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Masculinity and Seeking Psychological Help: A Review Based on Social Identity Theory

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4, 677 - 686, 25.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1227948

Öz

To improve their quality of life and mental health, people need psychological help. Past research revealed that although participants reported low levels of life satisfaction, they were hesitant to seek psychological help. In the literature, this situation has been defined as mental health treatment gap. In this context, research focuses on reducing the treatment gap by identifying factors that facilitate and hinder seeking psychological help. Many studies consistently report that men are more reluctant to seek psychological help than women. Therefore, there is a need for a more detailed examination of the factors that affect men's reluctance to seek psychological help. Based on this fact, the study's primary purpose is to provide enlightening information about why men avoid seeking psychological help and the factors that encourage them to seek help. In this study, masculinity's role in seeking help is emphasized in the context of Social Identity Theory. However, past research findings on situations and contexts in which men are willing to seek psychological help are presented. Practitioners and researchers in the mental health field, such as psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and psychological counselors, can learn a lot from the review's opinions on the role of traditional masculine norms in seeking psychological help.

Kaynakça

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  • Addis ME, Reigeluth CS, Schwab JR (2016) Social norms, social construction, and the psychology of men and masculinity. In APA Handbook for the Psychology of Men and Masculinities (Eds SR Wester, J Wong): 81-104. Washington DC, American Psychological Association.
  • Akçay S (2018) Aslında Güçlü Değilmişim: Erkeklerin Ruhsal Hastalık Deneyimleri. Ankara, Nika Yayınevi.
  • Aruta JJBR, Maria A, Mascarenhas J (2022) Self-compassion promotes mental help-seeking in older, not in younger, counselors. Curr Psychol, doi: 10.1007/s12144-022-03054-6.
  • Atik G, Yalçın İ (2011) Help-seeking attitudes of university students: The role of personality traits and demographic factors. S Afr J Psychol, 41:328-338.
  • Bolak-Boratav H Okman-Fişek G, Eslen-Ziya H (2017) Erkekliğin Türkiye Halleri. İstanbul, Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Booth NR, McDermott RC, Cheng HL, Borgogna NC (2019) Masculine gender role stress and self-stigma of seeking help: The moderating of self-compassion and self-coldness. J Couns Psychol, 66:755-762.
  • Bosson JK, Vandello JA (2013) Manhood, womanhood, and the importance of context: A reply to commentaries. Psychol Men Masc, 14:125–128.
  • Brannon R, Juni S (1984) A scale for measuring attitudes about masculinity. Psychological Documents, 14:573-607.
  • Buscemi J, Murphy JG, Martens MP, McDevitt-Murphy ME, Dennhardt AA, Skidmore JR (2010) Help-seeking for alcohol-related problems in college students: Correlates and preferred resources. Psychol Addict Behav, 24:571–580.
  • Connell RW (2019) Erkeklikler (Çev. Ç Konukcu). İstanbul, Phoenix Yayınevi.
  • Corney RH (1990) Sex differences in general practice attendance and help seeking for minor illness. J Psychosom Res, 34:525–534.
  • Courtenay WH (2000) Behavioural factors associated with disease, injury, and death among men: Evidence and implications for prevention. J Mens Stud, 9:81-142.
  • Çamaş G (2017) Üniversite öğrencilerinde psikolojik yardım aramaya ilişkin damgalama düzeylerinin özyeterlik aile bütünlük duygusu ve sosyal destek ile ilişkisi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara, Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Çebi E, Demir A (2020) Help-Seeking attitudes of university students in Turkey. Int J Adv Couns, 42:37–47.
  • Demyan AL, Anderson T (2012) Effects of a brief media intervention on expectations, attitudes, and intentions of mental health help seeking. J Couns Psychol, 59:222–229.
  • Dschaak ZA, Spiker DA, Berney EC, Miller ME, Hammer JH (2021) Collegian help seeking: the role of self-compassion and self-coldness. J Ment Health, 30:284-291.
  • Eagly AH, Crowley M (1986) Gender and helping behavior. a meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature. Psychol Bull, 100:283-308.
  • Eisenberg D, Hunt J, Speer N (2012) Help seeking for mental health on college campuses: review of evidence and next steps for research and practice. Harv Rev Psychiatry, 20:222–232.
  • Erdoğan E (2017) Türkiye'de Gençlerin İyi Olma Hali Saha Araştırması Bulguları. İstanbul, Habitat Derneği.
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  • Gilligan C (1979) Woman’s place in man’s life cycle. Harv Educ Rev, 49:431-446.
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Erkeklik ve Psikolojik Yardım Arama: Sosyal Kimlik Kuramı Temelli Bir Derleme

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4, 677 - 686, 25.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1227948

Öz

Bireylerin ihtiyaç duyduklarında psikolojik yardım almaları hem akıl sağlıkları hem de yaşam kaliteleri açısından önem arz etmektedir. Psikolojik yardım alma davranışına ilişkin yapılan araştırmalarda katılımcıların yaşam memnuniyet düzeylerini düşük olarak belirtmelerine rağmen yardım arama konusunda çekimser tavırlar sergiledikleri ortaya konulmuştur. Alanyazında bu durum, ruh sağlığı tedavi boşluğu (mental health treatment gap) olarak tanımlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda araştırmalar, psikolojik yardım aramayı kolaylaştıran ve engelleyen faktörleri belirleyerek tedavi boşluğunu azaltmaya odaklanmıştır. Hem ulusal hem de yurt dışı alanyazında kadınlara kıyasla erkeklerin psikolojik yardım alma konusunda daha isteksiz davrandıklarını bildiren tutarlı araştırma bulguları bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle, erkeklerin psikolojik yardım arama konusundaki isteksizlikleri üzerinde etkili olan faktörlerin daha detaylı incelenmesine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu çerçeveden hareketle çalışmanın temel amacı, erkeklerin psikolojik yardım almaktan kaçınmalarına neden olan faktörler ve yardım almalarını teşvik eden faktörler hakkında bilgiler sunmaktır. Bu ana amaçtan hareketle çalışmada, Sosyal Kimlik Kuramı bağlamında erkekliğin psikolojik yardım arama sürecindeki rolü üzerinde durulmuştur. Bununla birlikte, erkeklerin psikolojik yardım aramaya istekli oldukları durum ve bağlamlar hakkında geçmiş araştırma bulguları sunulmuştur. Derleme çalışmasının, ruh sağlığı alanında çalışan psikiyatrist, psikolog, sosyal hizmet uzmanı ve psikolojik danışman gibi uygulayıcılar ve araştırmacılar için geleneksel eril normların, psikolojik yardım alma sürecindeki rollerine ilişkin aydınlatıcı fikirler sunacağı düşünülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Abrams D, Hogg MA (2010) Social ıdentity and self-categorization. In The Sage Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination (Eds JF Dovidio, M Hewstone, P Glick, VM Esses):179-194. London, UK, Sage.
  • Addis ME, Reigeluth CS, Schwab JR (2016) Social norms, social construction, and the psychology of men and masculinity. In APA Handbook for the Psychology of Men and Masculinities (Eds SR Wester, J Wong): 81-104. Washington DC, American Psychological Association.
  • Akçay S (2018) Aslında Güçlü Değilmişim: Erkeklerin Ruhsal Hastalık Deneyimleri. Ankara, Nika Yayınevi.
  • Aruta JJBR, Maria A, Mascarenhas J (2022) Self-compassion promotes mental help-seeking in older, not in younger, counselors. Curr Psychol, doi: 10.1007/s12144-022-03054-6.
  • Atik G, Yalçın İ (2011) Help-seeking attitudes of university students: The role of personality traits and demographic factors. S Afr J Psychol, 41:328-338.
  • Bolak-Boratav H Okman-Fişek G, Eslen-Ziya H (2017) Erkekliğin Türkiye Halleri. İstanbul, Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Booth NR, McDermott RC, Cheng HL, Borgogna NC (2019) Masculine gender role stress and self-stigma of seeking help: The moderating of self-compassion and self-coldness. J Couns Psychol, 66:755-762.
  • Bosson JK, Vandello JA (2013) Manhood, womanhood, and the importance of context: A reply to commentaries. Psychol Men Masc, 14:125–128.
  • Brannon R, Juni S (1984) A scale for measuring attitudes about masculinity. Psychological Documents, 14:573-607.
  • Buscemi J, Murphy JG, Martens MP, McDevitt-Murphy ME, Dennhardt AA, Skidmore JR (2010) Help-seeking for alcohol-related problems in college students: Correlates and preferred resources. Psychol Addict Behav, 24:571–580.
  • Connell RW (2019) Erkeklikler (Çev. Ç Konukcu). İstanbul, Phoenix Yayınevi.
  • Corney RH (1990) Sex differences in general practice attendance and help seeking for minor illness. J Psychosom Res, 34:525–534.
  • Courtenay WH (2000) Behavioural factors associated with disease, injury, and death among men: Evidence and implications for prevention. J Mens Stud, 9:81-142.
  • Çamaş G (2017) Üniversite öğrencilerinde psikolojik yardım aramaya ilişkin damgalama düzeylerinin özyeterlik aile bütünlük duygusu ve sosyal destek ile ilişkisi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara, Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Çebi E, Demir A (2020) Help-Seeking attitudes of university students in Turkey. Int J Adv Couns, 42:37–47.
  • Demyan AL, Anderson T (2012) Effects of a brief media intervention on expectations, attitudes, and intentions of mental health help seeking. J Couns Psychol, 59:222–229.
  • Dschaak ZA, Spiker DA, Berney EC, Miller ME, Hammer JH (2021) Collegian help seeking: the role of self-compassion and self-coldness. J Ment Health, 30:284-291.
  • Eagly AH, Crowley M (1986) Gender and helping behavior. a meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature. Psychol Bull, 100:283-308.
  • Eisenberg D, Hunt J, Speer N (2012) Help seeking for mental health on college campuses: review of evidence and next steps for research and practice. Harv Rev Psychiatry, 20:222–232.
  • Erdoğan E (2017) Türkiye'de Gençlerin İyi Olma Hali Saha Araştırması Bulguları. İstanbul, Habitat Derneği.
  • Erkan S, Özbay Y, Cihangir Çankaya Z, Terzi Ş (2012) Üniversite öğrencilerinin yaşadıkları problemler ve psikolojik yardım arama gönüllülükleri. Eğitim ve Bilim, 37:94-107.
  • Feder J, Levant RF, Dean J (2010) Boys and violence: A gender-informed analysis. Psychol Violence, 1:3–12.
  • Fonseca AJ (2010) Salem health psychology & mental health. In Men's Mental Health (Eds. NA Piotrowski). Pasadena, CA, Salem Press.
  • Galdas PM, Cheater F, Marshall P (2005) Men and health help-seeking behaviour: literature review. J Adv Nurs, 49:616–623.
  • Gilligan C (1979) Woman’s place in man’s life cycle. Harv Educ Rev, 49:431-446.
  • Gonzalez JM, Alegría M, Prihoda TJ (2005) How do attitudes toward mental health treatment vary by age, gender, and ethnicity/race in young adults? J Community Psychol, 33:611–629.
  • Good GE, Thomson DA, Brathwaite AD (2005) Men and therapy: Critical concepts, theoretical frameworks, and research recommendations. J Clin Psychol, 61:699–711.
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  • Sancar S (2016) Erkeklik: İmkânsız İktidar, 4. Baskı. İstanbul, Metis Yayınları.
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  • Tajfel H, Billig MG, Bundy RP, Flament C (1971) Social categorization and intergroup behaviour. Eur J Soc Psychol, 2:149–178.
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  • Terry DJ, Hogg MA, White KM (2000) Attitude-behavior relations: social identity and group membership. In Attitudes, Behavior, and Social Context: The Role of Norms and Group Membership, (Eds. DJ Terry, MA Hogg):67-93. Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Thompson EH, Pleck JH (1986) The structure of male role norms. Am Behav Sci, 29:531–543.
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  • Topkaya N (2014a) Psikolojik yardım alma niyetini yordamada demografik, bireysel ve çevresel faktörler. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 29:1-11.
  • Topkaya N (2014b) Psikolojik yardım almaya ilişkin tutumu yordamada cinsiyet, psikolojik yardım alma nedeniyle kendini damgalama ve sosyal damgalanma. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 14:1-17.
  • Topkaya N (2021) Predictors of attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help among Turkish college students. Child Youth Serv Rev, 120:105782.
  • Topkaya N, Meydan B (2013) Üniversite öğrencilerinin problem yaşadıkları alanlar, yardım kaynakları ve psikolojik yardım alma niyetleri. Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 3:25-37.
  • Topkaya N, Büyükgöze Kavas A (2015) Algılanan sosyal destek, yaşam doyumu, psikolojik yardım almaya ilişkin tutum ve niyet arasındaki ilişkiler: bir model çalışması. Turkish Studies, 10:979-996.
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  • Vogel DL, Wade NG, Hackler AH (2007a) Perceived public stigma and the willingness to seek counseling: The mediating roles of self-stigma and attitudes toward counseling. J Couns Psychol, 54:40–50.
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  • Vogel DL, Wester SR, Larson ML (2007b) Avoidance of counseling: Psychological factors that inhibit seeking help. J Couns Dev, 85:410-422.
  • Vogel DL, Wester SR, Wei M, Boysen GA (2005) The role of outcome expectations and attitudes on decisions to seek professional help. J Couns Psychol, 52:459–470.
  • Wenger LM (2011) Beyond ballistics: expanding our conceptualization of men’s health-related help seeking. Am J Mens Health, 5:488–499.
  • Wimer DJ, Levant RF (2011) The relation of masculinity and help-seeking style with the academic help-seeking behavior of college men. J Mens Stud, 19:256–274.
  • Wong YJ, Ho MHR, Wang SY, Miller ISK (2017) Meta-Analyses of the relationship between conformity to masculine norms and mental health-related outcomes. J Couns Psychol, 64:80-93.
  • Worthley JP, Hostetler AJ, Frye AA (2017) Motivated to seek help: Masculine norms and self-regulated motivation in self-help groups. Psychol Men Masc, 18:20–31.
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  • Yalçın İ (2016) Profesyonel psikolojik yardım aramaya ilişkin tutumların yordanmasında benlik kurgusu ve algılanan sosyal desteğin rolü. Eğitim ve Bilim Dergisi, 41:339-349.
  • Yapar B (2021) Erkek toplumsal cinsiyet rolü çatışması, psikolojik yardım aramada kendini damgalama, erkekliğe yönelik algılanan tehdit (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara, Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
  • Zhao W, Young RE, Breslow L, Michel NM, Flett GL, Goldberg JO (2015) Attachment style, relationship factors, and mental health stigma among adolescents. Can J Behav Sci, 47:263–271.
Toplam 102 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Psikoloji, Psikolojide Davranış-Kişilik Değerlendirmesi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Adem Kantar 0000-0001-8486-9376

İlhan Yalçın 0000-0002-6407-9606

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 1 Nisan 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

AMA Kantar A, Yalçın İ. Masculinity and Seeking Psychological Help: A Review Based on Social Identity Theory. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Aralık 2023;15(4):677-686. doi:10.18863/pgy.1227948

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