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Eye Tracking Technique from Past to Present in Reading Research

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 3, 675 - 697, 01.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.21565/ozelegitimdergisi.844707

Öz

Introduction: In this study, the developmental process of eye tracking technique from the past to the present is examined through reviewing the literature analyzing reading skills with the use of eye tracking technique. Within this perspective, information is given about the first years of reading skills with eye tracking technique, years when studying reading skill with eye tracking technique stopped due to behavioral approach, years when studying reading skill with eye tracking technique started to rise again and the rapid progress of eye tracking scientifically and technologically in the 2000s. In addition, information on eye-tracking studies to examine the reading skills of individuals with special needs in the field of special education is presented.
Discussion: Beginning from the first report of the saccade to the widespread use of the eye tracking technique that is seen today, the developmental stages of the technique and its importance in examining cognitive processes of readers are explained in the current study. Thus, it is expected that the nature of reading skills will be understood in depth and reflections of reading difficulties on diagnosis and evaluation procedures will guide researchers.

Kaynakça

  • Bojko, A. (2013). Eye tracking the user experience a practical guide to research. Rosenfeld.
  • Delabarre, E. B. (1898). A method of recording eye-movements. The American Journal of Psychology, 9(4), 572-574.
  • Deubel, H., & Bridgeman, B. (1995a). Fourth Purkinje image signals reveal eye-lens deviations and retinal image distortions during saccades. Vision Research, 35(4), 529-538.
  • Deubel, H., & Bridgeman, B. (1995b). Perceptual consequences of ocular lens overshoot during saccadic eye movements. Vision Research, 35(20), 2897-2902.
  • Dürrwächter, U., Sokolov, A. N., Reinhard, J., Klosinski, G., & Trauzettel-Klosinski, S. (2010). Word length and word frequency affect eye movements in dyslexic children reading in a regular (German) orthography. Annals of Dyslexia, 60(1), 86-101.
  • Fikri-Beken, F. (2015). Eye movement control in Turkish: A corpus-analytic approach [Türkçe okumada göz hareketleri kontrolü: Derlem-çözümlemeli bir yaklaşım] (Tez Numarası: 409158) [Yüksek lisans tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Foster, T. E., Ardoin, S. P. & Binder, K. S. (2013). Underlying changes in repeated reading: An eye movement study. School Psychology Review, 42(2), 140-156.
  • Gangl, M., Moll, K., Jones, M. W., Banfi, C., Schulte-Körne, G., & Landerl, K. (2018). Lexical reading in dysfluent readers of German. Scientific Studies of Reading, 22(1), 24-40.
  • Hawelka, S., Gagl, B., & Wimmer, H. (2010). A dual-route perspective on eye movements of dyslexic readers. Cognition, 115(3), 367-379.
  • Holmqvist, K., Nyström, M., Andersson, R., Dewhurst, R., Jarodzka, H., & Van de Weijer, J. (2011). Eye tracking: A comprehensive guide to methods and measures. University Press.
  • Howard, I. P. (1999). The Helmholtz–Hering debate in retrospect. Perception, 28, 543–549.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yarbus_eye_tracker.jpg
  • http://eyesee-research.com/blog/eye-tracking-history/
  • https://www.sr-research.com/eyelink-1000-plus/
  • Huey, E. B. (1898). Preliminary experiments in the physiology and psychology of reading. The American Journal of Psychology, 9(4), 575-586.
  • Huey, E. B. (1900). On the psychology and physiology of reading. I. The American Journal of Psychology, 11(3), 283-302.
  • Hutton, S. B. (2019). Eye tracking methodology. In Klein, C., & Ettinger, U. (Eds.), Eye movement research: An introduction to its scientific foundations and applications (pp. 277-308). Springer International Publishing.
  • Hutzler, F., & Wimmer, H. (2004). Eye movements of dyslexic children when reading in a regular orthography. Brain and Language, 89(1), 235-242.
  • Jacob, R. J. K., & Karn, K. S. (2003). Eye tracking in human-computer interaction and usability research: Ready to deliver the promises (Section Commentary). In Hyönä, J., Radach, R., & Deubel, H. (Eds.), The mind's eye: Cognitive and applied aspects of eye movement research (pp. 573-605). Elsevier Science.
  • Jarrett, C. & Bergstrom, J. R. (2014). Forms and surveys. In Bergstrom, J. R. & Schall, A. (Eds.), Eye tracking in user experience design (pp. 111-137). Elsevier Press.
  • Lai, M. L., Tsai, M. J., Yang, F. Y., Hsu, C. Y., Liu, T. C., Lee, S. W. Y., Lee, M. H., Chiou, G. L., Liang, J. C., Tsai, C. C. (2013). A review of using eye-tracking technology in exploring from 2000 to 2012. Educational Research Review, 10, 90- 115.
  • Liversedge, S. P., Castelhano, M., Reichle, E. D., & Ferreira, F. (2018). Special issue in honour of Keith Rayner (1943-2015). Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71(1), 1-2.
  • Liversedge, S. P., Paterson, K. B., & Pickering, M. J. (1998). Eye movements and measures of reading time. In G. Underwood (Ed.), Eye guidance in reading and scene perception (pp. 55-76). Elsevier.
  • MacKeben, M., Trauzettel-Klosinski, S., Reinhard, J., Dürrwächter, U., Adler, M., & Klosinski, G. (2004). Eye movement control during single-word reading in dyslexics. Journal of Vision, 4(5), 388-402.
  • McConkie, G. W., & Rayner, K. (1975). The span of the effective stimulus during a fixation in reading. Perception & Psychophysics, 17(6), 578-586.
  • Olmsted-Hawala, E. L., Holland, T., & Quach, V. (2014). Usability testing. In J. Romano Bergstrom & A. J. Schall (Eds.), Eye tracking in user experience design (pp. 49-80). Morgan Kaufmann.
  • Özer, E. (2019). Yetkin ve zayıf okurların okuma becerileri ile göz hareketleri arasındaki ilişkinin karşılaştırılarak incelenmesi [Comparative examination of the relationship between reading skills and eye movements of good and poor readers] (Tez Numarası: 593749) [Doktora tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Pillalamarri, R. S., Barnette, B. D., Birkmire, D., & Karsh, R. (1993). Cluster: A program for the identification of eye-fixation-cluster characteristics. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 25(1), 9-15.
  • Rayner, K. (1993). Eye movements in reading: Recent developments. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2(3), 81-86.
  • Rayner, K. (1997). Understanding eye movements in reading. Scientific Studies in Reading, 1, 301-323.
  • Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124(3), 372-422.
  • Rayner, K. (2009). Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62(8), 1457-1506.
  • Rayner, K., Foorman, B. R., Perfetti, C. A., Pesetsky, D., & Seidenberg, M. S. (2001). How psychological science informs the teaching of reading. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 2(2), 31-74.
  • Rayner, K., Pollatsek, A., Ashby, J., & Clifton Jr, C. (2012). Psychology of reading. Psychology.
  • Reed, J. B., & Meyer, R. J. (2007). Edmund Burke Huey (1870-1913): A brief life with an enduring legacy. In Israel, S. E. & Monaghan, E. J. (Eds.), Shaping the reading field. The impact of early reading pioneers, scientific research, and progressive ideas (pp. 159-175). International Reading Association.
  • Reichle, E. D., Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (1999). Eye movement control in reading: Accounting for initial fixation locations and refixations within the E-Z Reader model. Vision Research, 39(26), 4403-4411.
  • Reichle, E. D., Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (2003). The E-Z Reader model of eye-movement control in reading: Comparisons to other models. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 26(4), 445-526.
  • Schall, A. J., & Bergstrom, J. R. (2014). Eye tracking in user experience design. In Bergstrom, J. R. & Schall, A. (Eds.), Introduction to eye tracking (pp. 3-26). Elsevier.
  • Tinker, M. A. (1936). Eye movements in reading. The Journal of Educational Research, 30(4), 241-277.
  • Tinker, M. A. (1958). Recent studies of eye movements in reading. Psychological Bulletin, 55(4), 215.
  • Trauzettel‐Klosinski, S., Koitzsch, A. M., Dürrwächter, U., Sokolov, A. N., Reinhard, J., & Klosinski, G. (2010). Eye movements in German‐speaking children with and without dyslexia when reading aloud. Acta Ophthalmologica, 88(6), 681-691.
  • Wade, N. (2010). Pioneers of eye movement research. I-Perception, 1(2), 33-68.
  • Wade, N. J., & Tatler, B. W. (2009). Did Javal measure eye movements during reading? Journal of Eye Movement Research, 2, 1-7.
  • Wade, N. J., Tatler, B. W., & Heller, D. (2003). Dodge-ing the issue: Dodge, Javal, Hering, and the measurement of saccades in eye-movement research. Perception, 32(7), 793-804.
  • Walczyk, J. J., Tcholakian, T., Igou, F., & Dixon, A. P. (2014). One hundred years of reading research: Successes and missteps of Edmund Burke Huey and other pioneers. Reading Psychology, 35(7), 601-621.
  • Wotschack, C. (2009). Eye movements in reading strategies: How reading strategies modulate effects of distributed processing and oculomotor control. Universitätsverlag Potsdam.
  • Yarbus, A. L. (1967). Eye movements and vision (B. Haigh, Trans.). Plenum Press. (Original work published in 1965).
  • Zirpoli, T. J. (2014). Behavior management: Positive applications for teachers (6th ed.). Pearson.

Okuma Araştırmalarında Geçmişten Günümüze Göz İzleme Tekniği

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 3, 675 - 697, 01.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.21565/ozelegitimdergisi.844707

Öz

Giriş: Göz izleme, okurların okuma sırasında ne zaman, nereye baktıklarının ve baktıkları yerlere hangi sırayla baktıklarının ölçümlenip kaydedilmesini sağlamaktadır. Günümüzde göz izleme teknolojisinde yaşanan gelişme ve ilerlemeler okuma becerisinin doğasının anlaşılmasının yanı sıra, okurların okuma esnasında gerçekleştirdikleri bireysel bilişsel işlemlemelerin incelendiği araştırmalara yansıyarak bu araştırmalara hız kazandırmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, okuma becerisinin incelenmesinde kullanılan göz izleme tekniğinin tarihsel gelişim sürecinin ele almasıdır. Bu bağlamda göz izleme tekniği ile okuma becerisinin incelendiği ilk yıllar, davranışçı yaklaşım nedeniyle göz izleme tekniği ile okuma becerisi araştırmalarının durduğu dönem, okuma becerisinin göz izleme tekniği ile incelenmesinin yeniden yükselişe geçtiği yıllar ve göz izleme tekniğinin 2000’li yıllarla beraber günümüzde bilimsel ve teknolojik olarak hızlı bir biçimde ilerlemesi ile ilgili bilgiler verilmektedir. Ayrıca özel eğitim alanında özel gereksinimli bireylerin okuma becerilerinin incelenmesinde göz izleme tekniği ile gerçekleştirilen çalışmalara ilişkin bilgiler yer almaktadır.
Tartışma: Mevcut çalışmada, sekme göz hareketinin fark edilmesinden göz izleme tekniğin günümüzde yaygın kullanımına kadar geçen süreçte tekniğin gelişim aşamaları ele alınmaktadır. Böylelikle okuma becerisinin doğasının derinlemesine anlaşılarak okuma güçlüğünün tanı-değerlendirme süreçlerine yansımalarının araştırmacılara yol gösterici olması beklenmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Bojko, A. (2013). Eye tracking the user experience a practical guide to research. Rosenfeld.
  • Delabarre, E. B. (1898). A method of recording eye-movements. The American Journal of Psychology, 9(4), 572-574.
  • Deubel, H., & Bridgeman, B. (1995a). Fourth Purkinje image signals reveal eye-lens deviations and retinal image distortions during saccades. Vision Research, 35(4), 529-538.
  • Deubel, H., & Bridgeman, B. (1995b). Perceptual consequences of ocular lens overshoot during saccadic eye movements. Vision Research, 35(20), 2897-2902.
  • Dürrwächter, U., Sokolov, A. N., Reinhard, J., Klosinski, G., & Trauzettel-Klosinski, S. (2010). Word length and word frequency affect eye movements in dyslexic children reading in a regular (German) orthography. Annals of Dyslexia, 60(1), 86-101.
  • Fikri-Beken, F. (2015). Eye movement control in Turkish: A corpus-analytic approach [Türkçe okumada göz hareketleri kontrolü: Derlem-çözümlemeli bir yaklaşım] (Tez Numarası: 409158) [Yüksek lisans tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Foster, T. E., Ardoin, S. P. & Binder, K. S. (2013). Underlying changes in repeated reading: An eye movement study. School Psychology Review, 42(2), 140-156.
  • Gangl, M., Moll, K., Jones, M. W., Banfi, C., Schulte-Körne, G., & Landerl, K. (2018). Lexical reading in dysfluent readers of German. Scientific Studies of Reading, 22(1), 24-40.
  • Hawelka, S., Gagl, B., & Wimmer, H. (2010). A dual-route perspective on eye movements of dyslexic readers. Cognition, 115(3), 367-379.
  • Holmqvist, K., Nyström, M., Andersson, R., Dewhurst, R., Jarodzka, H., & Van de Weijer, J. (2011). Eye tracking: A comprehensive guide to methods and measures. University Press.
  • Howard, I. P. (1999). The Helmholtz–Hering debate in retrospect. Perception, 28, 543–549.
  • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yarbus_eye_tracker.jpg
  • http://eyesee-research.com/blog/eye-tracking-history/
  • https://www.sr-research.com/eyelink-1000-plus/
  • Huey, E. B. (1898). Preliminary experiments in the physiology and psychology of reading. The American Journal of Psychology, 9(4), 575-586.
  • Huey, E. B. (1900). On the psychology and physiology of reading. I. The American Journal of Psychology, 11(3), 283-302.
  • Hutton, S. B. (2019). Eye tracking methodology. In Klein, C., & Ettinger, U. (Eds.), Eye movement research: An introduction to its scientific foundations and applications (pp. 277-308). Springer International Publishing.
  • Hutzler, F., & Wimmer, H. (2004). Eye movements of dyslexic children when reading in a regular orthography. Brain and Language, 89(1), 235-242.
  • Jacob, R. J. K., & Karn, K. S. (2003). Eye tracking in human-computer interaction and usability research: Ready to deliver the promises (Section Commentary). In Hyönä, J., Radach, R., & Deubel, H. (Eds.), The mind's eye: Cognitive and applied aspects of eye movement research (pp. 573-605). Elsevier Science.
  • Jarrett, C. & Bergstrom, J. R. (2014). Forms and surveys. In Bergstrom, J. R. & Schall, A. (Eds.), Eye tracking in user experience design (pp. 111-137). Elsevier Press.
  • Lai, M. L., Tsai, M. J., Yang, F. Y., Hsu, C. Y., Liu, T. C., Lee, S. W. Y., Lee, M. H., Chiou, G. L., Liang, J. C., Tsai, C. C. (2013). A review of using eye-tracking technology in exploring from 2000 to 2012. Educational Research Review, 10, 90- 115.
  • Liversedge, S. P., Castelhano, M., Reichle, E. D., & Ferreira, F. (2018). Special issue in honour of Keith Rayner (1943-2015). Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71(1), 1-2.
  • Liversedge, S. P., Paterson, K. B., & Pickering, M. J. (1998). Eye movements and measures of reading time. In G. Underwood (Ed.), Eye guidance in reading and scene perception (pp. 55-76). Elsevier.
  • MacKeben, M., Trauzettel-Klosinski, S., Reinhard, J., Dürrwächter, U., Adler, M., & Klosinski, G. (2004). Eye movement control during single-word reading in dyslexics. Journal of Vision, 4(5), 388-402.
  • McConkie, G. W., & Rayner, K. (1975). The span of the effective stimulus during a fixation in reading. Perception & Psychophysics, 17(6), 578-586.
  • Olmsted-Hawala, E. L., Holland, T., & Quach, V. (2014). Usability testing. In J. Romano Bergstrom & A. J. Schall (Eds.), Eye tracking in user experience design (pp. 49-80). Morgan Kaufmann.
  • Özer, E. (2019). Yetkin ve zayıf okurların okuma becerileri ile göz hareketleri arasındaki ilişkinin karşılaştırılarak incelenmesi [Comparative examination of the relationship between reading skills and eye movements of good and poor readers] (Tez Numarası: 593749) [Doktora tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Pillalamarri, R. S., Barnette, B. D., Birkmire, D., & Karsh, R. (1993). Cluster: A program for the identification of eye-fixation-cluster characteristics. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 25(1), 9-15.
  • Rayner, K. (1993). Eye movements in reading: Recent developments. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2(3), 81-86.
  • Rayner, K. (1997). Understanding eye movements in reading. Scientific Studies in Reading, 1, 301-323.
  • Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124(3), 372-422.
  • Rayner, K. (2009). Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62(8), 1457-1506.
  • Rayner, K., Foorman, B. R., Perfetti, C. A., Pesetsky, D., & Seidenberg, M. S. (2001). How psychological science informs the teaching of reading. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 2(2), 31-74.
  • Rayner, K., Pollatsek, A., Ashby, J., & Clifton Jr, C. (2012). Psychology of reading. Psychology.
  • Reed, J. B., & Meyer, R. J. (2007). Edmund Burke Huey (1870-1913): A brief life with an enduring legacy. In Israel, S. E. & Monaghan, E. J. (Eds.), Shaping the reading field. The impact of early reading pioneers, scientific research, and progressive ideas (pp. 159-175). International Reading Association.
  • Reichle, E. D., Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (1999). Eye movement control in reading: Accounting for initial fixation locations and refixations within the E-Z Reader model. Vision Research, 39(26), 4403-4411.
  • Reichle, E. D., Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (2003). The E-Z Reader model of eye-movement control in reading: Comparisons to other models. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 26(4), 445-526.
  • Schall, A. J., & Bergstrom, J. R. (2014). Eye tracking in user experience design. In Bergstrom, J. R. & Schall, A. (Eds.), Introduction to eye tracking (pp. 3-26). Elsevier.
  • Tinker, M. A. (1936). Eye movements in reading. The Journal of Educational Research, 30(4), 241-277.
  • Tinker, M. A. (1958). Recent studies of eye movements in reading. Psychological Bulletin, 55(4), 215.
  • Trauzettel‐Klosinski, S., Koitzsch, A. M., Dürrwächter, U., Sokolov, A. N., Reinhard, J., & Klosinski, G. (2010). Eye movements in German‐speaking children with and without dyslexia when reading aloud. Acta Ophthalmologica, 88(6), 681-691.
  • Wade, N. (2010). Pioneers of eye movement research. I-Perception, 1(2), 33-68.
  • Wade, N. J., & Tatler, B. W. (2009). Did Javal measure eye movements during reading? Journal of Eye Movement Research, 2, 1-7.
  • Wade, N. J., Tatler, B. W., & Heller, D. (2003). Dodge-ing the issue: Dodge, Javal, Hering, and the measurement of saccades in eye-movement research. Perception, 32(7), 793-804.
  • Walczyk, J. J., Tcholakian, T., Igou, F., & Dixon, A. P. (2014). One hundred years of reading research: Successes and missteps of Edmund Burke Huey and other pioneers. Reading Psychology, 35(7), 601-621.
  • Wotschack, C. (2009). Eye movements in reading strategies: How reading strategies modulate effects of distributed processing and oculomotor control. Universitätsverlag Potsdam.
  • Yarbus, A. L. (1967). Eye movements and vision (B. Haigh, Trans.). Plenum Press. (Original work published in 1965).
  • Zirpoli, T. J. (2014). Behavior management: Positive applications for teachers (6th ed.). Pearson.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Esmehan Özer 0000-0001-5919-8072

Selda Özdemir 0000-0001-9205-5946

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Özer, E., & Özdemir, S. (2022). Okuma Araştırmalarında Geçmişten Günümüze Göz İzleme Tekniği. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 23(3), 675-697. https://doi.org/10.21565/ozelegitimdergisi.844707




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