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Adaptation of Online Shopping Convenience Scale into Turkish: A Study on Validity and Reliability

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 97, 99 - 116, 21.03.2024

Ebru Erdoğan

https://doi.org/10.17753/sosekev.1432640

Öz

The purpose of this study is to adapt the Online Shopping Convenience Scale developed by Jiang et al. (2013) into Turkish. The study group for the research consists of 732 consumers who have engaged in online shopping in the last 6 months. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis techniques were employed to test the construct validity of the scale. In terms of reliability analysis, Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega (ω) reliability coefficients were calculated. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the items in the online shopping convenience scale were grouped into five factors, similar to the original form, with item factor loadings ranging from .57 to .86. Additionally, the total variance explained by the five factors is 65.61%. In the confirmatory factor analysis, fit indices were calculated to assess the model-data fit, resulting in χ2= 358.12, sd = 109, p <.05; CFI = .956; TLI = .954; RMSEA = .057, [%90 GA- 0.051, 0.064]; SRMR = .041. It was found that the standardized factor loadings of the items in the five-factor online shopping convenience scale ranged from .585 to .828. In addtion, the average variance extracted (AVE) values of the factors were found to range from .50 to .59. In terms of reliability analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranged from .736 to .841, and McDonald's omega composite reliability coefficients ranged from .746 to .855. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the Turkish version of the Online Shopping Convenience Scale is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used to assess consumers' perceptions of the convenience of online shopping.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Online shopping convenienve Online shopping Factor analysis Scale adaptation

Kaynakça

  • Al-Debei, M. M., Akroush, M. N., & Ashouri, M. I. (2015). Consumer attitudes towards online shopping: The effects of trust, perceived benefits, and perceived web quality. Internet Research. 21(6), 1353- 1376. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-05-2014-0146
  • Al Kailani, M., & Kumar, R. (2011). Investigating uncertainty avoidance and perceived risk for impacting Internet buying: A study in three national cultures. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(5), 76. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v6n5p76
  • Babar, A., Rasheed, A., & Sajjad, M. (2014). Factors influencing online shopping behavior of consumers. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 4(4), 314-320.
  • Ballerini, J., Yahiaoui, D., Giovando, G., & Ferraris, A. (2023). E-commerce channel management on the manufacturers’ side: Ongoing debates and future research pathways. Review of Managerial Science, 18, 413-447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-023-00645-w
  • Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186-3191.
  • Beauchamp, M. B., & Ponder, N. (2010). Perceptions of retail convenience for in-store and online shoppers. The Marketing Management Journal, 20(1), 49-65.
  • Benoit, S., Klose, S., & Ettinger, A. (2017). Linking service convenience to satisfaction: Dimensions and key moderators. Journal of Services Marketing, 31(6), 527-538. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-10-2016-0353
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). The Guilford.
  • Brown, T. A., & Moore, M. T. (2012). Confirmatory factor analysis. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Handbook of structural equation modeling (pp. 361-379). Guilford.
  • Brown, L. G., & McEnally, M. R. (1992). Convenience: Definition, structure, and application. Journal of Marketing Management (10711988), 2(2), 47-56.
  • Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods. Oxford University.
  • Burke, R. R. (2002). Technology and the customer interface: What consumers want in the physical and virtual store. Journal of The Academy of Marketing Science, 30(4), 411-432. https://doi.org/10.1177/009207002236914
  • Cachero-Martínez, S., & Vazquez-Casielles, R. (2021). Building consumer loyalty through e-shopping experiences: The mediating role of emotions. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 60, 102481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102481
  • Chang, H. H., & Wang, H. W. (2011). The moderating effect of customer perceived value on online shopping behaviour. Online Information Review, 35(3), 333-359. https://doi.org/10.1108/14684521111151414
  • Chen, L., Gillenson, M. L., & Sherrell, D. L. (2002). Enticing online consumers: An extended technology acceptance perspective. Information & Management, 39(8), 705-719. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(01)00127-6
  • Cho, Y. C., & Sagynov, E. (2015). Exploring factors that affect usefulness, ease of use, trust, and purchase intention in the online environment. International Journal of Management & İnformation Systems, 19(1), 21-36. https://doi.org/10.19030/ijmis.v19i1.9086
  • Clemes, M. D., Gan, C., & Zhang, J. (2014). An empirical analysis of online shopping adoption in Beijing, China. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 21(3), 364-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2013.08.003
  • Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 10(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868
  • De, P., Hu, Y., & Rahman, M. S. (2010). Technology usage and online sales: An empirical study. Management Science, 56(11), 1930-1945. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40959565
  • Delafrooz, N., Paim, L. H., Haron, S. A., Sidin, S. M., & Khatibi, A. (2009). Factors affecting students attitude toward online shopping. African Journal of Business Management, 3(5), 200-209.
  • Duarte, P., e Silva, S. C., & Ferreira, M. B. (2018). How convenient is it? Delivering online shopping convenience to enhance customer satisfaction and encourage e-WOM. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 44, 161-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2018.06.007
  • Eryiğit, C., & Fan, Y. (2021). The Effects of Convenience and Risk on E-Loyalty through the Mediating Role of E-Service Quality: A Comparison for China and Turkey. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 33(5), 613-626. https://doi.org/10.1080/08961530.2021.1879704
  • Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
  • Field, A. (2017). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). SAGE.
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  • Flora, D. B., & Flake, J. K. (2017). The purpose and practice of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in psychological research: Decisions for scale development and validation. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 49(2), 78–88. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/cbs0000069
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ONLİNE ALIŞVERİŞ KOLAYLIĞI ÖLÇEĞİNİN TÜRKÇEYE UYARLANMASI: GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 97, 99 - 116, 21.03.2024

Ebru Erdoğan

https://doi.org/10.17753/sosekev.1432640

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı Jiang vd. (2013) tarafından geliştirilen Online Alışveriş Kolaylığı Ölçeğini Türkçeye uyarlamaktır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu son 6 ay içerisinde online alışveriş yapan toplam 732 tüketiciden oluşmaktadır. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliğini test etmek amacıyla açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Güvenirlik analizleri kapsamında Cronbach alfa ve McDonald omega (ω) güvenirlik katsayıları hesaplanmıştır. Birinci çalışma grubundan elde edilen verilerle yapılan açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda online alışveriş kolaylığı ölçeğinde yer alan maddelerin orijinal formunda olduğu gibi beş faktör altında toplandığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca beş faktör tarafından açıklanan toplam varyansın %65.61olduğu ve madde faktör yüklerinin .57 ile .86 arasında değiştiği tespit edilmiştir. İkinci çalışma grubundan elde edilen verilerle yapılan doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda, model veri uyumunu değerlendirmek amacıyla hesaplanan uyum indekslerinin χ2= 358.12, sd =109, p <.05; CFI = .956; TLI = .954; RMSEA = .057, [%90 GA- 0.051, 0.064]; SRMR = .041 olduğu görülmüştür. DFA sonucunda beş faktörlü online alışveriş kolaylığı ölçeğinde yer alan maddelerin standartlaştırılmış faktör yüklerinin .585 ile .828 arasında değiştiği tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, faktörler tarafından açıklanan ortalama varyans değerlerinin (AVE) .50 ile .59 arasında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Güvenirlik analizleri kapsamında hesaplanan Cronbach alfa katsayılarının .736 ile .841 arasında, McDonald omega bileşik güvenirlik katsayılarının ise .746 ile .855 arasında değiştiği görülmüştür. Araştırma sonucunda, Türkçeye uyarlaması yapılan Online Alışveriş Kolaylığı Ölçeğinin tüketicilerin online alışveriş sürecinin kolaylığına ilişkin algılarını belirlemek amacıyla kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Online alışveriş kolaylığı Online alışveriş Faktör analizi Ölçek uyarlama

Teşekkür

Doktora Tez Danışmanın Doç.Dr. Abit Bulut'a teşekkür ederim.

Kaynakça

  • Al-Debei, M. M., Akroush, M. N., & Ashouri, M. I. (2015). Consumer attitudes towards online shopping: The effects of trust, perceived benefits, and perceived web quality. Internet Research. 21(6), 1353- 1376. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-05-2014-0146
  • Al Kailani, M., & Kumar, R. (2011). Investigating uncertainty avoidance and perceived risk for impacting Internet buying: A study in three national cultures. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(5), 76. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v6n5p76
  • Babar, A., Rasheed, A., & Sajjad, M. (2014). Factors influencing online shopping behavior of consumers. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 4(4), 314-320.
  • Ballerini, J., Yahiaoui, D., Giovando, G., & Ferraris, A. (2023). E-commerce channel management on the manufacturers’ side: Ongoing debates and future research pathways. Review of Managerial Science, 18, 413-447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-023-00645-w
  • Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186-3191.
  • Beauchamp, M. B., & Ponder, N. (2010). Perceptions of retail convenience for in-store and online shoppers. The Marketing Management Journal, 20(1), 49-65.
  • Benoit, S., Klose, S., & Ettinger, A. (2017). Linking service convenience to satisfaction: Dimensions and key moderators. Journal of Services Marketing, 31(6), 527-538. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-10-2016-0353
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). The Guilford.
  • Brown, T. A., & Moore, M. T. (2012). Confirmatory factor analysis. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Handbook of structural equation modeling (pp. 361-379). Guilford.
  • Brown, L. G., & McEnally, M. R. (1992). Convenience: Definition, structure, and application. Journal of Marketing Management (10711988), 2(2), 47-56.
  • Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods. Oxford University.
  • Burke, R. R. (2002). Technology and the customer interface: What consumers want in the physical and virtual store. Journal of The Academy of Marketing Science, 30(4), 411-432. https://doi.org/10.1177/009207002236914
  • Cachero-Martínez, S., & Vazquez-Casielles, R. (2021). Building consumer loyalty through e-shopping experiences: The mediating role of emotions. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 60, 102481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102481
  • Chang, H. H., & Wang, H. W. (2011). The moderating effect of customer perceived value on online shopping behaviour. Online Information Review, 35(3), 333-359. https://doi.org/10.1108/14684521111151414
  • Chen, L., Gillenson, M. L., & Sherrell, D. L. (2002). Enticing online consumers: An extended technology acceptance perspective. Information & Management, 39(8), 705-719. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(01)00127-6
  • Cho, Y. C., & Sagynov, E. (2015). Exploring factors that affect usefulness, ease of use, trust, and purchase intention in the online environment. International Journal of Management & İnformation Systems, 19(1), 21-36. https://doi.org/10.19030/ijmis.v19i1.9086
  • Clemes, M. D., Gan, C., & Zhang, J. (2014). An empirical analysis of online shopping adoption in Beijing, China. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 21(3), 364-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2013.08.003
  • Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 10(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868
  • De, P., Hu, Y., & Rahman, M. S. (2010). Technology usage and online sales: An empirical study. Management Science, 56(11), 1930-1945. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40959565
  • Delafrooz, N., Paim, L. H., Haron, S. A., Sidin, S. M., & Khatibi, A. (2009). Factors affecting students attitude toward online shopping. African Journal of Business Management, 3(5), 200-209.
  • Duarte, P., e Silva, S. C., & Ferreira, M. B. (2018). How convenient is it? Delivering online shopping convenience to enhance customer satisfaction and encourage e-WOM. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 44, 161-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2018.06.007
  • Eryiğit, C., & Fan, Y. (2021). The Effects of Convenience and Risk on E-Loyalty through the Mediating Role of E-Service Quality: A Comparison for China and Turkey. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 33(5), 613-626. https://doi.org/10.1080/08961530.2021.1879704
  • Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
  • Field, A. (2017). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). SAGE.
  • Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. John Wiley.
  • Flake, J. K., Pek, J., & Hehman, E. (2017). Construct validation in social and personality research: Current practice and recommendations. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(4), 370-378. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617693063
  • Flora, D. B., & Flake, J. K. (2017). The purpose and practice of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in psychological research: Decisions for scale development and validation. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 49(2), 78–88. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/cbs0000069
  • Fokkema, M. & Grieff, S. (2017). How performing PCA and CFA on the same data equals trouble. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 33(6), 399–402. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1027/1015-5759/a000460
  • Gautam, V. (2018). Shopping Convenience: A Case of Online Retailing. Review of Professional Management, 16(1), 1-16.
  • Gozukara, E., Ozyer, Y., & Kocoglu, I. (2014). The moderating effects of perceived use and perceived risk in online shopping. Journal of Global Strategic Management, 16, 67-81.
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  • Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., and Anderson, R. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
  • Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (3rd ed): Sage.
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  • Hinkin, T. R. (2005). Scale development principles and practices. In R. A. Swanson & E. F. Holton III (Eds.), Research in organizations: Foundations and method of inquiry (pp. 161-179). Berrett-Koehler
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Hu, Y., Sun, X., Zhang, J., Zhang, X., Luo, F., & Huang, L. (2009). A university student behavioral intention model of online shopping. In 2009 International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering (Vol. 1, pp. 625-628). IEEE.
  • Javadi, M. H. M., Dolatabadi, H. R., Nourbakhsh, M., Poursaeedi, A., & Asadollahi, A. R. (2012). An analysis of factors affecting on online shopping behavior of consumers. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 4(5), 81-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v4n5p81
  • Jiang, L., Jiang, N., & Liu, S. (2011). Consumer perceptions of e-service convenience: An exploratory study. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 11, 406-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2011.12.065
  • Jiang, L. A., Yang, Z., & Jun, M. (2013). Measuring consumer perceptions of online shopping convenience. Journal of Service Management. 24(2), 191-214. https://doi.org/10.1108/09564231311323962
  • Jun, G., & Jaafar, N. I. (2011). A study on consumers’ attitude towards online shopping in China. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(22), 122-132.
  • Ijaz, M. F., & Rhee, J. (2018). Constituents and consequences of online-shopping in sustainable e-business: An experimental study of online-shopping malls. Sustainability, 10(10), 3756. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103756
  • Internet World Stats. (2024, Mart 10). Internet usage statistics: World internet users and 2023 population stats. https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
  • Katawetawaraks, C., & Wang, C. (2011). Online shopper behavior: Influences of online shopping decision. Asian Journal of Business Research, 1(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.14707/ajbr.110012
  • Khan, M. A., & Khan, S. (2018). Service convenience and post-purchase behaviour of online buyers: An empirical study. Journal of Service Science Research, 10(2), 167-188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12927-018-0006-x
  • Kim, H., & Song, J. (2010). The quality of word‐of‐mouth in the online shopping mall. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 4(4), 376-390. https://doi.org/10.1108/17505931011092844
  • Kline, P. (1994). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge.
  • Koernig, S. K. (2003). E‐scapes: The electronic physical environment and service tangibility. Psychology & Marketing, 20(2), 151-167. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.10065
  • Kumar, R., Sachan, A., & Dutta, T. (2020). Examining the impact of e-retailing convenience dimensions on behavioral intention: The mediating role of satisfaction. Journal of Internet Commerce, 19(4), 466-494. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332861.2020.1788367
  • Ladhari, R., Gonthier, J., & Lajante, M. (2019). Generation Y and online fashion shopping: Orientations and profiles. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 48, 113-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.02.003
  • Lai, E., & Wang, Z. (2012n). An empirical research on factors affecting customer purchasing behavior tendency during online shopping. In 2012 IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Automation Engineering (pp. 583-586). IEEE.
  • Lee, G., & Lin, H. (2005). Customer perceptions of e‐service quality in online shopping. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 33(2), 161-176. https://doi.org/10.1108/09590550510581485
  • Lim, Y. J., Osman, A., Salahuddin, S. N., Romle, A. R., & Abdullah, S. (2016). Factors influencing online shopping behavior: The mediating role of purchase intention. Procedia Economics and Finance, 35, 401-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(16)00050-2
  • Limbu, Y. B., Wolf, M., & Lunsford, D. (2012). Perceived ethics of online retailers and consumer behavioral intentions: The mediating roles of trust and attitude. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 6(2), 133- 154. https://doi.org/10.1108/17505931211265435
  • Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2022). SOLOMON: A method for splitting a sample into equivalent subsamples in factor analysis. Behavior Research Methods, 54(6), 2665-2677. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-021-01750-y
  • Masoud, E. Y. (2013). The effect of perceived risk on online shopping in Jordan. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(6), 76-87.
  • Meixian, L. (2015). Convenience and online consumer shopping behavior: A business anthropological case study based on the contingent valuation method. The Anthropologist, 21(1-2), 8-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2015.11891788
  • McNeish, D. (2018). Thanks coefficient alpha, we’ll take it from here. Psychological Methods, 23(3), 412–433. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000144
  • Palacios, S., & Jun, M. (2020). An exploration of online shopping convenience dimensions and their associations with customer satisfaction. International Journal of Electronic Marketing and Retailing, 11(1), 24-49. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEMR.2020.106431
  • Pavlou, P. A., & Fygenson, M. (2006). Understanding and predicting electronic commerce adoption: An extension of the theory of planned behavior. MIS quarterly, 30(1) 115-143.
  • Pham, Q. T., Tran, X. P., Misra, S., Maskeliūnas, R., & Damaševičius, R. (2018). Relationship between convenience, perceived value, and repurchase intention in online shopping in Vietnam. Sustainability, 10(1), 156. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010156
  • Prasad, C. J., & Aryasri, A. R. (2009). Determinants of shopper behaviour in e-tailing: An empirical analysis. Paradigm, 13(1), 73-83. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971890720090110
  • Rehman, S. U., Bhatti, A., Mohamed, R., & Ayoup, H. (2019). The moderating role of trust and commitment between consumer purchase intention and online shopping behavior in the context of Pakistan. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 9(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-019-0166-2
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  • Saha, S. K., Duarte, P., Silva, S. C., & Zhuang, G. (2021). Supporting sustainability by promoting online purchase through enhancement of online convenience. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(5), 7251-7272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00915-7
  • Seiders, K., Voss, G. B., Godfrey, A. L., & Grewal, D. (2007). SERVCON: Development and validation of a multidimensional service convenience scale. Journal of The Academy of Marketing Science, 35(1), 144-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11747-006-0001-5
  • Shanthi, R., & Desti, K. (2015). Consumers' perception on online shopping. Journal of Marketing and Consumer Research, 13, 14-21.
  • Van Noort, G., Kerkhof, P., & Fennis, B. M. (2008). The persuasiveness of online safety cues: The impact of prevention focus compatibility of Web content on consumers’ risk perceptions, attitudes, and intentions. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 22(4), 58-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/dir.20121
  • Vazquez, D., & Xu, X. (2009). Investigating linkages between online purchase behaviour variables. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 37(5), 408-419. https://doi.org/10.1108/09590550910954900
  • Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale Development Research: A Content Analysis and Recommendations for Best Practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806–838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127
  • Yale, L., & Venkatesh, A. (1986). Toward the construct of convenience in consumer research. Advances in Consumer Research, 13(1), 403-408.
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  • Zhou, L., Dai, L., & Zhang, D. (2007). Online shopping acceptance model-A critical survey of consumer factors in online shopping. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 8(1), 41-63.
Toplam 76 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Psikolojide Davranış-Kişilik Değerlendirmesi, Bütünleşik Pazarlama İletişimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ebru Erdoğan 0000-0001-6981-8335

Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Mart 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Şubat 2024
Kabul Tarihi 4 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 97

Kaynak Göster

APA Erdoğan, E. (2024). ONLİNE ALIŞVERİŞ KOLAYLIĞI ÖLÇEĞİNİN TÜRKÇEYE UYARLANMASI: GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI. EKEV Akademi Dergisi(97), 99-116. https://doi.org/10.17753/sosekev.1432640
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