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Colorectal Cancer and Cachexia: Effect of Ketogenic Diet

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 40 - 52, 30.12.2023

Naciye Kılıç Indrani Kalkan

https://doi.org/10.51536/tusbad.1254275

Öz

Colorectal cancer ranks 3rd among the most common cancer types in the world, and ranks 2nd in cancer-related deaths. Complications related to tumour tissue or individual-specific complications, including cancer treatment, can both adversely affect the course of the disease and cause death. Cachexia and inflammation are among these complications. In cancer treatment, medical nutrition therapy is just as important in maintaining and completing the treatment as well as medical treatment methods. One of these nutritional treatments is the ketogenic diet. The ketogenic diet is generally known as a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet model. The effect of this dietary model on cancer has been studied based on the Warburg effect and it has been observed that it could control tumor growth. It has also been observed that it may have positive effects on cachexia, especially due to the anti-inflammatory effect of beta hydroxy butyrate. Although these effects are observed, it is emphasised that the complications that may occur in the long term depending on the duration of ketogenic diet should not be ignored and more studies are needed in terms of provability. The aim of this review is to examine the effect of the ketogenic diet on colorectal cancer and cachexia based on the current literatüre.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cachexia Colorectal cancer Ketogenic diet

Kaynakça

  • Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209-249. doi:10.3322/caac.21660
  • Greef B, Smyth E. Colorectal cancer. Med (United Kingdom). 2022; 51:61-64. doi: 10.1016/j.mpmed.2022.10.014.
  • Boland CR, Yurgelun MB, Mraz KA, Boland PM. Managing gastric cancer risk in lynch syndrome: controversies and recommendations. Fam Cancer. 2022;21(1):75-78. doi:10.1007/s10689-021-00235-3
  • Costa RGF, Caro PL, de Matos-Neto EM, et al. Cancer cachexia induces morphological and inflammatory changes in the intestinal mucosa. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2019;10(5):1116-1127. doi:10.1002/jcsm.12449
  • Arends J, Baracos V, Bertz H, et al. ESPEN expert group recommendations for action against cancer-related malnutrition. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(5):1187-1196. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2017.06.017
  • Hagihara K, Kajimoto K, Osaga S, et al. Promising Effect of a New Ketogenic Diet Regimen in Patients with Advanced Cancer. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1473. Published 2020 May 19. doi:10.3390/nu12051473
  • Wolf AMD, Fontham ETH, Church TR, et al. Colorectal cancer screening for average-risk adults: 2018 guideline update from the American Cancer Society. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(4):250-281. doi:10.3322/caac.21457
  • US Preventive Services Task Force, Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, et al. Screening for Colorectal Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement [published correction appears in JAMA. 2016 Aug 2;316(5):545] [published correction appears in JAMA. 2017 Jun 6;317(21):2239]. JAMA. 2016;315(23):2564-2575. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.5989
  • Thanikachalam K, Khan G. Colorectal Cancer and Nutrition. Nutrients. 2019;11(1):164. Published 2019 Jan 14. doi:10.3390/nu11010164
  • Oliveira CLP, Mattingly S, Schirrmacher R, Sawyer MB, Fine EJ, Prado CM. A Nutritional Perspective of Ketogenic Diet in Cancer: A Narrative Review. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2018;118(4):668-688. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2017.02.003
  • Warburg O, Wind F, Negelein E. THE METABOLISM OF TUMORS IN THE BODY. J Gen Physiol. 1927;8(6):519-530. doi:10.1085/jgp.8.6.519
  • Liberti M V., Locasale JW. The Warburg Effect: How Does it Benefit Cancer Cells? Trends Biochem Sci. 2016 Mar 1;41(3):211–8. doi: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.12.001
  • Rigo P, Paulus P, Kaschten BJ, et al. Oncological applications of positron emission tomography with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose. Eur J Nucl Med. 1996;23(12):1641-1674. doi:10.1007/BF01249629
  • Klement RJ, Kämmerer U. Is there a role for carbohydrate restriction in the treatment and prevention of cancer?. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2011;8:75. Published 2011 Oct 26. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-8-75
  • McDonald TJW, Cervenka MC. The Expanding Role of Ketogenic Diets in Adult Neurological Disorders. Brain Sci. 2018;8(8):148. Published 2018 Aug 8. doi:10.3390/brainsci8080148
  • Woolf EC, Syed N, Scheck AC. Tumor Metabolism, the Ketogenic Diet and β-Hydroxybutyrate: Novel Approaches to Adjuvant Brain Tumor Therapy. Front Mol Neurosci.2016;9:122. Published 2016 Nov 16. doi:10.3389/fnmol.2016.00122
  • Weber DD, Aminzadeh-Gohari S, Tulipan J, Catalano L, Feichtinger RG, Kofler B. Ketogenic diet in the treatment of cancer - Where do we stand?. Mol Metab. 2020;33:102-121. doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2019.06.026
  • Yin JX, Maalouf M, Han P, et al. Ketones block amyloid entry and improve cognition in an Alzheimer's model. Neurobiol Aging. 2016;39:25-37. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.11.018
  • Arora N, Mehta TR. Role of the ketogenic diet in acute neurological diseases. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2020;192:105727. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.105727
  • Schwartz K, Chang HT, Nikolai M, et al. Treatment of glioma patients with ketogenic diets: report of two cases treated with an IRB-approved energy-restricted ketogenic diet protocol and review of the literature. Cancer Metab. 2015;3:3. doi:10.1186/s40170-015-0129-1
  • Chang HT, Olson LK, Schwartz KA. Ketolytic and glycolytic enzymatic expression profiles in malignant gliomas: implication for ketogenic diet therapy. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2013;10(1):47. Published 2013 Jul 5. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-10-47
  • Authier S, Tremblay S, Dumulon V, Dubuc C, Ouellet R, Lecomte R, et al. [11C] acetoacetate utilization by breast and prostate tumors: a PET and biodistribution study in mice. Mol Imaging Biol. 2008;10(4):217–223. doi: 10.1007/s11307-008-0143-6.
  • Schroeder U, Himpe B, Pries R, Vonthein R, Nitsch S, Wollenberg B. Decline of lactate in tumor tissue after ketogenic diet: in vivo microdialysis study in patients with head and neck cancer. Nutr Cancer. 2013;65(6):843-849. doi:10.1080/01635581.2013.804579
  • Brenner H, Kloor M, Pox CP. Colorectal cancer. Lancet. 2014;383(9927):1490-1502. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61649-9
  • Beyaz S, Mana MD, Roper J, et al. High-fat diet enhances stemness and tumorigenicity of intestinal progenitors [published correction appears in Nature. 2018 Aug;560(7717):E26]. Nature. 2016;531(7592):53-58. doi:10.1038/nature17173
  • Ringel AE, Drijvers JM, Baker GJ, et al. Obesity Shapes Metabolism in the Tumor Microenvironment to Suppress AntiTumor Immunity. Cell. 2020;183(7):1848-1866.e26. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.009
  • Dmitrieva-Posocco O, Wong AC, Lundgren P, et al. βHydroxybutyrate suppresses colorectal cancer. Nature. 2022;605(7908):160-165. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04649-6
  • Weber DD, Aminzadeh-Gohari S, Tulipan J, Catalano L, Feichtinger RG, Kofler B. Ketogenic diet in the treatment of cancer - Where do we stand?. Mol Metab. 2020;33:102-121. doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2019.06.026
  • Nakamura K, Tonouchi H, Sasayama A, Ashida K. A Ketogenic Formula Prevents Tumor Progression and Cancer ,Cachexia by Attenuating Systemic Inflammation in Colon 26 Tumor-Bearing Mice. Nutrients. 2018;10(2):206. doi:10.3390/nu10020206
  • Annibaldi A, Meier P. Checkpoints in TNF-Induced Cell Death: Implications in Inflammation and Cancer. Trends Mol Med. 2018;24(1):49-65. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2017.11.002
  • Gareb B, Otten AT, Frijlink HW, Dijkstra G, Kosterink JGW. Review: Local Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Inhibition in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12(6):539. Published 2020 Jun 11. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12060539
  • Ruder B, Atreya R, Becker C. Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha in Intestinal Homeostasis and Gut Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(8):1887. Published 2019 Apr 16. doi:10.3390/ijms20081887
  • Ravasco P, Monteiro-Grillo I, Vidal PM, Camilo ME. Cancer: disease and nutrition are key determinants of patients' quality of life. Support Care Cancer. 2004;12(4):246-252. doi:10.1007/s00520-003-0568-z
  • Evans WJ, Morley JE, Argilés J, et al. Cachexia: a new definition. Clin Nutr. 2008;27(6):793-799. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2008.06.013
  • Donohoe CL, Ryan AM, Reynolds JV. Cancer cachexia: mechanisms and clinical implications. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2011;2011:601434. doi:10.1155/2011/601434
  • Makarova EN, Yakovleva TV, Balyibina NY, et al. Pharmacological effects of fibroblast growth factor 21 are sexspecific in mice with the lethal yellow (Ay) mutation. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii. 2020;24(2):200-208. doi:10.18699/VJ20.40-o
  • Baracos VE, Martin L, Korc M, Guttridge DC, Fearon KCH. Cancer-associated cachexia. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4:17105. Published 2018 Jan 18. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.105
  • ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical Nutrition in cancer. Clinical Nutrition 40 (2021) 2898-2913.
  • de Souza RJ, Swain JF, Appel LJ, Sacks FM. Alternatives for macronutrient intake and chronic disease: a comparison of the OmniHeart diets with popular diets and with dietary recommendations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(1):1-11. doi:10.1093/ajcn/88.1.1
  • Klement RJ, Sweeney RA. Impact of a ketogenic diet intervention during radiotherapy on body composition: I. Initial clinical experience with six prospectively studied patients. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9:143. Published 2016 Mar 5. doi:10.1186/s13104-016-1959-9
  • Breitkreutz R, Tesdal K, Jentschura D, Haas O, Leweling H, Holm E. Effects of a high-fat diet on body composition in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: a randomized controlled study. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2005;117(19-20):685-692. doi:10.1007/s00508-005-0455-3
  • Nishi Y, Hiejima H, Hosoda H, et al. Ingested medium-chain fatty acids are directly utilized for the acyl modification of ghrelin. Endocrinology. 2005;146(5):2255-2264. doi:10.1210/en.2004-0695
  • Ashitani J, Matsumoto N, Nakazato M. Effect of octanoic acid rich formula on plasma ghrelin levels in cachectic patients with chronic respiratory disease. Nutr J. 2009;8:25. Published 2009 Jun 16. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-8-25
  • Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature. 1999;402(6762):656-660. doi:10.1038/45230
  • Galvin RD, Harris JA, Johnson RE. Urinary excretion of betahydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate during experimental ketosis. Q J Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci. 1968;53(2):181-193. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.1968.sp001958
  • Rock CL, Doyle C, Demark-Wahnefried W, et al. Nutrition and physical activity guidelines for cancer survivors [published correction appears in CA Cancer J Clin. 2013 May;63(3):215]. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012;62(4):243-274. doi:10.3322/caac.21142
  • Kossoff EH, Zupec-Kania BA, Amark PE, et al. Optimal clinical management of children receiving the ketogenic diet: recommendations of the International Ketogenic Diet Study Group. Epilepsia. 2009;50(2):304-317. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01765.x
  • Schoeler NE, Cross JH. Ketogenic dietary therapies in adults with epilepsy: a practical guide. Pract Neurol. 2016;16(3):208-214. doi:10.1136/practneurol-2015-001288

Kolorektal Kanser ve Kaşeksi: Ketojenik Diyetin Etkisi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 40 - 52, 30.12.2023

Naciye Kılıç Indrani Kalkan

https://doi.org/10.51536/tusbad.1254275

Öz

Kolorektal kanser, dünyada en sık görülen kanser türleri arasında 3. sırada olmakla birlikte kansere bağlı ölüm nedenlerinde 2. sırada yer almaktadır. Kanser tedavisi de dahil olmak üzere tümör dokusuna bağlı veya bireye özgü gelişen komplikasyonlar da hem hastalığın seyrini olumsuz etkilemekte hem de ölüme sebep olabilmektedir. Kaşeksi ve inflamasyon bu komplikasyonlar arasında yer almaktadır. Kanser tedavisinde tıbbi beslenme tedavisi, medikal tedavi yöntemlerinin yanında sürecin ilerlemesinde ve tamamlanmasında bir o kadar önemlidir. Bu tıbbi beslenme tedavilerinden biri ketojenik diyettir. Ketojenik diyet genel olarak, yüksek yağlı, düşük karbonhidratlı diyet modeli olarak bilinmektedir. Bu diyet modelinin kanser üzerindeki etkisi Warburg etkisine dayandırılarak incelenmiş ve tümör büyümesini kontrol altına alabileceği gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca kaşeksi üzerinde de -özellikle beta hidroksi bütiratın- anti-inflamatuar etkisinden kaynaklı olumlu etkileri olabileceği görülmüştür. Her ne kadar bu etkiler gözlense de ketojenik diyetin uygulanma süresine bağlı olarak uzun dönemde oluşabilecek komplikasyonların göz ardı edilmemesi gerektiği ve kanıtlanabilirlik açısından daha çok çalışmaya gereksinim duyulduğu da vurgulanmaktadır. Bu derlemenin amacı, ketojenik diyetin kolorektal kanser ve kaşeksi üzerindeki etkisini güncel literatüre dayanarak incelemektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaşeksi Ketojenik diyet Kolorektal kanser

Kaynakça

  • Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209-249. doi:10.3322/caac.21660
  • Greef B, Smyth E. Colorectal cancer. Med (United Kingdom). 2022; 51:61-64. doi: 10.1016/j.mpmed.2022.10.014.
  • Boland CR, Yurgelun MB, Mraz KA, Boland PM. Managing gastric cancer risk in lynch syndrome: controversies and recommendations. Fam Cancer. 2022;21(1):75-78. doi:10.1007/s10689-021-00235-3
  • Costa RGF, Caro PL, de Matos-Neto EM, et al. Cancer cachexia induces morphological and inflammatory changes in the intestinal mucosa. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2019;10(5):1116-1127. doi:10.1002/jcsm.12449
  • Arends J, Baracos V, Bertz H, et al. ESPEN expert group recommendations for action against cancer-related malnutrition. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(5):1187-1196. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2017.06.017
  • Hagihara K, Kajimoto K, Osaga S, et al. Promising Effect of a New Ketogenic Diet Regimen in Patients with Advanced Cancer. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1473. Published 2020 May 19. doi:10.3390/nu12051473
  • Wolf AMD, Fontham ETH, Church TR, et al. Colorectal cancer screening for average-risk adults: 2018 guideline update from the American Cancer Society. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(4):250-281. doi:10.3322/caac.21457
  • US Preventive Services Task Force, Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, et al. Screening for Colorectal Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement [published correction appears in JAMA. 2016 Aug 2;316(5):545] [published correction appears in JAMA. 2017 Jun 6;317(21):2239]. JAMA. 2016;315(23):2564-2575. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.5989
  • Thanikachalam K, Khan G. Colorectal Cancer and Nutrition. Nutrients. 2019;11(1):164. Published 2019 Jan 14. doi:10.3390/nu11010164
  • Oliveira CLP, Mattingly S, Schirrmacher R, Sawyer MB, Fine EJ, Prado CM. A Nutritional Perspective of Ketogenic Diet in Cancer: A Narrative Review. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2018;118(4):668-688. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2017.02.003
  • Warburg O, Wind F, Negelein E. THE METABOLISM OF TUMORS IN THE BODY. J Gen Physiol. 1927;8(6):519-530. doi:10.1085/jgp.8.6.519
  • Liberti M V., Locasale JW. The Warburg Effect: How Does it Benefit Cancer Cells? Trends Biochem Sci. 2016 Mar 1;41(3):211–8. doi: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.12.001
  • Rigo P, Paulus P, Kaschten BJ, et al. Oncological applications of positron emission tomography with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose. Eur J Nucl Med. 1996;23(12):1641-1674. doi:10.1007/BF01249629
  • Klement RJ, Kämmerer U. Is there a role for carbohydrate restriction in the treatment and prevention of cancer?. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2011;8:75. Published 2011 Oct 26. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-8-75
  • McDonald TJW, Cervenka MC. The Expanding Role of Ketogenic Diets in Adult Neurological Disorders. Brain Sci. 2018;8(8):148. Published 2018 Aug 8. doi:10.3390/brainsci8080148
  • Woolf EC, Syed N, Scheck AC. Tumor Metabolism, the Ketogenic Diet and β-Hydroxybutyrate: Novel Approaches to Adjuvant Brain Tumor Therapy. Front Mol Neurosci.2016;9:122. Published 2016 Nov 16. doi:10.3389/fnmol.2016.00122
  • Weber DD, Aminzadeh-Gohari S, Tulipan J, Catalano L, Feichtinger RG, Kofler B. Ketogenic diet in the treatment of cancer - Where do we stand?. Mol Metab. 2020;33:102-121. doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2019.06.026
  • Yin JX, Maalouf M, Han P, et al. Ketones block amyloid entry and improve cognition in an Alzheimer's model. Neurobiol Aging. 2016;39:25-37. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.11.018
  • Arora N, Mehta TR. Role of the ketogenic diet in acute neurological diseases. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2020;192:105727. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.105727
  • Schwartz K, Chang HT, Nikolai M, et al. Treatment of glioma patients with ketogenic diets: report of two cases treated with an IRB-approved energy-restricted ketogenic diet protocol and review of the literature. Cancer Metab. 2015;3:3. doi:10.1186/s40170-015-0129-1
  • Chang HT, Olson LK, Schwartz KA. Ketolytic and glycolytic enzymatic expression profiles in malignant gliomas: implication for ketogenic diet therapy. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2013;10(1):47. Published 2013 Jul 5. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-10-47
  • Authier S, Tremblay S, Dumulon V, Dubuc C, Ouellet R, Lecomte R, et al. [11C] acetoacetate utilization by breast and prostate tumors: a PET and biodistribution study in mice. Mol Imaging Biol. 2008;10(4):217–223. doi: 10.1007/s11307-008-0143-6.
  • Schroeder U, Himpe B, Pries R, Vonthein R, Nitsch S, Wollenberg B. Decline of lactate in tumor tissue after ketogenic diet: in vivo microdialysis study in patients with head and neck cancer. Nutr Cancer. 2013;65(6):843-849. doi:10.1080/01635581.2013.804579
  • Brenner H, Kloor M, Pox CP. Colorectal cancer. Lancet. 2014;383(9927):1490-1502. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61649-9
  • Beyaz S, Mana MD, Roper J, et al. High-fat diet enhances stemness and tumorigenicity of intestinal progenitors [published correction appears in Nature. 2018 Aug;560(7717):E26]. Nature. 2016;531(7592):53-58. doi:10.1038/nature17173
  • Ringel AE, Drijvers JM, Baker GJ, et al. Obesity Shapes Metabolism in the Tumor Microenvironment to Suppress AntiTumor Immunity. Cell. 2020;183(7):1848-1866.e26. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.009
  • Dmitrieva-Posocco O, Wong AC, Lundgren P, et al. βHydroxybutyrate suppresses colorectal cancer. Nature. 2022;605(7908):160-165. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04649-6
  • Weber DD, Aminzadeh-Gohari S, Tulipan J, Catalano L, Feichtinger RG, Kofler B. Ketogenic diet in the treatment of cancer - Where do we stand?. Mol Metab. 2020;33:102-121. doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2019.06.026
  • Nakamura K, Tonouchi H, Sasayama A, Ashida K. A Ketogenic Formula Prevents Tumor Progression and Cancer ,Cachexia by Attenuating Systemic Inflammation in Colon 26 Tumor-Bearing Mice. Nutrients. 2018;10(2):206. doi:10.3390/nu10020206
  • Annibaldi A, Meier P. Checkpoints in TNF-Induced Cell Death: Implications in Inflammation and Cancer. Trends Mol Med. 2018;24(1):49-65. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2017.11.002
  • Gareb B, Otten AT, Frijlink HW, Dijkstra G, Kosterink JGW. Review: Local Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Inhibition in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12(6):539. Published 2020 Jun 11. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12060539
  • Ruder B, Atreya R, Becker C. Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha in Intestinal Homeostasis and Gut Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(8):1887. Published 2019 Apr 16. doi:10.3390/ijms20081887
  • Ravasco P, Monteiro-Grillo I, Vidal PM, Camilo ME. Cancer: disease and nutrition are key determinants of patients' quality of life. Support Care Cancer. 2004;12(4):246-252. doi:10.1007/s00520-003-0568-z
  • Evans WJ, Morley JE, Argilés J, et al. Cachexia: a new definition. Clin Nutr. 2008;27(6):793-799. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2008.06.013
  • Donohoe CL, Ryan AM, Reynolds JV. Cancer cachexia: mechanisms and clinical implications. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2011;2011:601434. doi:10.1155/2011/601434
  • Makarova EN, Yakovleva TV, Balyibina NY, et al. Pharmacological effects of fibroblast growth factor 21 are sexspecific in mice with the lethal yellow (Ay) mutation. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii. 2020;24(2):200-208. doi:10.18699/VJ20.40-o
  • Baracos VE, Martin L, Korc M, Guttridge DC, Fearon KCH. Cancer-associated cachexia. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4:17105. Published 2018 Jan 18. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.105
  • ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical Nutrition in cancer. Clinical Nutrition 40 (2021) 2898-2913.
  • de Souza RJ, Swain JF, Appel LJ, Sacks FM. Alternatives for macronutrient intake and chronic disease: a comparison of the OmniHeart diets with popular diets and with dietary recommendations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(1):1-11. doi:10.1093/ajcn/88.1.1
  • Klement RJ, Sweeney RA. Impact of a ketogenic diet intervention during radiotherapy on body composition: I. Initial clinical experience with six prospectively studied patients. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9:143. Published 2016 Mar 5. doi:10.1186/s13104-016-1959-9
  • Breitkreutz R, Tesdal K, Jentschura D, Haas O, Leweling H, Holm E. Effects of a high-fat diet on body composition in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: a randomized controlled study. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2005;117(19-20):685-692. doi:10.1007/s00508-005-0455-3
  • Nishi Y, Hiejima H, Hosoda H, et al. Ingested medium-chain fatty acids are directly utilized for the acyl modification of ghrelin. Endocrinology. 2005;146(5):2255-2264. doi:10.1210/en.2004-0695
  • Ashitani J, Matsumoto N, Nakazato M. Effect of octanoic acid rich formula on plasma ghrelin levels in cachectic patients with chronic respiratory disease. Nutr J. 2009;8:25. Published 2009 Jun 16. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-8-25
  • Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature. 1999;402(6762):656-660. doi:10.1038/45230
  • Galvin RD, Harris JA, Johnson RE. Urinary excretion of betahydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate during experimental ketosis. Q J Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci. 1968;53(2):181-193. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.1968.sp001958
  • Rock CL, Doyle C, Demark-Wahnefried W, et al. Nutrition and physical activity guidelines for cancer survivors [published correction appears in CA Cancer J Clin. 2013 May;63(3):215]. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012;62(4):243-274. doi:10.3322/caac.21142
  • Kossoff EH, Zupec-Kania BA, Amark PE, et al. Optimal clinical management of children receiving the ketogenic diet: recommendations of the International Ketogenic Diet Study Group. Epilepsia. 2009;50(2):304-317. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01765.x
  • Schoeler NE, Cross JH. Ketogenic dietary therapies in adults with epilepsy: a practical guide. Pract Neurol. 2016;16(3):208-214. doi:10.1136/practneurol-2015-001288
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Naciye Kılıç

Indrani Kalkan 0000-0001-6020-349X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Kılıç, N., & Kalkan, I. (2023). Kolorektal Kanser ve Kaşeksi: Ketojenik Diyetin Etkisi. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri Ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(3), 40-52. https://doi.org/10.51536/tusbad.1254275
AMA Kılıç N, Kalkan I. Kolorektal Kanser ve Kaşeksi: Ketojenik Diyetin Etkisi. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi. Aralık 2023;6(3):40-52. doi:10.51536/tusbad.1254275
Chicago Kılıç, Naciye, ve Indrani Kalkan. “Kolorektal Kanser Ve Kaşeksi: Ketojenik Diyetin Etkisi”. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri Ve Araştırmaları Dergisi 6, sy. 3 (Aralık 2023): 40-52. https://doi.org/10.51536/tusbad.1254275.
EndNote Kılıç N, Kalkan I (01 Aralık 2023) Kolorektal Kanser ve Kaşeksi: Ketojenik Diyetin Etkisi. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi 6 3 40–52.
IEEE N. Kılıç ve I. Kalkan, “Kolorektal Kanser ve Kaşeksi: Ketojenik Diyetin Etkisi”, Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 3, ss. 40–52, 2023, doi: 10.51536/tusbad.1254275.
ISNAD Kılıç, Naciye - Kalkan, Indrani. “Kolorektal Kanser Ve Kaşeksi: Ketojenik Diyetin Etkisi”. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi 6/3 (Aralık 2023), 40-52. https://doi.org/10.51536/tusbad.1254275.
JAMA Kılıç N, Kalkan I. Kolorektal Kanser ve Kaşeksi: Ketojenik Diyetin Etkisi. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2023;6:40–52.
MLA Kılıç, Naciye ve Indrani Kalkan. “Kolorektal Kanser Ve Kaşeksi: Ketojenik Diyetin Etkisi”. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri Ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 3, 2023, ss. 40-52, doi:10.51536/tusbad.1254275.
Vancouver Kılıç N, Kalkan I. Kolorektal Kanser ve Kaşeksi: Ketojenik Diyetin Etkisi. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2023;6(3):40-52.
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