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MEDIA REFLECTIONS OF THE OLYMPIC PHILOSOPHY: TOKYO 2020 OLYMPIC GAMES AND GENDER EQUALITY

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 1 - 14, 30.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.47525/ulasbid.1379882

Öz

In the first modern Olympics, there was no female athlete representation at all, while in the 1900 Olympics, this representation was limited to 2.2%. Tokyo 2020 was touted as a “turning point” in the media and went down in history as the Olympics with the lowest level of gender inequality. This research aims to raise awareness of gender equality by evaluating the gender-based athlete actions covered in the media during the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games, which was touted as the “most equal” Olympics in the media, and by revealing the difference between qualitative equality and quantitative equality. This research is a case study that deals with gender-based actions with a qualitative approach. The research involves a document analysis of athlete actions reflected in the media. The Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games are assessed under two categories: steps supporting equality and steps demanding equality. The steps supporting equality include the number of female and male athletes, female athletes included in existing Olympic branches, and mixed sports branches, the ban on sexist media coverage of women, and equal representation of female and male athletes in ceremonies. Steps demanding equality include requests for changes in athletes’ competition attire, the desire for women to participate in still inaccessible disciplines, calls for regulations concerning sexual orientation differences, and protests against current events. In conclusion, after the end of Tokyo 2020, acknowledged as the most qualitatively equal Olympics in history, the focus on gender equality, and changes brought about by activist actions of female athletes striving for qualitative equality, serve as role models for societal change.

Kaynakça

  • Alpman, C. (1972). Eğitimin bütünlüğü içinde beden eğitimi ve çağlar boyunca gelişimi (1. Press) İstanbul: Milli Eğitim.
  • Aybek, A., & Yıldıran, İ., (2016). Baron pierre de coubertin’in olimpizm felsefesinde kadın. Sporun toplumsal cinsiyet halleri, Ankara: Spor yayınevi ve Kitabevi.
  • Bandy, S. J. (2000). Women & sport from antiquity to the 19th century, Olympic Review, 31 (Febr-March).
  • Bell, P. (2001). Content analysis of visual images. T. Leeuwen & C. Jewitt (Ed.), Handbook of Visual Analysis. London: Sage.
  • Bloor, M., & Wood, F. (2006). Keywords in qualitative methods. London: Sage.
  • Bohus J. (1986). Sportgeschichte: Gesellschaft und sport von mykene bis heute. München, Wien, Zürich: BLV.
  • Boulongne, Yves-Pierre. (1999). Pierre de Coubertin: humanism and education: Conference given on November 17 at the Ministry of the Economy and Finance in Paris Lausanne.
  • Boykoff, J. (2019). Protest, activism, and the olympic games: An overview of key issues and iconic moments. Sport and Protest.
  • Bucher, C. A., & Wuest, D. A. (1987). Foundations of physical education and sport, Times Mirror. St. Louis-Toronto-Santa-Clara: Mosby Colloge Publishing.
  • Butts, R. F. (1955). A cultural history of western education. London: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Brown, L. E. C. (2023). Why We Must #SayHerName: A black feminist look at athlete activism. In Athletic Activism: Global Perspectives on Social Transformation. Emerald Publishing Limited.
  • Chase, L. F. (1992). A policy analysis of gender inequality within the Olympic Movement. In Proceedings: First International Symposium for Olympic Research. London, Ontario: International Centre for Olympic Studies.
  • Clastres, P. (2008). Olympic games. A century of passion. Paris: Les Quatre Chemins.
  • Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education. New York: Routledge.
  • Cooky, C., & Antunovic, D. (2020). “This isn’t just about us”: Articulations of feminism in media narratives of athlete activism. Communication & Sport, 8(4-5).
  • Coubertin, P. (2000). Selected writings. In: N. Muller (ed.). Pierre de Coubertin 1863- 1937. Olympism: Lausanne: International Olympic Committee.
  • Cox, C. M. (2022). Unsettled Debts: 1968 and the Problem of Historical Memory| The Limits of Smooth Legacies: 1968, Feminist History, and the Tradition of Athlete Activism: An Interview With Amira Rose Davis. International Journal of Communication, 16, 8. Çalışkan, K., Büyükakgül, Ü. C., Yüce, A., & Katırcı, H., (2018). Futbolda nefretin anatomisi: türk spor basınında nefret dili. GSI Journals Serie A: Advancements in Tourism Recreation and Sports Sciences, 1(1).
  • Donnelly, P. (1993). Democratization revisited: seven theses on the democratization of sport and acti ve leisure. Society and Leisure, 16( 2).
  • Edwards H. (1969). The revolt of the black athlete. NY: Free Press
  • Eyquem, M. T. (1966). Pierre de coubertin: Olympic history. Paris: Calmann Lévy.
  • Giulianotti R. (2005). Sport: A Critical sociology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Guttmann, A. (1992). The olympics: A history of the modern games. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  • Hargreaves, J. (1994). Sporting females: Critical issues in the history and sociology of women’s sports. London: Routledge.
  • International Olympic Committee. (2020). Factsheet: women in the Olympic movement Update-June,2020.
  • Kaufman, P. (2008). Boos, bans, and other backlash: The consequences of being an activist athlete. Humanity & Society, 32(3).
  • Kidd B. (2003). Athletes and human rights: university lecture on the olympics. Barcelona: Centre d’Estudis Olimpics (UAB). International Chair in Olympism (IOC-UA B).
  • Kidd, B., & Donnelly, P. (2000). Human rights in sports. International review for the sociology of sport, 35(2).
  • Koca, C., & Bulgu, N. (2005). Spor ve toplumsal cinsiyet genel bir bakış. Toplum ve Bilim, vol.103.
  • Lennartz, K. (2005). The Munich october festival: An origin of the Olympic Games. Journal of Olympic History, 13(1).
  • Lyberg, W. (2000). Women's participation in the Olympic Games. Olympic Review, 26(31).
  • Macur, J., & Blinder, A. (2021). At N.C.A.A. Tournaments, Unequal Facilities For Women. The New York Times.
  • Mallon, B. & Bijkerk, A. T. (2003). The 1920 olympic games. Results for all competitors in all events, with commentary. McFarland & Company
  • Mechikoff, R., Estes, S. (1993). A history and philosophy of sport and physical education. Wm. C. Brown & Benhmark Publishers, Oxford, England.
  • Memiş, U. A., & Yıldıran, İ. (2011). Batı kültürlerinde kadınların spora katılımlarının tarihsel gelişimi. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(3).
  • Miles, M, B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded Sourcebook. (2nd ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • NCAA Board of Governors Statement on Social Activism (2020, june 13). Student-athlete activism. Retrieved Erişim Adresi: https://www.ncaa.org/sports/2021/7/23/student-athlete-activism.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 15.07.2020).
  • Hosick, B. M. (2021). NCAA adopts interim name, image and likeness policy. Erişim Adresi: https://www.ncaa.org/news/2021/6/30/ncaa-adopts-interim-name-image-and-likeness-policy.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 12.09.2021).
  • NFL. (2021, November 5). Aaron Rodgers explains decision to not get COVID-19 vaccination in first comments since positive test. Erişim adresi: https://www.nfl.com/news/aaron-rodgers-explainsdecision-to-not-get-covid-19-vaccination-in-first-comment (Erişim Tarihi: 07.12.2021).
  • Parry, J. (2007). The religio athletae, olympism and peace. In Parry J., et al.). Sport and Spirituality (first ed.). London: Routledge.
  • Pelak C. (2005). Athletes as agents of change: An examination of shifting race relations within women’s netball in post-apartheid south africa. Sociology of Sport Journal, 21.
  • Pfister, G. (2004). Frauen in führungspositionen: Theoretische überlegungen. hat führung ein geschlecht? Genderarrangements in entscheidungsgremien des deutschen sports. Cologne, Germany: Strauss.
  • Ryan, S. (2020, September 9). Sports protests: Timeline of the prominent over the years.
  • Chicago Tribune. Erişim Adresi: https://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/ct-athlete-protests-timelineliststory-20200909-yl4x7b3hk5gkxj5wdxqwdmxfrq-list.html (Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2021).
  • Scott J. (1971). The athletic revolution. NY: The Free Press.
  • Shields, C. (2022). Political protests in professional and collegiate athletics (Master Thesis). UK: Liberty University.
  • Spears, B. (1984). A perspective of the history of women’s sport in ancient greece, Journal of Sport History, 11(2): 32-47.
  • Spreitzer, Gretchen M., & Scott Sonenshein. (2004). Toward the construct definition of positive deviance. American Behavioral Scientist 47( 6):828-84.
  • Toohey, K. & Veal, A. (2000). The olympic games. A social science perspective. London: CAB International.
  • Truyens, J. (2020). Stories of the VIIth olympiad. Davidsfonds Uitgeverij.
  • Yaprak, P., & Amman, M. T. (2009). Sporda kadınlar ve sorunları. Türkiye Kick Boks Federasyonu Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 39-49.
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2005). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık
  • Yin, R. K. (1984). Beyond method: Strategies for social research. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 2
  • Zirin D. (2005). What’s my name, fool? Sports and Resistance in the United States. Chicago: Haymarket Books.
  • İnternet Kaynakları
  • Web1https://olympics.com/ioc/news/tokyo-2020-first-ever-gender-balanced-olympic-games-in-history-record-number-of-female-competitors-at-paralympic-games (Erişim Tarihi: 10.08.2021).
  • Web2https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/31865672/tokyo-2020-olympics-ioc-gender-parity-goal-marks-one-giant-leap-humankind (Erişim Tarihi: 18.08.2021).
  • Web3https://olympics.com/en/news/katie-ledecky-breezes-to-first-womens-olympic-1500m-freestyle-gold (Erişim Tarihi: 14.08.2021).
  • Web4https://globalnews.ca/news/8094064/tokyo-olympics-canada-canoe-medal/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.08.2021).
  • Web5https://abcnews.go.com/Sports/tokyo-olympics-highlight-strides-gender-equality-remaining-hurdles/story?id=78264991 (Erişim Tarihi: 18.08.2021).
  • Web6https://olympics.com/ioc/news/mixed-gender-events-a-sign-of-innovation-and-greater-gender-diversity-at-tokyo-2020 (Erişim Tarihi: 10.08.2021).
  • Web7https://www.espn.in/olympics/story/_/id/19589230/mixed-gender-events-added-2020-tokyo-olympics (Erişim Tarihi: 10.08.2021).
  • Web8https://www.espn690.com/entertainment/olympicbroadcasters/TEDHJD3BTCAAHC7JY4RUXHZMUA/ (Erişim Tarihi: 18.08.2021).
  • Web9https://www.smh.com.au/sport/sport-appeal-not-sex-appeal-the-olympics-newbroadcast-mantra-20210726-p58d5a.html (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2021).
  • Web10https://olympics.com/ioc/news/women-athletes-take-centre-stage-at-tokyo-2020-opening-ceremony (Erişim Tarihi: 12.08.2021).
  • Web11https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/31889339/pop-singer-pink-supports-norwegian-women-beach-handball-team-protest-fines-very-sexist-uniform-rules (Erişim Tarihi: 12.08.2021).
  • Web12https://www.espn.com/olympics/gymnastics/story/_/id/31884449/german-women-gymnastics-team-wears-unitards-qualifying-tokyo-olympics (Erişim Tarihi: 10.08.2021).
  • Web13https://www.thesun.co.uk/sport/15789425/women-wear-headguards-men-olympic-boxing/ (Erişim Tarihi: 18.08.2021).
  • Web14https://www.101espn.com/news/hijab-wearing-basketball-referee-out-to-blaze-trail-at-tokyo-olympics/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2021).
  • Web15https://olympics.com/en/news/sarah-gamal-first-arab-and-african-woman-to-referee-3x3-basketball-at-tokyo-2020 (Erişim Tarihi: 10.08.2021).
  • Web16https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/06/sports/olympics/us-track-field-decathlon-women-heptathlon.html (Erişim Tarihi: 10.08.2021).
  • Web17https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/what-how-greco-roman-wrestling-style-rules-scoring-techniques-olympics (Erişim Tarihi: 10.08.2021).
  • Web18https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/31918292/olympics-2020-transgender-weightlifter-hubbard-thanks-ioc-tokyo-games-inclusion (Erişim Tarihi: 12.08.2021).
  • Web19https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/31861679/tokyo-2020-most-inclusive-olympic-games-160-lgbtq-athletes (Erişim Tarihi: 11.08.2021).
  • Web20https://www.espn.com/soccer/canada-canw/story/4445109/quinn-becomes-first-openly-transgender-athlete-to-medal-at-olympic-games-as-canada-win-gold (Erişim Tarihi: 18.08.2021).
  • Web21https://olympics.com/en/news/laurel-hubbard-new-zealand-weightlifter-history-tokyo-2020-2021-games (Erişim Tarihi: 15.08.2021).
  • Web22https://www.espn.com/olympics/gymnastics/story/_/id/31886758/costa-rican-gymnast-luciana-alvarado-takes-knee-conclude-floor-routine-qualifying-nod-black-lives-matter-movement (Erişim Tarihi: 12.08.2021).
  • Web23https://www.espn.com.sg/football/australia-ausw/story/4480080/australia-striker-kyah-simon-on-olympic-milestonesworld-cup-prep-and-tottenham-move (Erişim Tarihi: 10.08.2021).
  • Web24https://www.espn.com/soccer/great-britain/story/4432945/team-gb-football-team-to-take-a-knee-at-tokyo-olympic-games (Erişim Tarihi: 13.08.2021).
  • Web25https://inews.co.uk/news/world/tokyo-2020-olympics-taking-the-knee-team-gb-us-new-zealand-womens-football-teams-1114146 (Erişim Tarihi: 13.08.2021).

OLİMPİK FELSEFENİN MEDYA YANSIMALARI: TOKYO 2020 OLİMPİYAT OYUNLARI VE CİNSİYET EŞİTLİĞİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 1 - 14, 30.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.47525/ulasbid.1379882

Öz

Gerçekleştirilen ilk modern Olimpiyatlarda hiç kadın sporcu temsili bulunmazken, 1900’de gerçekleşen Olimpiyatlarda ise bu temsil oranı sadece %2,2 ile sınırlı kalmıştır. Tokyo 2020 ise medyada bir “dönüm noktası” olarak lanse edilmiş ve cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin en az düzeyde olduğu Olimpiyat olarak tarihe geçmiştir. Bu araştırma, medyada “en eşit” Olimpiyat olarak lanse edilen Tokyo 2020 Olimpiyat Oyunları süresince, medyada yer alan toplumsal cinsiyet temelli sporcu eylemlerinin değerlendirilmesi ve niteliksel eşitliğin niceliksel eşitlikten farkının ortaya konması ile toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği yolunda bir farkındalık oluşturulması amacını taşımaktadır. Bu araştırma, toplumsal cinsiyet temelli eylemleri nitel yaklaşımla ele alan bir durum çalışmasıdır. Gerçekleştirilen araştırmada, medyaya yansıyan sporcu eylemleri üzerinden bir doküman analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tokyo 2020 Olimpiyat Oyunları, eşitliği destekleyici atılmış adımlar ve eşitlik talebi oluşturan adımlar olarak iki farklı başlık altında değerlendirilmiştir. Eşitliği destekleyen adımlar başlığı altında kadın ve erkek sporcu sayıları, mevcut olimpik branşlara dâhil edilen kadın sporcular, karma spor branşları, medyada kadınlar üzerinden cinsiyetçi yayın yasağı ve seremonilerde kadın ve erkek sporcuların eşit temsili yer almaktadır. Eşitlik talebi oluşturan adımlar ise sporcuların yarış kıyafetlerindeki değişiklik isteği, kadınların hala katılım gösteremedikleri branşlara dâhil olma arzusu, cinsel yönelim farklılıklarına ilişkin düzenleme talebi ve güncel olaylara karşı gerçekleştirdikleri protestolar yer almaktadır. Sonuç olarak; tarihin niteliksel olarak en eşit Olimpiyatları kabul edilen Tokyo 2020’nin toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği odağındaki değişimler, kadın sporcuların niteliksel eşitlik sağlamak amacı ile ortaya koymuş oldukları aktivist eylemler bağlamında toplumsal değişime rol model olduğu ifade edilebilir.

Etik Beyan

Araştırma içerik analizi olduğu için herhangi bir etik izine gerek yoktur.

Kaynakça

  • Alpman, C. (1972). Eğitimin bütünlüğü içinde beden eğitimi ve çağlar boyunca gelişimi (1. Press) İstanbul: Milli Eğitim.
  • Aybek, A., & Yıldıran, İ., (2016). Baron pierre de coubertin’in olimpizm felsefesinde kadın. Sporun toplumsal cinsiyet halleri, Ankara: Spor yayınevi ve Kitabevi.
  • Bandy, S. J. (2000). Women & sport from antiquity to the 19th century, Olympic Review, 31 (Febr-March).
  • Bell, P. (2001). Content analysis of visual images. T. Leeuwen & C. Jewitt (Ed.), Handbook of Visual Analysis. London: Sage.
  • Bloor, M., & Wood, F. (2006). Keywords in qualitative methods. London: Sage.
  • Bohus J. (1986). Sportgeschichte: Gesellschaft und sport von mykene bis heute. München, Wien, Zürich: BLV.
  • Boulongne, Yves-Pierre. (1999). Pierre de Coubertin: humanism and education: Conference given on November 17 at the Ministry of the Economy and Finance in Paris Lausanne.
  • Boykoff, J. (2019). Protest, activism, and the olympic games: An overview of key issues and iconic moments. Sport and Protest.
  • Bucher, C. A., & Wuest, D. A. (1987). Foundations of physical education and sport, Times Mirror. St. Louis-Toronto-Santa-Clara: Mosby Colloge Publishing.
  • Butts, R. F. (1955). A cultural history of western education. London: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Brown, L. E. C. (2023). Why We Must #SayHerName: A black feminist look at athlete activism. In Athletic Activism: Global Perspectives on Social Transformation. Emerald Publishing Limited.
  • Chase, L. F. (1992). A policy analysis of gender inequality within the Olympic Movement. In Proceedings: First International Symposium for Olympic Research. London, Ontario: International Centre for Olympic Studies.
  • Clastres, P. (2008). Olympic games. A century of passion. Paris: Les Quatre Chemins.
  • Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education. New York: Routledge.
  • Cooky, C., & Antunovic, D. (2020). “This isn’t just about us”: Articulations of feminism in media narratives of athlete activism. Communication & Sport, 8(4-5).
  • Coubertin, P. (2000). Selected writings. In: N. Muller (ed.). Pierre de Coubertin 1863- 1937. Olympism: Lausanne: International Olympic Committee.
  • Cox, C. M. (2022). Unsettled Debts: 1968 and the Problem of Historical Memory| The Limits of Smooth Legacies: 1968, Feminist History, and the Tradition of Athlete Activism: An Interview With Amira Rose Davis. International Journal of Communication, 16, 8. Çalışkan, K., Büyükakgül, Ü. C., Yüce, A., & Katırcı, H., (2018). Futbolda nefretin anatomisi: türk spor basınında nefret dili. GSI Journals Serie A: Advancements in Tourism Recreation and Sports Sciences, 1(1).
  • Donnelly, P. (1993). Democratization revisited: seven theses on the democratization of sport and acti ve leisure. Society and Leisure, 16( 2).
  • Edwards H. (1969). The revolt of the black athlete. NY: Free Press
  • Eyquem, M. T. (1966). Pierre de coubertin: Olympic history. Paris: Calmann Lévy.
  • Giulianotti R. (2005). Sport: A Critical sociology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Guttmann, A. (1992). The olympics: A history of the modern games. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  • Hargreaves, J. (1994). Sporting females: Critical issues in the history and sociology of women’s sports. London: Routledge.
  • International Olympic Committee. (2020). Factsheet: women in the Olympic movement Update-June,2020.
  • Kaufman, P. (2008). Boos, bans, and other backlash: The consequences of being an activist athlete. Humanity & Society, 32(3).
  • Kidd B. (2003). Athletes and human rights: university lecture on the olympics. Barcelona: Centre d’Estudis Olimpics (UAB). International Chair in Olympism (IOC-UA B).
  • Kidd, B., & Donnelly, P. (2000). Human rights in sports. International review for the sociology of sport, 35(2).
  • Koca, C., & Bulgu, N. (2005). Spor ve toplumsal cinsiyet genel bir bakış. Toplum ve Bilim, vol.103.
  • Lennartz, K. (2005). The Munich october festival: An origin of the Olympic Games. Journal of Olympic History, 13(1).
  • Lyberg, W. (2000). Women's participation in the Olympic Games. Olympic Review, 26(31).
  • Macur, J., & Blinder, A. (2021). At N.C.A.A. Tournaments, Unequal Facilities For Women. The New York Times.
  • Mallon, B. & Bijkerk, A. T. (2003). The 1920 olympic games. Results for all competitors in all events, with commentary. McFarland & Company
  • Mechikoff, R., Estes, S. (1993). A history and philosophy of sport and physical education. Wm. C. Brown & Benhmark Publishers, Oxford, England.
  • Memiş, U. A., & Yıldıran, İ. (2011). Batı kültürlerinde kadınların spora katılımlarının tarihsel gelişimi. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(3).
  • Miles, M, B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded Sourcebook. (2nd ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • NCAA Board of Governors Statement on Social Activism (2020, june 13). Student-athlete activism. Retrieved Erişim Adresi: https://www.ncaa.org/sports/2021/7/23/student-athlete-activism.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 15.07.2020).
  • Hosick, B. M. (2021). NCAA adopts interim name, image and likeness policy. Erişim Adresi: https://www.ncaa.org/news/2021/6/30/ncaa-adopts-interim-name-image-and-likeness-policy.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 12.09.2021).
  • NFL. (2021, November 5). Aaron Rodgers explains decision to not get COVID-19 vaccination in first comments since positive test. Erişim adresi: https://www.nfl.com/news/aaron-rodgers-explainsdecision-to-not-get-covid-19-vaccination-in-first-comment (Erişim Tarihi: 07.12.2021).
  • Parry, J. (2007). The religio athletae, olympism and peace. In Parry J., et al.). Sport and Spirituality (first ed.). London: Routledge.
  • Pelak C. (2005). Athletes as agents of change: An examination of shifting race relations within women’s netball in post-apartheid south africa. Sociology of Sport Journal, 21.
  • Pfister, G. (2004). Frauen in führungspositionen: Theoretische überlegungen. hat führung ein geschlecht? Genderarrangements in entscheidungsgremien des deutschen sports. Cologne, Germany: Strauss.
  • Ryan, S. (2020, September 9). Sports protests: Timeline of the prominent over the years.
  • Chicago Tribune. Erişim Adresi: https://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/ct-athlete-protests-timelineliststory-20200909-yl4x7b3hk5gkxj5wdxqwdmxfrq-list.html (Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2021).
  • Scott J. (1971). The athletic revolution. NY: The Free Press.
  • Shields, C. (2022). Political protests in professional and collegiate athletics (Master Thesis). UK: Liberty University.
  • Spears, B. (1984). A perspective of the history of women’s sport in ancient greece, Journal of Sport History, 11(2): 32-47.
  • Spreitzer, Gretchen M., & Scott Sonenshein. (2004). Toward the construct definition of positive deviance. American Behavioral Scientist 47( 6):828-84.
  • Toohey, K. & Veal, A. (2000). The olympic games. A social science perspective. London: CAB International.
  • Truyens, J. (2020). Stories of the VIIth olympiad. Davidsfonds Uitgeverij.
  • Yaprak, P., & Amman, M. T. (2009). Sporda kadınlar ve sorunları. Türkiye Kick Boks Federasyonu Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 39-49.
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  • İnternet Kaynakları
  • Web1https://olympics.com/ioc/news/tokyo-2020-first-ever-gender-balanced-olympic-games-in-history-record-number-of-female-competitors-at-paralympic-games (Erişim Tarihi: 10.08.2021).
  • Web2https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/31865672/tokyo-2020-olympics-ioc-gender-parity-goal-marks-one-giant-leap-humankind (Erişim Tarihi: 18.08.2021).
  • Web3https://olympics.com/en/news/katie-ledecky-breezes-to-first-womens-olympic-1500m-freestyle-gold (Erişim Tarihi: 14.08.2021).
  • Web4https://globalnews.ca/news/8094064/tokyo-olympics-canada-canoe-medal/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.08.2021).
  • Web5https://abcnews.go.com/Sports/tokyo-olympics-highlight-strides-gender-equality-remaining-hurdles/story?id=78264991 (Erişim Tarihi: 18.08.2021).
  • Web6https://olympics.com/ioc/news/mixed-gender-events-a-sign-of-innovation-and-greater-gender-diversity-at-tokyo-2020 (Erişim Tarihi: 10.08.2021).
  • Web7https://www.espn.in/olympics/story/_/id/19589230/mixed-gender-events-added-2020-tokyo-olympics (Erişim Tarihi: 10.08.2021).
  • Web8https://www.espn690.com/entertainment/olympicbroadcasters/TEDHJD3BTCAAHC7JY4RUXHZMUA/ (Erişim Tarihi: 18.08.2021).
  • Web9https://www.smh.com.au/sport/sport-appeal-not-sex-appeal-the-olympics-newbroadcast-mantra-20210726-p58d5a.html (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2021).
  • Web10https://olympics.com/ioc/news/women-athletes-take-centre-stage-at-tokyo-2020-opening-ceremony (Erişim Tarihi: 12.08.2021).
  • Web11https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/31889339/pop-singer-pink-supports-norwegian-women-beach-handball-team-protest-fines-very-sexist-uniform-rules (Erişim Tarihi: 12.08.2021).
  • Web12https://www.espn.com/olympics/gymnastics/story/_/id/31884449/german-women-gymnastics-team-wears-unitards-qualifying-tokyo-olympics (Erişim Tarihi: 10.08.2021).
  • Web13https://www.thesun.co.uk/sport/15789425/women-wear-headguards-men-olympic-boxing/ (Erişim Tarihi: 18.08.2021).
  • Web14https://www.101espn.com/news/hijab-wearing-basketball-referee-out-to-blaze-trail-at-tokyo-olympics/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2021).
  • Web15https://olympics.com/en/news/sarah-gamal-first-arab-and-african-woman-to-referee-3x3-basketball-at-tokyo-2020 (Erişim Tarihi: 10.08.2021).
  • Web16https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/06/sports/olympics/us-track-field-decathlon-women-heptathlon.html (Erişim Tarihi: 10.08.2021).
  • Web17https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/what-how-greco-roman-wrestling-style-rules-scoring-techniques-olympics (Erişim Tarihi: 10.08.2021).
  • Web18https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/31918292/olympics-2020-transgender-weightlifter-hubbard-thanks-ioc-tokyo-games-inclusion (Erişim Tarihi: 12.08.2021).
  • Web19https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/31861679/tokyo-2020-most-inclusive-olympic-games-160-lgbtq-athletes (Erişim Tarihi: 11.08.2021).
  • Web20https://www.espn.com/soccer/canada-canw/story/4445109/quinn-becomes-first-openly-transgender-athlete-to-medal-at-olympic-games-as-canada-win-gold (Erişim Tarihi: 18.08.2021).
  • Web21https://olympics.com/en/news/laurel-hubbard-new-zealand-weightlifter-history-tokyo-2020-2021-games (Erişim Tarihi: 15.08.2021).
  • Web22https://www.espn.com/olympics/gymnastics/story/_/id/31886758/costa-rican-gymnast-luciana-alvarado-takes-knee-conclude-floor-routine-qualifying-nod-black-lives-matter-movement (Erişim Tarihi: 12.08.2021).
  • Web23https://www.espn.com.sg/football/australia-ausw/story/4480080/australia-striker-kyah-simon-on-olympic-milestonesworld-cup-prep-and-tottenham-move (Erişim Tarihi: 10.08.2021).
  • Web24https://www.espn.com/soccer/great-britain/story/4432945/team-gb-football-team-to-take-a-knee-at-tokyo-olympic-games (Erişim Tarihi: 13.08.2021).
  • Web25https://inews.co.uk/news/world/tokyo-2020-olympics-taking-the-knee-team-gb-us-new-zealand-womens-football-teams-1114146 (Erişim Tarihi: 13.08.2021).
Toplam 80 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Egzersiz ve Spor Bilimleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Sabiha Gizem Engin 0000-0003-0898-8474

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 20 Ocak 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Mart 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Ekim 2023
Kabul Tarihi 19 Ocak 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Engin, S. G. (2024). OLİMPİK FELSEFENİN MEDYA YANSIMALARI: TOKYO 2020 OLİMPİYAT OYUNLARI VE CİNSİYET EŞİTLİĞİ. Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.47525/ulasbid.1379882

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