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ACCORDING TO EBLA ARCHIVES RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN EBLA AND MARI IN THE 3RD MILLENIUM BC

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 4, 2347 - 2361, 25.12.2023

Ozan Arslan Aytan

https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.1300726

Öz

Founded in the Upper Euphrates region in the mid-3rd millennium BC, Ebla and Mari were the two most powerful kingdoms of their region. Ebla is an ancient city located in Tell Mardikh within the borders of present-day Syria. The foundation of the city dates back to approximately 2550 BC. The discovery of Ebla was a major turning point in the history of Mesopotamia. Approximately 17,000 tablets is found in the archive room of the Ebla royal palace G contain important information about the economic, social and political structure of the Ebla Kingdom. In addition, these tablets provide information about Mari, with which Ebla was closely related. Mari is another kingdom established northeast of the Euphrates River in the territory of present-day Syria. The Kingdom of Mari, founded in 2900 BC, is one of the Sumerian city-states. The Sumerian king lists include the names of Mari kings. Both Ebla and Mari are kingdoms with a trade-based livelihood. Both kingdoms were established on the intersection point of Southern Mesopotamia, Egypt, Elam and Anatolia. Thus, they were in constant interaction with the kingdoms and cities in the region. Ebla and Mari fought with each other politically in order to control the trade routes of the region. These struggles were replaced by diplomatic relations from time to time. The power struggle between these two kingdoms continued until the conquests of Sargon of Akkad and Naram-Sin. This study analyses the political relations between Ebla and Mari based on the cuneiform tablets in the royal archives of Ebla.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tell Mardikh Enna-Dagan İbbi-Zikir Sargon Naram-Sin

Kaynakça

  • Akkermans, P. M. M. G., & Schwartz G. M. (2003). The Archaeology of Syria: from Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (c. 16,000-300 BC), Cambridge University Press.
  • Andersson, E, Felluca, E, vd. (2010). New Perspectives on Bronze Age Textile Production in the Eastern Mediterranean. “The First Results with Ebla as a Pilot Study”, In Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Rome.
  • Archi, A. (1997). Ebla Texts, Meyers, Eric. M., (Ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East (Volume 2) içinde, Oxford University Press.
  • Archi, A. (1999). The Steward and his Jar, Iraq, 61, 147-158. https://doi.org/10.2307/4200471
  • Archi, A. (2011). In Search of Armi. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 63/1, 5-34. https://doi.org/10.5615/jcunestud.63.0005
  • Archi, A. (2015a). The Tablets of the Throne Room of the Royal Palace G of Ebla, Archiv für Orientforschung, 9-18. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44810781
  • Archi, A. (2015b). Ebla and its Archives: Texts History and Society, De Gruyter.
  • Archi, A., & Biga, M, G. (2003). A Victory over Mari and the Fall of Ebla, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 55/1, 1-44. https://doi.org/10.2307/3515951
  • Astour, M, C. (2002). A Reconstruction of the History of Ebla (Part 1), Gordon, C. H., & Rendsburg, G. A., (Ed.), Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language, Volume 4. Penn State Press, Eisenbrauns.
  • Astour, M, C. (2002). An Outline/Reconstruction of the History of Ebla (Part 2), Gordon, C. H., & Rendsburg, G. A., (Ed.), Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language, Volume 4. Penn State Press, Eisenbrauns.
  • Bachhuber, C. (2013). Sumer, Akkad, Ebla and Anatolia, Crawford, Harriet E., (Ed.), The sumerian World, Routledge.
  • Biga, M, G. (1998). The Marriage of Eblaite Princess Tagriš-Damu with a Son of Nagar’s King, M. Lebeau (Ed.), About Subartu. Studies Devoted to Upper Mesopotamia. Volume I: Landscape, Archeology, Settlement. Volume II: Culture, society, Image, IV/2, Brepols, Tumhout.
  • Biga, M, G. (2014). Inherited Space Third Millennium Political and Cultural Landscape Constituent, confederate, and conquered space: the emergence of the Mittani state, De Gruyter.
  • Biga, M., G. & Otto A. (2010). Thoughts about the Identification of tall Bazi with Armi of the Ebla Texts. In Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, vol. I, Wiesbaden.
  • Bottero, J., & Drower M., S. (1973). Syria Before 200 BC. In Edwards, I. E. S., Gadd, C. J., Hammond, N. G. L., (Ed.), The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press.
  • Bretschneider, J., Van Vyve, A. S., & Jans, G. (2009). War of the lords: the battle of chronology: trying to recognize iconography in the third millennium Glyptic art, Ishqi-Mari and Beydar sealings. Ugarit-Forschungen, 41, 5-41.
  • Bryce, T. (2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. Oxford University Press.
  • Cooper, L. (2006). Early Urbanism on the Syrian Euphrates. Routledge.
  • Dinçer, M. (2020). Ebla Kentinin Tarihi Kaynakları Hakkında Bir Değerlendirme, 5. İksad Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi, Tokat.
  • Doğan, S. (2022). Ebla Tabletleri Eski Ahit'in Tarihselliğini Destekliyormu?. İçtimaiyat, 6(1).
  • Dolce, R. (2006). Ebla and Akkad: Clues of an Early Meeting. Another Look at the Artistic Culture of Palace G. In Studi sull'archeologia del Vicino Oriente dedicati a Paolo Matthiae (ss.173-207). Università.
  • Dolce, R. (2008). Ebla Before the Achievement of Palace G Culture: an evaluation of the Early Syrian Archaic Period. In Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 29 March-3 April 2004, Freie Universität Berlin (Vol. 2, p. 65). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
  • Edzard, O. (1981). Neue Erwägungen zum Brief des Enna-Dagan von Mari (TM. 75. G. 2367). Studi eblaiti, 4, 89-97.
  • Frayne, D. (1993). Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2234-2113 BC). University of Toronto Press.
  • Frayne, D. (2008). Presargonic Period: Early Periods, Volume 1 (2700-2350 BC). University of Toronto Press.
  • Gurney O., R. (2003). The Upper Land, mātum elītum, Beckman, In G., Beal, R. H., & McMahon, G. (Ed.), Hittite Studies in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner Jr. on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday. Penn State Press.
  • Hallo, W. (1964). The Road to Emar, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 18/3, 57-88. https://doi.org/10.2307/1359316
  • Herrmann, G. (1968). Lapis Lazuli: The Early Phases of İts Trade. Iraq, 30/1, 21-57. https://doi.org/10.2307/4199836
  • https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/edition2/etcslgloss.php?lookup=c211.217
  • https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/edition2/etcslgloss.php?lookup=c211.210
  • Khurt, A. (2009). Eskiçağda Yakındoğu, Cilt I. Dilek Şendil (Çev.). Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları.
  • Klengel, H. (1992). Syria 3000 to 300 BC: a Handbook of Political History. Wiley-VCH.
  • Köroğlu, K. (2013). Eski Mezopotamya Tarihi: Başlangıçtan Perslere Kadar: Tarihi Başlangıçtan Perslere Kadar. İletişim Yayınları.
  • Liverani, M. (2013). The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. Routledge.
  • Margueron, J. C. (2014). Mari: Capital of Northern Mesopotamia in the Third Millennium: The Archaeology of Tell Hariri on the Euphrates, Oxbow Books.
  • Matthiae, P. (1976). Ebla in the Late Early Syrian Period: The Royal Palace and the State Archives. The Biblical Archaeologist, 39/3, 94-113. https://doi.org/10.2307/3209400
  • Matthiae, P. (1977a). Ebla: an Empire Rediscovered, Doubleday & Company, Inc.
  • Matthiae, P. (1977b). Tell Mardikh: The Archives and Palace. Archaeology, 30/4, 244-253. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41706176
  • Matthiae, P. (1985). Ebla Recovered, In Weiss, Harvey (Ed.), Ebla to Damascus: art and archaeology of ancient Syria; an exhibition from the Directorate General of Antiquities and Museums, Syrian Arab Republic. Smithsonian Institution Travelling Exhibition Service.
  • Matthiae, P. (2009). Crisis and Collapse: Similarity and Diversity in the Three Destructions of Ebla From EB IVA to MB II, Scienze dell'Antichità: 15, 43-83.
  • Matthiae, P. (2020). Ebla: Archaeology and History, Routledge.
  • Michalowski, P. (1985). Third Millennium Contacts: Observations on the Relationships Between Mari and Ebla. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 293-302. https://doi.org/10.2307/601708
  • Milano, L. (1995). Ebla: A Third Millennium City-State in Ancient Syria, In Jack M. Sasson et al., (Ed.), Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. 2, Scribner's.
  • Moorey, P., R., S. (1981). Abu Salabikh, Kish, Mari and Ebla: Mid-Third Millennium Archaeological İnterconnections, American Journal of Archaeology, 85/4, 447-448. https://doi.org/10.2307/504868
  • Nadali, D. (2007). Monuments of War, War of Monuments: Some Considerations on Commemorating War in the Third Millennium BC, Orientalia, 76/4, (336-367. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43077060
  • Novák, M, & Finkbeiner, Uwe, vd. (2015). Middle Euphrates, ARCANE IV (Vol. 4). Brepols.
  • Pappalardo, C. (2021). Egyptian Pottery from the Middle Bronze Age Levant in Context, Vicino Oriente XXV.
  • Pettinato, G. (1976). The Royal Archives of Tell Mardikh-Ebla, The Biblical Archaeologist, 39/2, 44-52. https://doi.org/10.2307/3209352
  • Pettinato, G. (1980). Bollettino Militare Della Campagna di Ebla Contro La Città di Mari. Oriens Antiquus Roma, 19/4, 231-245.
  • Pettinato, G. (1986). Ebla: nuovi orizzonti della storia. Rusconi.
  • Pinnock, F. (2004). The Raw Lapis Lazuli in the Royal Palace G of Ebla. New Evidence from the Annexes of the Throne Room, Weights in Context: Bronze Age Wights Systems of Eastern Mediterranean Chorolonogy, Typology, Material and Archaeological Contexts (Proceedings of the International Colloquium), Rome.
  • Pinnock, F. (2013). Ebla, In Crawford, H. E., (Ed.), The sumerian World, Routledge.
  • Pinnock, F., & Bietak, M., vd. (2019). The Royal Palace G of Early Syrian Ebla: Structure and Functions, Ancient Egyptian and Ancient Near Eastern Palaces, In Manfred Biatak, (Ed.), Contributions to the Archaeology of Egypt, Nubia and the Levant, Volume II, Wiesbaden.
  • Podany, A., H. (2010). Brotherhood of Kings: How İnternational Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East, Oxford University Press.
  • Pomponio, F. (2013). Further Considerations on KIŠ ki in the Ebla Texts, Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale, 107/1, 71-83. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42771762
  • Potts, D., T. (1997). Mesopotamian Civilization: the Material Foundations. A&C Black.
  • Ristvet, L. (2014). Ritual, Performance, and Politics in the Ancient Near East. Cambridge University Press.
  • Roux, G. (1992) Ancient Iraq. Penguin.
  • Sakarya, Ayşe (2018). G Kraliyet Sarayı Buluntuları Işığında Eblanın Siyasi Tarihi ve Ekonomik Yapısı [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi]. Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Sollberger, E. (1986). Administrative Texts Chiefly Concerning Textiles:(L. 2752), Archivi Reali di Ebla, 8. The Electronic Text Corpus Of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL)
  • Van de Mieroop, M. (2018). Eski Yakındoğu Tarihi: MÖ 3000-323, Sinem Gül (Çev.), Homer Kitabevi.
  • Winters, R., D. (2019). Negotiating Exchange: Ebla and the International System of the Early Bronze Age [Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
  • Yiğit, T. (2020). Eski Mezopotamya Tarihi (Tarih Öncesinden Pers İstilasına Kadar), Bilgin Kültür Sanat.

EBLA ARŞİVLERİNE GÖRE MÖ 3. BİNYILDA EBLA-MARİ İLİŞKİLERİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 4, 2347 - 2361, 25.12.2023

Ozan Arslan Aytan

https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.1300726

Öz

MÖ 3. binyılın ortalarında, Yukarı Fırat bölgesinde kurulan Ebla ve Mari, bölgelerinin en güçlü iki krallığı olarak öne çıkmışlardır. Ebla, günümüz Suriye sınırlı içerisindeki Tell Mardikh'te bulunan bir antik kenttir. Kentin kuruluşu yaklaşık MÖ 2550'lere dayanmaktadır. Ebla'nın keşfi, Mezopotamya tarihinde büyük bir dönüm noktası olmuştur. Ebla kraliyet sarayı G’nin arşiv odasında bulunan yaklaşık 17.000 tablet, Ebla Krallığı’nın iktisadi, sosyal ve siyasi yapısı hakkında önemli bilgiler içermektedir. Ayrıca bu tabletler, Ebla’nın yakından ilişki içerisinde olduğu Mari hakkında bilgiler sağlamaktadır. Mari, günümüz Suriye topraklarında, Fırat Nehri'nin kuzeydoğusunda kurulan bir diğer krallıktır. MÖ 2900'lü yıllarda kurulan Mari Krallığı, Sumer kent devletlerinden biridir. Sumer kral listelerinde Mari kralların isimlerine yer verilmiştir. Hem Ebla hem de Mari ticarete dayalı geçim biçimine sahip krallıklardır. Her iki krallık da konum itibariyle Güney Mezopotamya, Mısır, Elam ve Anadolu coğrafyalarının kesişim noktası üzerinde kurulmuşlardır. Böylelikle bölgedeki krallıklar ve kentlerle sürekli etkileşim halinde olmuşlardır. Ebla ve Mari, bulundukları bölgenin ticaret yollarını kontrol altına alabilmek için birbirleriyle siyasi olarak mücadele etmişlerdir. Bu mücadeleler zaman zaman yerini diplomatik ilişkilere bırakmıştır. Akadlı Sargon ve Naram-Sin’in fetihlerine kadar bu iki krallık arasındaki güç mücadelesi devam etmiştir. MÖ 24. veya 23. yüzyılda hem Ebla hem de Mari, Akadlar tarafından yıkılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Ebla kraliyet arşivlerindeki çivi yazılı tabletlere dayanarak Ebla ve Mari arasındaki siyasi ilişkiler incelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tell Mardikh Enna-Dagan İbbi-Zikir Sargon Naram-Sin.

Kaynakça

  • Akkermans, P. M. M. G., & Schwartz G. M. (2003). The Archaeology of Syria: from Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (c. 16,000-300 BC), Cambridge University Press.
  • Andersson, E, Felluca, E, vd. (2010). New Perspectives on Bronze Age Textile Production in the Eastern Mediterranean. “The First Results with Ebla as a Pilot Study”, In Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Rome.
  • Archi, A. (1997). Ebla Texts, Meyers, Eric. M., (Ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East (Volume 2) içinde, Oxford University Press.
  • Archi, A. (1999). The Steward and his Jar, Iraq, 61, 147-158. https://doi.org/10.2307/4200471
  • Archi, A. (2011). In Search of Armi. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 63/1, 5-34. https://doi.org/10.5615/jcunestud.63.0005
  • Archi, A. (2015a). The Tablets of the Throne Room of the Royal Palace G of Ebla, Archiv für Orientforschung, 9-18. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44810781
  • Archi, A. (2015b). Ebla and its Archives: Texts History and Society, De Gruyter.
  • Archi, A., & Biga, M, G. (2003). A Victory over Mari and the Fall of Ebla, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 55/1, 1-44. https://doi.org/10.2307/3515951
  • Astour, M, C. (2002). A Reconstruction of the History of Ebla (Part 1), Gordon, C. H., & Rendsburg, G. A., (Ed.), Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language, Volume 4. Penn State Press, Eisenbrauns.
  • Astour, M, C. (2002). An Outline/Reconstruction of the History of Ebla (Part 2), Gordon, C. H., & Rendsburg, G. A., (Ed.), Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language, Volume 4. Penn State Press, Eisenbrauns.
  • Bachhuber, C. (2013). Sumer, Akkad, Ebla and Anatolia, Crawford, Harriet E., (Ed.), The sumerian World, Routledge.
  • Biga, M, G. (1998). The Marriage of Eblaite Princess Tagriš-Damu with a Son of Nagar’s King, M. Lebeau (Ed.), About Subartu. Studies Devoted to Upper Mesopotamia. Volume I: Landscape, Archeology, Settlement. Volume II: Culture, society, Image, IV/2, Brepols, Tumhout.
  • Biga, M, G. (2014). Inherited Space Third Millennium Political and Cultural Landscape Constituent, confederate, and conquered space: the emergence of the Mittani state, De Gruyter.
  • Biga, M., G. & Otto A. (2010). Thoughts about the Identification of tall Bazi with Armi of the Ebla Texts. In Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, vol. I, Wiesbaden.
  • Bottero, J., & Drower M., S. (1973). Syria Before 200 BC. In Edwards, I. E. S., Gadd, C. J., Hammond, N. G. L., (Ed.), The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press.
  • Bretschneider, J., Van Vyve, A. S., & Jans, G. (2009). War of the lords: the battle of chronology: trying to recognize iconography in the third millennium Glyptic art, Ishqi-Mari and Beydar sealings. Ugarit-Forschungen, 41, 5-41.
  • Bryce, T. (2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. Oxford University Press.
  • Cooper, L. (2006). Early Urbanism on the Syrian Euphrates. Routledge.
  • Dinçer, M. (2020). Ebla Kentinin Tarihi Kaynakları Hakkında Bir Değerlendirme, 5. İksad Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi, Tokat.
  • Doğan, S. (2022). Ebla Tabletleri Eski Ahit'in Tarihselliğini Destekliyormu?. İçtimaiyat, 6(1).
  • Dolce, R. (2006). Ebla and Akkad: Clues of an Early Meeting. Another Look at the Artistic Culture of Palace G. In Studi sull'archeologia del Vicino Oriente dedicati a Paolo Matthiae (ss.173-207). Università.
  • Dolce, R. (2008). Ebla Before the Achievement of Palace G Culture: an evaluation of the Early Syrian Archaic Period. In Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 29 March-3 April 2004, Freie Universität Berlin (Vol. 2, p. 65). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
  • Edzard, O. (1981). Neue Erwägungen zum Brief des Enna-Dagan von Mari (TM. 75. G. 2367). Studi eblaiti, 4, 89-97.
  • Frayne, D. (1993). Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2234-2113 BC). University of Toronto Press.
  • Frayne, D. (2008). Presargonic Period: Early Periods, Volume 1 (2700-2350 BC). University of Toronto Press.
  • Gurney O., R. (2003). The Upper Land, mātum elītum, Beckman, In G., Beal, R. H., & McMahon, G. (Ed.), Hittite Studies in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner Jr. on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday. Penn State Press.
  • Hallo, W. (1964). The Road to Emar, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 18/3, 57-88. https://doi.org/10.2307/1359316
  • Herrmann, G. (1968). Lapis Lazuli: The Early Phases of İts Trade. Iraq, 30/1, 21-57. https://doi.org/10.2307/4199836
  • https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/edition2/etcslgloss.php?lookup=c211.217
  • https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/edition2/etcslgloss.php?lookup=c211.210
  • Khurt, A. (2009). Eskiçağda Yakındoğu, Cilt I. Dilek Şendil (Çev.). Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları.
  • Klengel, H. (1992). Syria 3000 to 300 BC: a Handbook of Political History. Wiley-VCH.
  • Köroğlu, K. (2013). Eski Mezopotamya Tarihi: Başlangıçtan Perslere Kadar: Tarihi Başlangıçtan Perslere Kadar. İletişim Yayınları.
  • Liverani, M. (2013). The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. Routledge.
  • Margueron, J. C. (2014). Mari: Capital of Northern Mesopotamia in the Third Millennium: The Archaeology of Tell Hariri on the Euphrates, Oxbow Books.
  • Matthiae, P. (1976). Ebla in the Late Early Syrian Period: The Royal Palace and the State Archives. The Biblical Archaeologist, 39/3, 94-113. https://doi.org/10.2307/3209400
  • Matthiae, P. (1977a). Ebla: an Empire Rediscovered, Doubleday & Company, Inc.
  • Matthiae, P. (1977b). Tell Mardikh: The Archives and Palace. Archaeology, 30/4, 244-253. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41706176
  • Matthiae, P. (1985). Ebla Recovered, In Weiss, Harvey (Ed.), Ebla to Damascus: art and archaeology of ancient Syria; an exhibition from the Directorate General of Antiquities and Museums, Syrian Arab Republic. Smithsonian Institution Travelling Exhibition Service.
  • Matthiae, P. (2009). Crisis and Collapse: Similarity and Diversity in the Three Destructions of Ebla From EB IVA to MB II, Scienze dell'Antichità: 15, 43-83.
  • Matthiae, P. (2020). Ebla: Archaeology and History, Routledge.
  • Michalowski, P. (1985). Third Millennium Contacts: Observations on the Relationships Between Mari and Ebla. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 293-302. https://doi.org/10.2307/601708
  • Milano, L. (1995). Ebla: A Third Millennium City-State in Ancient Syria, In Jack M. Sasson et al., (Ed.), Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. 2, Scribner's.
  • Moorey, P., R., S. (1981). Abu Salabikh, Kish, Mari and Ebla: Mid-Third Millennium Archaeological İnterconnections, American Journal of Archaeology, 85/4, 447-448. https://doi.org/10.2307/504868
  • Nadali, D. (2007). Monuments of War, War of Monuments: Some Considerations on Commemorating War in the Third Millennium BC, Orientalia, 76/4, (336-367. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43077060
  • Novák, M, & Finkbeiner, Uwe, vd. (2015). Middle Euphrates, ARCANE IV (Vol. 4). Brepols.
  • Pappalardo, C. (2021). Egyptian Pottery from the Middle Bronze Age Levant in Context, Vicino Oriente XXV.
  • Pettinato, G. (1976). The Royal Archives of Tell Mardikh-Ebla, The Biblical Archaeologist, 39/2, 44-52. https://doi.org/10.2307/3209352
  • Pettinato, G. (1980). Bollettino Militare Della Campagna di Ebla Contro La Città di Mari. Oriens Antiquus Roma, 19/4, 231-245.
  • Pettinato, G. (1986). Ebla: nuovi orizzonti della storia. Rusconi.
  • Pinnock, F. (2004). The Raw Lapis Lazuli in the Royal Palace G of Ebla. New Evidence from the Annexes of the Throne Room, Weights in Context: Bronze Age Wights Systems of Eastern Mediterranean Chorolonogy, Typology, Material and Archaeological Contexts (Proceedings of the International Colloquium), Rome.
  • Pinnock, F. (2013). Ebla, In Crawford, H. E., (Ed.), The sumerian World, Routledge.
  • Pinnock, F., & Bietak, M., vd. (2019). The Royal Palace G of Early Syrian Ebla: Structure and Functions, Ancient Egyptian and Ancient Near Eastern Palaces, In Manfred Biatak, (Ed.), Contributions to the Archaeology of Egypt, Nubia and the Levant, Volume II, Wiesbaden.
  • Podany, A., H. (2010). Brotherhood of Kings: How İnternational Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East, Oxford University Press.
  • Pomponio, F. (2013). Further Considerations on KIŠ ki in the Ebla Texts, Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale, 107/1, 71-83. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42771762
  • Potts, D., T. (1997). Mesopotamian Civilization: the Material Foundations. A&C Black.
  • Ristvet, L. (2014). Ritual, Performance, and Politics in the Ancient Near East. Cambridge University Press.
  • Roux, G. (1992) Ancient Iraq. Penguin.
  • Sakarya, Ayşe (2018). G Kraliyet Sarayı Buluntuları Işığında Eblanın Siyasi Tarihi ve Ekonomik Yapısı [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi]. Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Sollberger, E. (1986). Administrative Texts Chiefly Concerning Textiles:(L. 2752), Archivi Reali di Ebla, 8. The Electronic Text Corpus Of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL)
  • Van de Mieroop, M. (2018). Eski Yakındoğu Tarihi: MÖ 3000-323, Sinem Gül (Çev.), Homer Kitabevi.
  • Winters, R., D. (2019). Negotiating Exchange: Ebla and the International System of the Early Bronze Age [Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
  • Yiğit, T. (2020). Eski Mezopotamya Tarihi (Tarih Öncesinden Pers İstilasına Kadar), Bilgin Kültür Sanat.
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İslam Öncesi Türk Tarihi
Bölüm TARİH
Yazarlar

Ozan Arslan Aytan 0000-0003-0845-8983

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 20 Aralık 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Aytan, O. A. (2023). EBLA ARŞİVLERİNE GÖRE MÖ 3. BİNYILDA EBLA-MARİ İLİŞKİLERİ. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 13(4), 2347-2361. https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.1300726
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