Am J Public Health100(12) (2010):2442-2449. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.173229
  • International Labour Organization, A Future Without Child Labour, (2002).
  • International Labour Organization, ILO action against trafficking in human beings (2008) Erişim www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_norm/—declaration/documents/publication/wcms_090356.pdf (16.12.2021)
  • International Labor Organization, Global Estimate of Forced Labour: Executive Summary (2012) Erişim http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/wcms_181953.pdf (16.12.2021)
  • International Labour Organization, International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) Facts on Commercial sexual exploitation of children (2005)
  • International Organization for Migration, Caring for trafficked persons: Guidance for health providers. (Geneva, Switzerland: 2009) Erişim http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/free/CT_Handbook.pdf (16.12.2021)
  • Mitchell, Kimberly J., David Finkelhor, and Janis Wolak. “Conceptualizing Juvenile Prostitution as Child Maltreatment: Findings from the National Juvenile Prostitution Study.” Child Maltreatment 15, no. 1 (2010): 18–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559509349443.
  • Noll, Jennie G., and Chad E. Shenk. “Introduction to the special issue: the physical health consequences of childhood maltreatment--implications for public health.” Journal of pediatric psychology vol. 35,5 (2010): 447-9. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsq013
  • Rafferty, Yvonne. “Gender as an obstacle to good health: Health related human rights violations and the girl child”. International Psychology Bulletin, 17 (2013):15-24.
  • United Nations, “Protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons, especially women and children, supplementing the United Nations convention against transnational organized crime” (2000) Erişim www.osce.org/odihr/19223 (06.12.2021)
  • United Nations, “Convention on the rights of the child” (1989) Erişim www.unicef.org/crc (06.12.2021)
  • United Nations Children’s Fund, “Birth Registration: right from the start,” Innocenti Digest 9 (2002)
  • United Nations Children’s Fund, Combatting Child Trafficking: Handbook of Parliamentarians (2005) Erişim http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/IPU_combattingchildtrafficking_GB(1) (01.12.2021)
  • United Nations Children’s Fund, Fact Sheet: Protection and Conflict (2005).
  • United Nations Children’s Fund, The State of the World’s Children, New York, (2005).
  • United Nations Development Fund for Children, Progress for children: Achieving the MDGs with equity (No. 9) (New York: 2010) Erişim www.unicef.org/protection/Progress_ for_Children-No.9_EN_081710.pdf (06.12.2021)
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ve Inter-Parliamentary Union, Combating Trafficking in Persons: A Handbook for Parliamentarians (2009) 82–83.
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Toolkit to combat trafficking in persons: Global programme against trafficking in human beings. (Vienna: 2008) Erişim www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/HT_Toolkit08_English.pdf (06.12.2021)
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Global report on trafficking in persons (2009) Erişim www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/Global_Report_on_TIP.pdf (29.11.2021)
  • United States Department of Justice, “Effects of federal legislation on the commercial sexual exploitation of children”. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Washington, DC Office of Justice Programs (2010) Erişim www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/228631.pdf (29.11.2021)
  • Uslu, Büşra. "Kenya Cumhuriyeti'nde Çocuk Koruma Sistemi: Makımeı Çocuk Evi Örneği". Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi 19 (2019): 127-152
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sosyoloji
Bölüm Özel Bölüm : Kadın ve Çocuklara Karşı Şiddetin Önlenmesi
Yazarlar

Büşra Uslu Ak 0000-0001-5667-6809

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 23

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Uslu Ak, Büşra. “ÇOCUK TİCARETİ SUÇUNU ANLAMAK”. Uluslararası Suçlar Ve Tarih, sy. 23 (Eylül 2022): 93-115. https://doi.org/10.54842/ustich.1037346.