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Is Feminism for All Women? Women in the Shadow

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 263 - 281, 31.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.33708/ktc.1227811

Öz

In her work Feminism is for Everyone, American feminist thinker and author bell hooks, one of the iconic figures in the recent feminist movements, touches on the issue that all individuals, regardless of their sexes (men or women) can take place in the feminist movement and accordingly, she enunciates that feminism is/could be for everyone. However, the practical equivalent of this statement, which is theoretically ideal, has not been fully realized yet. In order for feminism to encapsulate everyone, first of all, no woman should be left out of the feminist spectrum. Nevertheless, due to their regional, racial, cultural, religious and individual differences, countless women in separate parts of the world have not taken part in the feminist waves. Furthermore, they could not develop a discourse about themselves and had serious problems in representing their conditions. In this study, by referring to the transformation that the feminist waves have gone through until recent time, it has been examined whether the feminist waves have struggled for all women. In order to carry out this analysis, works featuring oppressed and marginalized female characters are preferred. These selected works are: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Half of a Yellow Sun, Ngugi wa Thiong’o’s The River Between, Mariama Ba’s So Long a Letter, Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre and Jean Rhys’ The Wide Sargasso Sea. These novels are examined on the grounds of the problems experienced by women. In addition, the works of Katherine Bullock and Maryam Qudrat Aseel, who convey their own experiences about marginalized women, are also included in order to support that the problems described in these novels are experienced in real life, too. On the basis of the feminist waves and their achievements, the selected works have been analyzed to what extent the female characters are included in these feminist waves, and whether these feminist movements have developed a discourse about the women represented in the novels.

Kaynakça

  • Adichie, C. N. (2006). Half of a yellow sun. Alfred A. Knopf.
  • Angelou, M. (2014). Rainbow in the cloud: The wisdom and spirit of Maya Angelou. Random House Publishing Group.
  • Aseel, M. Q. (2004). Torn between two cultures: An Afghan-American woman speaks out. Capital Books.
  • Ba, M. (1997). So long a letter. Transl. from the French by Modupé Bodé-Thomas. Oxford: Heinemann.
  • Baruch, E. H. (1984). Women in Men’s Utopias. In E. H. Baruch & R. Rohrlich (Eds.), Women in search of utopia: Mavericks and Mythmakers (pp. 209–218). Schocken Books.
  • Beale, F. (2005). Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female. In T. Cade (Ed.), The Black Woman: An anthology (pp. 109–122). essay, Washington Square Press.
  • Brontë, C. (2000). Jane Eyre. Norton.
  • Bullock, K. (2010). Books-In-Brief: Rethinking Muslim women and the veil: Challenging historical & modern stereotypes. International Institute of Islamic Thought.
  • Burkett, E. (n.d.). Feminism. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved November 15, 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism.
  • Cade, T. (2005). Preface. In T. Cade (Ed.), The black woman: An anthology (pp. 1–7). preface, Washington Square Press.
  • Carroll, C. M. (1982). Three’s a Crowd: The Dilemma of the Black Woman in Higher Education. In G. T. Hull, P. Bell-Scott, & B. Smith (Eds.), But some of us are brave black women’s studies (pp. 115–128). essay, The Feminist Press.
  • Conley, J. J. (bt.). Marie Le Jars de Gournay (1565—1645). Internet encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved November 16, 2022, from https://iep.utm.edu/gournay/.
  • Eisenstein, Z. (2013, March 23). “Leaning in” in Iraq: Women’s rights and war? Opinions Al Jazeera. Retrieved December 4, 2022, from https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2013/3/23/leaning-in-in-iraq-womens-rights-and-war.
  • Evans, E. (2015). The politics of third wave feminisms: Neoliberalism, intersectionality and the state in Britain and the Us. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Fernández-Reino, M., Di Stasio, V., & Veit, S. (2022). Discrimination unveiled: A field experiment on the barriers faced by Muslim women in Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain. European Sociological Review. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcac032.
  • Gamble, S. (2006). The Routledge companion to feminism and postfeminism. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Gilbert, S. M., & Gubar, S. (2020). The Madwoman in the Attic: The woman writer and the nineteenth-century literary imagination. Yale University Press.
  • Guin, U. K. L. (2017, May 9). Aussiecon (1975) Worldcon - Ursula K. Le Guin Guest of Honor speech. YouTube. Retrieved December 21, 2022, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Deuas-AuzbU.
  • Hannam, J. (2007). Feminism. Pearson Education Limited.
  • Helbling, M. (2014). Opposing Muslims and the Muslim Headscarf in Western Europe. European Sociological Review, 30(2), 242–257. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24479879.
  • Heywood, L., & Drake, J. (2017). ‘It’s All About the Benjamins’ Economic Determinants of Third Wave Feminism in the United States. In S. Gillis, G. Howie, & R. Munford (Eds.), Third wave feminism: A critical exploration (pp. 114–124). essay, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Khaleeli, H. (2012, December 10). Why the war has taken its toll on Iraqi women. The Guardian. Retrieved December 2, 2022, from https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/the-womens-blog-with-jane-martinson/2012/dec/10/war-taken-toll-iraqi-women
  • Killian, C. (2003). The Other Side of the Veil: North African Women in France Respond to the Headscarf Affair. Gender and Society, 17(4), 567–590. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3594658.
  • Lerner, G. (1987). The creation of Patriarchy. Oxford University Press.
  • Lindsey, K. (2005). The Black Woman as a Woman. In T. Cade (Ed.), The Black Woman: An anthology (pp. 103–108). essay, Washington Square Press.
  • Lorde, A. (2019). Sister outsider. Penguin Books.
  • Magarey, S. (2001). Passions of the first wave feminists. UNSW Press.
  • Mohanty, C. T. (2003). Feminism without borders: Decolonizing theory, practicing Solidarity. Duke University Press.
  • Okagbue, H. I., Ijezie, O. A., Samusenkov, V. O., Erondu, E. C., & Eze, G. A. (2020). Female life expectancy, maternal mortality, fertility and birth rates of female genital mutilation high prevalence countries. Scientific African, 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00647
  • Sanders, L. S. (2017). ‘Feminists Love a Utopia’ Collaboration, Conflict and the Futures of Feminism. In S. Gillis, G. Howie, & R. Munford (Eds.), Third wave feminism: A critical exploration (pp. 3–15). essay, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Snyder-Hall, R. C. (2010). Third-Wave Feminism and the Defense of “Choice.” Perspectives on Politics, 8(1), 255–261. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25698533.
  • Stone, A. (2017). On the Genealogy of Women a Defence of Anti-Essentialism. In S. Gillis, G. Howie, & R. Munford (Eds.), Third wave feminism: A critical exploration (pp. 16–29). essay, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Swietlik, M. (2011). “Wide Sargasso sea” by Jean Rhys as a postcolonial response to “Jane Eyre” by Charlotte Bronte. GRIN Verlag GmbH.
  • Thiong’o, Wa N. (2015). The river between. Penguin Publishing Group. Türk Dil Kurumu: Sözlük. Türk Dil Kurumu Sözlükleri. (n.d.). Retrieved November 15, 2022, from https://sozluk.gov.tr/.
  • Wellman, J. (2010). The road to Seneca Falls: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the first woman’s rights convention. University of Illinois Press.
  • Wollstonecraft, M. (1890). Vindication of the rights of woman, with strictures on political and moral subjects. Scribner and Welford.
  • Woolf, V. (1977). A room of one’s own. Grafton.

Feminizm Tüm Kadınlar İçin mi? Gölgede Kalan Kadınlar

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 263 - 281, 31.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.33708/ktc.1227811

Öz

Son dönem feminist hareket içinde önemli bir yere sahip yazarlardan birisi olan Amerikalı feminist düşünür ve yazar bell hooks, Feminizm Herkes İçindir adlı kitabıyla feminist hareket içinde erkek kadın fark etmeksizin tüm bireylerin yer alabileceği üzerine bir öneri geliştirmiş ve feminizmin herkes için olabileceği fikrini öne sürmüştür. hooks’un teorik olarak ideal olan ifadesinin pratikteki karşılığı ise günümüzde tam anlamıyla gerçekleşmiş durumda değildir. Feminizmin erkekler dahil herkesi kapsıyor olabilmesi için öncelikle hiçbir kadının feminist hareketlerin dışında kalmamış olması gerekmektedir. Oysaki çeşitli nedenlerden dolayı dünyanın farklı bölgelerindeki sayısız kadın bölgesel, ırksal, kültürel, inançsal ve bireysel farklılıklarından dolayı feminist dalgalar içinde yer alamamış, kendilerine dair söylem geliştirememiş ve kendilerini tam anlamıyla temsil edememişlerdir. Bu çalışmada feminist dalgaların günümüzdeki mevcut haline kadar geçirmiş olduğu değişime değinilerek, bu dalgalar içinde gerçekleşen feminist hareketlerin tüm kadınlar için mücadele verip vermediği incelenmektedir. Bu incelemeyi gerçekleştirmek için ezilen ve ötekileştirilen kadın karakterlerin yer aldığı eserler tercih edilmiştir. Bu eserler, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’nin Yükselen Güneşin Ülkesinde, Ngugi wa Thiong’o’nun Aradaki Nehir, Mariama Ba’nın Uzun Bir Mektup, Charlotte Brontë’nin Jane Eyre ve Jean Rhys’in Geniş Sargasso Denizi adlı romanlarıdır. Bu romanlar, kadınların yaşamış oldukları sorunlar temelinde incelenmiş ve kurgu türündeki bu eserlerde anlatılan problemlerin gerçek hayatta da bizzat yaşandığını desteklemek amacıyla gölgede kalan kadınlara dair kendi tecrübelerini aktaran Katherine Bullock ve Maryam Qudrat Aseel gibi yazarların da eserlerine yer verilmiştir. Yapılan değerlendirmede, feminist dalgalar ve kazanımları dikkate alınarak, seçilen yazarların eserlerindeki kadın karakterlerin bu feminist hareketler içinde ne ölçüde yer aldığı, bu feminist hareketlerin romanlardaki kadın karakterlere ve sorunlarına dair bir söylem geliştirip geliştirmediği incelenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Adichie, C. N. (2006). Half of a yellow sun. Alfred A. Knopf.
  • Angelou, M. (2014). Rainbow in the cloud: The wisdom and spirit of Maya Angelou. Random House Publishing Group.
  • Aseel, M. Q. (2004). Torn between two cultures: An Afghan-American woman speaks out. Capital Books.
  • Ba, M. (1997). So long a letter. Transl. from the French by Modupé Bodé-Thomas. Oxford: Heinemann.
  • Baruch, E. H. (1984). Women in Men’s Utopias. In E. H. Baruch & R. Rohrlich (Eds.), Women in search of utopia: Mavericks and Mythmakers (pp. 209–218). Schocken Books.
  • Beale, F. (2005). Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female. In T. Cade (Ed.), The Black Woman: An anthology (pp. 109–122). essay, Washington Square Press.
  • Brontë, C. (2000). Jane Eyre. Norton.
  • Bullock, K. (2010). Books-In-Brief: Rethinking Muslim women and the veil: Challenging historical & modern stereotypes. International Institute of Islamic Thought.
  • Burkett, E. (n.d.). Feminism. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved November 15, 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism.
  • Cade, T. (2005). Preface. In T. Cade (Ed.), The black woman: An anthology (pp. 1–7). preface, Washington Square Press.
  • Carroll, C. M. (1982). Three’s a Crowd: The Dilemma of the Black Woman in Higher Education. In G. T. Hull, P. Bell-Scott, & B. Smith (Eds.), But some of us are brave black women’s studies (pp. 115–128). essay, The Feminist Press.
  • Conley, J. J. (bt.). Marie Le Jars de Gournay (1565—1645). Internet encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved November 16, 2022, from https://iep.utm.edu/gournay/.
  • Eisenstein, Z. (2013, March 23). “Leaning in” in Iraq: Women’s rights and war? Opinions Al Jazeera. Retrieved December 4, 2022, from https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2013/3/23/leaning-in-in-iraq-womens-rights-and-war.
  • Evans, E. (2015). The politics of third wave feminisms: Neoliberalism, intersectionality and the state in Britain and the Us. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Fernández-Reino, M., Di Stasio, V., & Veit, S. (2022). Discrimination unveiled: A field experiment on the barriers faced by Muslim women in Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain. European Sociological Review. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcac032.
  • Gamble, S. (2006). The Routledge companion to feminism and postfeminism. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Gilbert, S. M., & Gubar, S. (2020). The Madwoman in the Attic: The woman writer and the nineteenth-century literary imagination. Yale University Press.
  • Guin, U. K. L. (2017, May 9). Aussiecon (1975) Worldcon - Ursula K. Le Guin Guest of Honor speech. YouTube. Retrieved December 21, 2022, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Deuas-AuzbU.
  • Hannam, J. (2007). Feminism. Pearson Education Limited.
  • Helbling, M. (2014). Opposing Muslims and the Muslim Headscarf in Western Europe. European Sociological Review, 30(2), 242–257. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24479879.
  • Heywood, L., & Drake, J. (2017). ‘It’s All About the Benjamins’ Economic Determinants of Third Wave Feminism in the United States. In S. Gillis, G. Howie, & R. Munford (Eds.), Third wave feminism: A critical exploration (pp. 114–124). essay, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Khaleeli, H. (2012, December 10). Why the war has taken its toll on Iraqi women. The Guardian. Retrieved December 2, 2022, from https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/the-womens-blog-with-jane-martinson/2012/dec/10/war-taken-toll-iraqi-women
  • Killian, C. (2003). The Other Side of the Veil: North African Women in France Respond to the Headscarf Affair. Gender and Society, 17(4), 567–590. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3594658.
  • Lerner, G. (1987). The creation of Patriarchy. Oxford University Press.
  • Lindsey, K. (2005). The Black Woman as a Woman. In T. Cade (Ed.), The Black Woman: An anthology (pp. 103–108). essay, Washington Square Press.
  • Lorde, A. (2019). Sister outsider. Penguin Books.
  • Magarey, S. (2001). Passions of the first wave feminists. UNSW Press.
  • Mohanty, C. T. (2003). Feminism without borders: Decolonizing theory, practicing Solidarity. Duke University Press.
  • Okagbue, H. I., Ijezie, O. A., Samusenkov, V. O., Erondu, E. C., & Eze, G. A. (2020). Female life expectancy, maternal mortality, fertility and birth rates of female genital mutilation high prevalence countries. Scientific African, 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00647
  • Sanders, L. S. (2017). ‘Feminists Love a Utopia’ Collaboration, Conflict and the Futures of Feminism. In S. Gillis, G. Howie, & R. Munford (Eds.), Third wave feminism: A critical exploration (pp. 3–15). essay, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Snyder-Hall, R. C. (2010). Third-Wave Feminism and the Defense of “Choice.” Perspectives on Politics, 8(1), 255–261. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25698533.
  • Stone, A. (2017). On the Genealogy of Women a Defence of Anti-Essentialism. In S. Gillis, G. Howie, & R. Munford (Eds.), Third wave feminism: A critical exploration (pp. 16–29). essay, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Swietlik, M. (2011). “Wide Sargasso sea” by Jean Rhys as a postcolonial response to “Jane Eyre” by Charlotte Bronte. GRIN Verlag GmbH.
  • Thiong’o, Wa N. (2015). The river between. Penguin Publishing Group. Türk Dil Kurumu: Sözlük. Türk Dil Kurumu Sözlükleri. (n.d.). Retrieved November 15, 2022, from https://sozluk.gov.tr/.
  • Wellman, J. (2010). The road to Seneca Falls: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the first woman’s rights convention. University of Illinois Press.
  • Wollstonecraft, M. (1890). Vindication of the rights of woman, with strictures on political and moral subjects. Scribner and Welford.
  • Woolf, V. (1977). A room of one’s own. Grafton.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Eren Bolat 0000-0001-8148-522X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mayıs 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Ocak 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Bolat, E. (2023). Feminizm Tüm Kadınlar İçin mi? Gölgede Kalan Kadınlar. Akdeniz Kadın Çalışmaları Ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Dergisi, 6(1), 263-281. https://doi.org/10.33708/ktc.1227811

Dergide yayımlanan tüm çalışmalar, kamu ve tüzel kişilerce, gerekli atıflar verilmek koşuluyla kullanıma açık olup dergide yayımlanmış çalışmaların tüm sorumluluğu yazarlarına aittir.