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Beyaz Yakalı Kadın Çalışanlara Karşı İş Yeri Tacizinin Dijitalleşmesi: Profesyonel Çevrimiçi Platformlar Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 55, 657 - 670, 29.09.2023

Özge Nur Kocabaşoğlu Özen Baş Perrin Öğün Emre

https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1344239

Öz

Kadına yönelik cinsel taciz, tüm dünyada ele alınan önemli toplumsal sorunlardan biridir. Gerçekleştiği ortam ve türleri değişse de yüzyıllardır var olan bir gerçektir. İnternetle birlikte her şeyin dijitalleştiği gibi taciz de dijital ortama taşınmıştır. Kadınların çalışırken veya iş ararken tacize uğradığı iddia ediliyor. Mesleki amaçlarla kullanılan çevrimiçi platformlarda ve işyerinde yaşanan taciz, tacizin yaygınlığını ve mağdurlar üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmak için, özel sektörde çalışan 20-40 yaş arası beyaz yakalı 245 kadın ile anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre kadınların en çok maruz kaldıkları taciz siber tacizdir. Her yüz kadından 73'ünün profesyonel dijital platformlarda tacize uğradığı gözlemlenmiştir. Yaşanan taciz türlerinde; ısrarlı çevrimiçi flört talepleri, mağdurun reddetmesine karşı devam eden, istenmeyen romantik mesajlar almak, cinsel ve tehdit içerikli şakalar ve hakaretler en yaygın taciz türleridir. Fiziksel istismarın psikolojik ve fizyolojik etkilerinin siber taciz mağdurlarında da görüldüğü ortaya çıkmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

kadına karşı siber taciz iş yeri tacizi dijitalleşme sosyal medya anket

Kaynakça

  • Akdağ, G., & Oz, H. (2020). İş yerinde cinsel taciz ile iş doyumu ve işten ayrılma niyeti ilişkileri: kadın mutfak çalışanları örneği. Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi 4 (4). doi:10.26677/TR1010.2020.594.
  • Al-Habaibeh, A., Watkins, M., Waried, K., & Javareshk, M. (2021). Challenges and opportunities of remotely working from home during Covid-19 pandemic. Global Transitions 3 (January): 99–108. doi:10.1016/j.glt.2021.11.001.
  • AlMarar, R., Alterri, D., Hindi, M., & Shubair, R. M. (2020). Transition to distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: Efforts within the higher education sector in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching, 3(2), 31-39. https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2020.3.2.17
  • Andrijauskaitė, U. (2019). Sexual harassment and violence against women in the workplace in 1920s–1930s Lithuania. Istorija: mokslo darbai= History. Kaunas: Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, 2019, T. 115, nr. 3
  • Anjum, A., Muazzam, A., Manzoor, F., Visvizi, A., Pollock, G., & Nawaz, R. (2019). Measuring the scale and scope of workplace bullying: an alternative workplace bullying scale. Sustainability. 11. 4634. 10.3390/su11174634.
  • Baker, Ö. E., & Tanrıkulu, İ. (2010). Psychological consequences of cyber bullying experiences among Turkish secondary school children. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 2771-2776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.413 Barak, A. (2005). Sexual harassment on the Internet. Social Science Computer Review 23, no. 1: 77-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439304271540
  • Celuch, M., & Oksa, R., Savela, N., & Oksanen, A. (2022). Longitudinal effects of cyberbullying at work on well-being and strain: A five-wave survey study. New Media & Society.” 146144482211007. 10.1177/14614448221100782. Citron, D. K. (2009). Law’s expressive value in combating cyber gender harassment. Michigan Law Review 108 (3): 373–415. https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol108/iss3/3
  • Demirtaş, Ö., & Karaca, M. (2018). Si̇ber mobbi̇ng: kavramsal çerçeve, öncülleri̇ ve sonuçları.” ISSN: 2602 – 3970 / Dönem / Cilt: 2 / Sayı: 2
  • Fidan, F., & Yeşil, Y., (2020). Sexual harassment in the workplace by the occurance and the consequences: a research on women who exposed to sexual harassment. Kadın/Woman 2000 - Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi 21 (1): 53–67. ISSN: 1302-9916
  • Invester, M., (2011). Lol... omg! : What every student needs to know about online reputation management, digital citizenship and cyberbullying. Serra Knight Publishing.
  • Gabler, H. (2013). Cyber-mobbing in sozialen netzwerken. Philotec. 1-23.
  • Golbeck, J. (2018). Online harassment. Human-computer interaction series. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78583-7_12
  • Halder, D. & Jaishankar K., (2021). Cyber gender harassment and secondary Victimization: A Comparative Analysis of the United States, the UK, and India.” Victims and Offenders 6 (4): 386–98. doi:10.1080/15564886.2011.607402.
  • Herbsleb, J. D., Atkins D., Boyer D.G., Handel M., Finholt T.A., (2002). Introducing instant messaging and chat in the workplace. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM Conferences, April, 171–78. doi:10.1145/503376.503408.
  • Hindustan Times. (2020). Status of women in India report: 10% of working women face sexual harassment at workplace”
  • Kowalski, R. M., Limber, S. P., & Agatston, P. W. (2012). Cyberbullying : Bullying in the digital age. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. ProQuest Ebook Central.
  • Kuklytė, J. (2018). Cybersexual harassment as ICTs development consequences: A review. European Journal of Business Science and Technology 4, no. 2 187–95. doi:10.11118/ejobsat.v4i2.137.
  • Kulaçoğlu Law Firm, (Accessed April 26 2022). https://kulacoglu.av.tr/internet-yoluyla-cinsel-taciz/
  • Kyung-Shick C., Seong-Sik L., & Jin Ree L. (2017). Mobile phone technology and online sexual harassment among juveniles in South Korea: Effects of self-control and social learning. International Journal of Cyber Criminology 11 (1): 110–27. doi:10.5281/zenodo.495776.
  • Lightle, J. & Doucet, E. H. (2010). Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Create a Better Workplace for Everyone. Vol. 3rd ed. Crisp Fifty-Minute Series. United States: Axzo Press.
  • MacIntosh, J., Wuest J., Gray M.M, & Aldous, S. (2010). Effects of workplace bullying on how women work. Western journal of nursing research 32, no. 7: 910-931. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945910362226
  • Mahbub, S., Pardede E., &. Kayes, A. (2021). Detection of harassment type of cyberbullying: A dictionary of approach words and its impact. Security and Communication Networks 2021
  • Maling, N. (2000). Campaign targets workplace abusers. Sunday Star-Times, October 15.
  • Maypole, D. E., & Skaine R. (1983). Sexual harassment in the workplace. Social Work 28, no. 5: 385–90. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23713702.
  • Morgenstern, D. (2012). Cyber-mobbing: insbesondere bei jugendlichen an schulen und berufsschulen
  • Muniswamy, P., Gorhe, V., Parashivakumar, L., & Chandrasekaran, B. 2021. Short term effects of a social media based intervention on the physical and mental health of remotely working young software professionals: A randomised controlled trial. Applied Psychology: Health and Wellbeing.
  • Ouédraogo, S. Y., Ebrima Y.A, Sisawo J., & Huang, S. ,(2017). Sexual abuse and risky sexual behaviors among young female hawkers in Burkina Faso: a mixed method study. BMC international health and human rights 17, no. 1: 1-9. doi:10.1186/s12914-016-0109-8
  • Panko, Raymond R., & Hazel G. (2002). Monitoring for pornography and sexual harassment: The legal basis for workplace surveillance when dealing with two particular internet abuses. Communications of the ACM, January 1. https://doi.org/10.1145/502269.502304
  • Patchin, J. W, Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth violence and juvenile justice”, 4(2), 148-169.https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204006286288
  • Rogers, V. (2010). Cyberbullying: Activities to help children and teens to stay safe in a texting, twittering, social networking world. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers1. ProQuest Ebook Central.
  • Schneider, K. T., Suzanne S., & Fitzgerald L. (1997). Job-Related and psychological effects of sexual harassment in the workplace: Empirical evidence from two organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology 82 (3): 401–15. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.3.401.
  • Shahani-Denning, C., Vidhi P., & Julie Z., (2017). Recruiter and applicant use of professional social media platforms: A Spotlight on India. Psychologist-Manager Journal (American Psychological Association) 20 (2): 90–105. doi:10.1037/mgr0000052.
  • Shields, A. C. (2012). The Professional’s Social Network: Profesyonel sosyal medya platformları . Law Practice 38 (January): 35–38.
  • Stockdale, M. S. (1996). Sexual harassment in the workplace : Perspectives, frontiers, and response strategies. Women and work : A research and policy series. Sage Publications”. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483327280
  • Süral, N., & Kılıçoğlu M. (2011). Prohibiting sexual harassment in the workplace in Turkey. Middle Eastern Studies 47 (4): 655–62. doi:10.1080/00263206.2011.590064
  • Şener G, Dirini İ, Timur N, Ahi Ş.,Uyanık Ş. (2019). Cinsiyetçi dijital şiddetle mücadele yöntemi https://www.tbid.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Cinsiyet%C3%A7i-Dijital-%C5%9Eiddetle-M%C3%BCcadele-Rehberi-T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e-%C4%B0ngilizce.pdf
  • Şener, G. & Abınık, N. (2021). Türkiye'de dijital şiddet araştırması. UNFPA Türkiye, Toplumsal Bilgi ve İletişim Derneği (TBİD). (https://dspace.ceid.org.tr/xmlui/handle/1/1836)
  • Willard, N. E. (2007). Cyberbullying and cyberthreats: Responding to the challenge of online social aggression, threats, and distress”. Research press.
  • The Indian Express. (2021). Court verdict is a powerful vindication for women, but sexual harassment at workplace remains a problem of institutions, rather than individuals”.
  • Tseng, L. (2014). Blowing the whistle on workplace sexual harassment : Examining the role of harasser status and types of sexual harassment. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 33 (6): 510–22. doi:10.1108/EDI-11-2013-0092.
  • Willard, N. (2007). Cyberbullying: Q & A with Nancy Willard. The Prevention Researcher, 14(5), 13-16.
  • Welsh, S. (1999). Gender and sexual harassment. Annual review of sociology 25, no. 1: 169-190.
  • Wontorczyk, A. & Rożnowski, B. (2022). Remote, hybrid, and on-Site work during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the consequences for stress and work engagement. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19 (2400): 2400. doi:10.3390/ijerph19042400.
  • Zabaniotou, A. (2021). The COVID-19 lockdowns brought to light the challenges that women face in Mediterranean universities”, Global Transitions,Volume 3, 2021, Pages 119-125, ISSN 2589-7918, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glt.2022.01.001.
  • UNICEF, (Accessed April 22, 2022) https://www.unicef.org/turkey/siber-zorbal%C4%B1k-nedir-ve-nas%C4%B1l-%C3%B6nlenir

Digitalization of Workplace Harassment Against White-Collar Women: An Investigation in Professional Online Platforms

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 55, 657 - 670, 29.09.2023

Özge Nur Kocabaşoğlu Özen Baş Perrin Öğün Emre

https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1344239

Öz

Sexual harassment against women is one of the important social problems addressed all over the world. It is a fact that has existed for hundreds of years, although the place and types of it change. Harassment has been transferred to the digital environment, as everything has become digital with the Internet. It is claimed that women are subjected to harassment while working or looking for a job. To investigate the prevalence of workplace harassment and harassment on online platforms used for professional purposes and its psychological effects on victims, an online nonprobability sampling survey on 245 white-collar women aged 20-40 working in the private sector was conducted. The results suggest that the harassment that women are most exposed to is cyber harassment. It has been observed that 73 women out of every hundred have been subjected to harassment on professional digital platforms. In the types of harassment experienced, persistent online dating requests, receiving unwanted romantic messages, sexual jokes and insults are the most common types of harassment. It has been revealed that the psychological and physiological effects of physical abuse are also seen in victims of cyber harassment.

Anahtar Kelimeler

cybersexual harassment againts women workplace harassment digitalization social media survey

Kaynakça

  • Akdağ, G., & Oz, H. (2020). İş yerinde cinsel taciz ile iş doyumu ve işten ayrılma niyeti ilişkileri: kadın mutfak çalışanları örneği. Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi 4 (4). doi:10.26677/TR1010.2020.594.
  • Al-Habaibeh, A., Watkins, M., Waried, K., & Javareshk, M. (2021). Challenges and opportunities of remotely working from home during Covid-19 pandemic. Global Transitions 3 (January): 99–108. doi:10.1016/j.glt.2021.11.001.
  • AlMarar, R., Alterri, D., Hindi, M., & Shubair, R. M. (2020). Transition to distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: Efforts within the higher education sector in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching, 3(2), 31-39. https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2020.3.2.17
  • Andrijauskaitė, U. (2019). Sexual harassment and violence against women in the workplace in 1920s–1930s Lithuania. Istorija: mokslo darbai= History. Kaunas: Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, 2019, T. 115, nr. 3
  • Anjum, A., Muazzam, A., Manzoor, F., Visvizi, A., Pollock, G., & Nawaz, R. (2019). Measuring the scale and scope of workplace bullying: an alternative workplace bullying scale. Sustainability. 11. 4634. 10.3390/su11174634.
  • Baker, Ö. E., & Tanrıkulu, İ. (2010). Psychological consequences of cyber bullying experiences among Turkish secondary school children. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 2771-2776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.413 Barak, A. (2005). Sexual harassment on the Internet. Social Science Computer Review 23, no. 1: 77-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439304271540
  • Celuch, M., & Oksa, R., Savela, N., & Oksanen, A. (2022). Longitudinal effects of cyberbullying at work on well-being and strain: A five-wave survey study. New Media & Society.” 146144482211007. 10.1177/14614448221100782. Citron, D. K. (2009). Law’s expressive value in combating cyber gender harassment. Michigan Law Review 108 (3): 373–415. https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol108/iss3/3
  • Demirtaş, Ö., & Karaca, M. (2018). Si̇ber mobbi̇ng: kavramsal çerçeve, öncülleri̇ ve sonuçları.” ISSN: 2602 – 3970 / Dönem / Cilt: 2 / Sayı: 2
  • Fidan, F., & Yeşil, Y., (2020). Sexual harassment in the workplace by the occurance and the consequences: a research on women who exposed to sexual harassment. Kadın/Woman 2000 - Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi 21 (1): 53–67. ISSN: 1302-9916
  • Invester, M., (2011). Lol... omg! : What every student needs to know about online reputation management, digital citizenship and cyberbullying. Serra Knight Publishing.
  • Gabler, H. (2013). Cyber-mobbing in sozialen netzwerken. Philotec. 1-23.
  • Golbeck, J. (2018). Online harassment. Human-computer interaction series. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78583-7_12
  • Halder, D. & Jaishankar K., (2021). Cyber gender harassment and secondary Victimization: A Comparative Analysis of the United States, the UK, and India.” Victims and Offenders 6 (4): 386–98. doi:10.1080/15564886.2011.607402.
  • Herbsleb, J. D., Atkins D., Boyer D.G., Handel M., Finholt T.A., (2002). Introducing instant messaging and chat in the workplace. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM Conferences, April, 171–78. doi:10.1145/503376.503408.
  • Hindustan Times. (2020). Status of women in India report: 10% of working women face sexual harassment at workplace”
  • Kowalski, R. M., Limber, S. P., & Agatston, P. W. (2012). Cyberbullying : Bullying in the digital age. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. ProQuest Ebook Central.
  • Kuklytė, J. (2018). Cybersexual harassment as ICTs development consequences: A review. European Journal of Business Science and Technology 4, no. 2 187–95. doi:10.11118/ejobsat.v4i2.137.
  • Kulaçoğlu Law Firm, (Accessed April 26 2022). https://kulacoglu.av.tr/internet-yoluyla-cinsel-taciz/
  • Kyung-Shick C., Seong-Sik L., & Jin Ree L. (2017). Mobile phone technology and online sexual harassment among juveniles in South Korea: Effects of self-control and social learning. International Journal of Cyber Criminology 11 (1): 110–27. doi:10.5281/zenodo.495776.
  • Lightle, J. & Doucet, E. H. (2010). Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Create a Better Workplace for Everyone. Vol. 3rd ed. Crisp Fifty-Minute Series. United States: Axzo Press.
  • MacIntosh, J., Wuest J., Gray M.M, & Aldous, S. (2010). Effects of workplace bullying on how women work. Western journal of nursing research 32, no. 7: 910-931. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945910362226
  • Mahbub, S., Pardede E., &. Kayes, A. (2021). Detection of harassment type of cyberbullying: A dictionary of approach words and its impact. Security and Communication Networks 2021
  • Maling, N. (2000). Campaign targets workplace abusers. Sunday Star-Times, October 15.
  • Maypole, D. E., & Skaine R. (1983). Sexual harassment in the workplace. Social Work 28, no. 5: 385–90. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23713702.
  • Morgenstern, D. (2012). Cyber-mobbing: insbesondere bei jugendlichen an schulen und berufsschulen
  • Muniswamy, P., Gorhe, V., Parashivakumar, L., & Chandrasekaran, B. 2021. Short term effects of a social media based intervention on the physical and mental health of remotely working young software professionals: A randomised controlled trial. Applied Psychology: Health and Wellbeing.
  • Ouédraogo, S. Y., Ebrima Y.A, Sisawo J., & Huang, S. ,(2017). Sexual abuse and risky sexual behaviors among young female hawkers in Burkina Faso: a mixed method study. BMC international health and human rights 17, no. 1: 1-9. doi:10.1186/s12914-016-0109-8
  • Panko, Raymond R., & Hazel G. (2002). Monitoring for pornography and sexual harassment: The legal basis for workplace surveillance when dealing with two particular internet abuses. Communications of the ACM, January 1. https://doi.org/10.1145/502269.502304
  • Patchin, J. W, Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth violence and juvenile justice”, 4(2), 148-169.https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204006286288
  • Rogers, V. (2010). Cyberbullying: Activities to help children and teens to stay safe in a texting, twittering, social networking world. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers1. ProQuest Ebook Central.
  • Schneider, K. T., Suzanne S., & Fitzgerald L. (1997). Job-Related and psychological effects of sexual harassment in the workplace: Empirical evidence from two organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology 82 (3): 401–15. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.3.401.
  • Shahani-Denning, C., Vidhi P., & Julie Z., (2017). Recruiter and applicant use of professional social media platforms: A Spotlight on India. Psychologist-Manager Journal (American Psychological Association) 20 (2): 90–105. doi:10.1037/mgr0000052.
  • Shields, A. C. (2012). The Professional’s Social Network: Profesyonel sosyal medya platformları . Law Practice 38 (January): 35–38.
  • Stockdale, M. S. (1996). Sexual harassment in the workplace : Perspectives, frontiers, and response strategies. Women and work : A research and policy series. Sage Publications”. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483327280
  • Süral, N., & Kılıçoğlu M. (2011). Prohibiting sexual harassment in the workplace in Turkey. Middle Eastern Studies 47 (4): 655–62. doi:10.1080/00263206.2011.590064
  • Şener G, Dirini İ, Timur N, Ahi Ş.,Uyanık Ş. (2019). Cinsiyetçi dijital şiddetle mücadele yöntemi https://www.tbid.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Cinsiyet%C3%A7i-Dijital-%C5%9Eiddetle-M%C3%BCcadele-Rehberi-T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e-%C4%B0ngilizce.pdf
  • Şener, G. & Abınık, N. (2021). Türkiye'de dijital şiddet araştırması. UNFPA Türkiye, Toplumsal Bilgi ve İletişim Derneği (TBİD). (https://dspace.ceid.org.tr/xmlui/handle/1/1836)
  • Willard, N. E. (2007). Cyberbullying and cyberthreats: Responding to the challenge of online social aggression, threats, and distress”. Research press.
  • The Indian Express. (2021). Court verdict is a powerful vindication for women, but sexual harassment at workplace remains a problem of institutions, rather than individuals”.
  • Tseng, L. (2014). Blowing the whistle on workplace sexual harassment : Examining the role of harasser status and types of sexual harassment. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 33 (6): 510–22. doi:10.1108/EDI-11-2013-0092.
  • Willard, N. (2007). Cyberbullying: Q & A with Nancy Willard. The Prevention Researcher, 14(5), 13-16.
  • Welsh, S. (1999). Gender and sexual harassment. Annual review of sociology 25, no. 1: 169-190.
  • Wontorczyk, A. & Rożnowski, B. (2022). Remote, hybrid, and on-Site work during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the consequences for stress and work engagement. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19 (2400): 2400. doi:10.3390/ijerph19042400.
  • Zabaniotou, A. (2021). The COVID-19 lockdowns brought to light the challenges that women face in Mediterranean universities”, Global Transitions,Volume 3, 2021, Pages 119-125, ISSN 2589-7918, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glt.2022.01.001.
  • UNICEF, (Accessed April 22, 2022) https://www.unicef.org/turkey/siber-zorbal%C4%B1k-nedir-ve-nas%C4%B1l-%C3%B6nlenir
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sosyal Medya Çalışmaları, Yeni Medya
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Özge Nur Kocabaşoğlu 0000-0001-5133-4359

Özen Baş

Perrin Öğün Emre

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Eylül 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 55

Kaynak Göster

APA Kocabaşoğlu, Ö. N., Baş, Ö., & Öğün Emre, P. (2023). Digitalization of Workplace Harassment Against White-Collar Women: An Investigation in Professional Online Platforms. OPUS Journal of Society Research, 20(55), 657-670. https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1344239
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