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Otel Yöneticilerinin 2016 Türkiye Turizm Krizine İlişkin Öngörüleri ve Kriz Yönetim Uygulamaları

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 56, 468 - 488, 31.10.2019

Öz

2016 yılında Türkiye’de yaşanan turizm krizi özellikle
Rusya pazarı odaklı hizmet sunan otel işletmelerini etkilemiş ve otel
yöneticilerini krizden sağ kurtulmaya yönelik çözüm yolları aramaya itmiştir. Otel
yöneticileri düşen doluluk oranlarını makul düzeylere taşıyabilmek ve işletme
faaliyetlerini olağan şekilde sürdürebilmek adına bir takım önlemler almışlardır.
Bu çalışmada, son yıllarda Türkiye’nin karşılaştığı en şiddetli turizm krizi
süresince otel işletmelerinin uyguladığı kriz yönetimi uygulamalarını ortaya
koymak amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla Antalya’da faaliyet gösteren 112 otel
yöneticisine ulaşılarak yöneticilerin kriz ortamında işletmelerinin kriz
durumundan etkilenmesini önlemek amacıyla uyguladıkları kriz yönetimi uygulamaları
içerik analizi metoduyla incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın bulgularına göre krize
hazırlık olarak otel işletmeleri tarafından alınan önlemlerde en çok
“Pazarlama” çalışmaları (%54,8) yapılmakta, bunu sırasıyla “İnsan Kaynakları”
(%18,9), “Maliyet” (%14,2), “Kalite” (%7,4) ve “Müşteri”ye (%4,7) yönelik
uygulamalar takip etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Adıgüzel, Beyza, ve Tuna, Muharrem. 2018. “Downsizing Processes of Hotel Managements During 2016 Turkey Tourism Crisis.” International Journal of Professional Business Review, 3 (2): 153-171.
  • Aksu, Akın A., ve Ehtiyar, Rüya, V. 2007. Turizm İşletmelerinde Çağdaş Yönetim Teknikleri. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Anson, Caroline. 1999. “Planning for Peace: The Role of Tourism in the Aftermath of Violence.” Journal of Travel Research, 38 (August): 57–61.
  • Armstrong, Elizabeth, Kate. 2008. Tourism Destination Recovery after the 2003 Canberra Fires. Australia: Faculty of Business and Government, University of Canberra.
  • Atay, Hakan, ve Tanrısevdi, Abdullah. 2008. “İçsel Kaynaklı Krizlerde Kriz Öncesi Aşamaların Yönetilmesi.” Turizm İşletmelerinde Çağdaş Yönetim Teknikleri edited by Okumuş, Fevzi, ve Avcı, Umut., Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Augustine, Norman, R. 1995. “Business Crises: Guaranteed Preventatives—and What to do After They Fail.” Executive Speeches, 9 (6): 28–42.
  • Aziz, Heba. 1995. “Understanding Terrorist Attacks on Tourists in Egypt.” Tourism Management, 16 (2): 91-95.
  • Beirman, David, ve Van Walbeek, B. 2011. “Bounce Back: Tourism Risk, Crisis and Recovery Management Guide.” The Pacific Asia Travel Association (PETA), Bangkok.
  • Bilić, Ivana, Pivčević, Smiljana, ve Čevra, Ana. 2017. “Crisis Management in Hotel Business–Insights from Croatia.” Communication Management Review, 2 (2): 100-118.
  • Blackman, Deborah, ve Ritchie, Brent, W. 2008. “Tourism Crisis Management and Organizational Learning.” Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 23 (2): 45–57.
  • Blake, Adam, ve Sinclair, Thea, M. 2003. “Tourism Crisis Management: US Response to September 11.” Annals of Tourism Research, 30 (4): 813-832.
  • Booth, Simon, A. 1993. Crisis Management Strategy, Competition and Changes in Modern Enterprises. London: Routledge.
  • Buhalis, Dimitrios. 2000. “Relationships in the Distribution Channel of Tourism: Conflicts Between Hoteliers and Tour Operators in the Mediterranean Region.” International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, 1 (1): 113-139.
  • Burnett, John, J. 1998. “A Strategic Approach to Managing Crises.” Public Relations Review, 24 (4): 475–488.
  • Butler, Richard, W., ve Baum, Tom. 1999. “The Tourism Potential of The Peace Dividend.” Journal of Travel Research, 38 (August): 24–29.
  • Chien, Grace, CL., ve Law, Rob. 2003. “The Impact of The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome on Hotels: A Case Study of Hong Kong.” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 22 (3): 327-332.
  • Cohn, R. 2001. “The PR Crisis Bible.” The Competitive Destination: A Sustainable Tourism Perspective edited by Ritchie, Brent, JR., Crouch, Geoffrey, Ian, Cabi Publishing.
  • Coombs, Timothy, W. 1995. “The Development of Guidelines for the Selection of the ‘Appropriate’ Crisis Response Strategies.” Management Communication Quarterly, 4: 447–476.
  • Coombs, Timothy, W. 2001. “Teaching the Crisis Management/Communication Course.” Public Relations Review, 27 (1): 89-101.
  • Cosgrave, John. 1996. “Decision Making in Emergencies.” Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 5 (4): 28-35.
  • Creswell, John, W. 2016. Araştırma Deseni, Nitel, Nicel ve Karma Yöntem Yaklaşımları. (Çev. Selçuk Beşir Demir). Ankara: Eğiten Kitap Yayıncılık.
  • D’Amore, Louis, J. ve Teresa, Anuza, E. 1986. “International Terrorism: Implications and Challange for Global Tourism.” The Business Quarterly, 51 (4): 20-29.
  • Darling, John, R. 1994. “Crises Management in International Business: Keys to Effective Decision Making.” Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 15 (8): 3–8.
  • Davies, Hilary, ve Walters, Megan. 1998. “Do All Crises Have to Become Disasters? Risk and Risk Mitigation.” Property Management, 7 (5): 396–400.
  • Devlin, Edward, S. 2007. Crisis Management Planning and Execution. New York: Auerbach Publications.
  • Drummond, Helga, ve Chell, Elizabeth. 1994. “Crises Management in a Small Business: A Tale of Two Solicitors’ Firms.” Management Decision, 32 (1): 37–40.
  • Ekşili, Nisa, Ünal, Zeynep, ve Çetin, Emre, I. 2017. “Beş Yıldızlı Otel İşletmelerinde Kriz Dönemlerinde Uygulanan Tasarruf Stratejilerinin Bulanık DEMATEL Yöntemiyle İncelenmesi.” Business and Economics Research Journal, 8 (2): 259-273.
  • Evans, Nigel, ve Elphick, Sarah. 2005. “Models of Crisis Management: An Evaluation of Their Value for Strategic Planning in the International Travel Industry.” International Journal of Tourism Research, 7 (3): 135-150.
  • Faulkner, Bill, ve Russell, Roslyn. 2000. “Turbulence, Chaos, and Complexity in Tourism Systems: A Research Direction for the New Millennium.” Tourism in the 21st Century: Reflections on Experience edited by Faulkner, Bill, Moscardo, G., Laws, E., London: Continuum.
  • Faulkner, Bill, ve Vikulov, Svetlana. 2001. “Katherine, Washed Out One Day, Back on Track the Next: A Post-Mortem of a Tourism Disaster.” Tourism Management, 22 (4): 331-344.
  • Faulkner, Bill. 2001. “Towards a Framework for Tourism Disaster Management.” Tourism Management, 22 (2): 135–147.
  • Fink, Steven. 1986. Crises Management: Planning for the Inevitable. New York: American Management Association.
  • Gülbahar, Yasemin, ve Alper, Ayfer. 2009. “Öğretim Teknolojileri Alanında Yapılan Araştırmalar.” Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 42 (2): 93-111.
  • Günbayı, İlhan, ve Taşdöğen, Bilge. 2012. “İlköğretim Okullarında Çalışan Öğretmenlerin Hizmet İçi Eğitim Programları Üzerine Görüşleri: Bir Durum Çalışması.” İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1 (3): 87-117.
  • Gurtner, Yetta. 2016. “Returning to Paradise: Investigating Issues of Tourism Crisis and Disaster Recovery on the Island of Bali.” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 28 (September): 11-19.
  • Hall, Michael, C. 2010. “Crisis Events in Tourism: Subjects of Crisis in Tourism.” Current Issues in Tourism, 13 (5): 401-417.
  • Heath, Robert. 1998. “Looking for Answers: Suggestions for Improving How We Evaluate Crisis Management.” Safety Science, 30 (1-2): 151-163.
  • Henderson, Joan. C., ve Ng, Alex. 2004. “Responding to Crisis: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Hotels in Singapore.” International Journal of Tourism Research, 6 (6): 411-419.
  • Hope, Christine, A., ve Klemm, Mary, S. 2001. “Tourism in Difficult Areas Revisited: The Case of Bradford.” Tourism Management, 22 (4): 629–655.
  • Israeli, Aviad, A., Mohsin, Asad, ve Kumar, Bhupesh. 2011. “Hospitality Crisis Management Practices: The Case of Indian Luxury Hotels.” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30 (2): 367-374.
  • Israeli, Aviad, A., ve Reichel, Arie. 2003. “Hospitality Crisis Management Practices: The Israeli Case.” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 22 (4): 353-372.
  • Johnson Tew, Paula, Lu, Zhen, Tolomiczenko, George, ve Gellatly, Joanne. 2008. “SARS: Lessons in Strategic Planning for Hoteliers and Destination Marketers.” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 20 (3): 332-346.
  • Kash, Toby, J., ve Darling, John, R., 1988. “Crises Management: Prevention, Diagnosis and Intervention.” Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 19 (4): 179–186.
  • Kılıçdere, Sibel, ve Çolakoğlu, Osman, Eralp 2017. “Seyahat Acentalarında Kriz Yönetimi Kapsamında 2016 Turizm Sezonunun Değerlendirilmesi.” Journal of Travel and Tourism Research, 12 (2017): 19-45.
  • Kovoor-Misra, Sarah, Clair, Judith A., ve Bettenhausen, Kenneth, L. 2001. “Clarifying the Attributes of Organizational Crises.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 67 (1): 77–91.Landis, Richard, J., ve Koch, Gary, G. 1977. “The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data.” Biometrics, 159-174.
  • Lerbinger, Otto. 1997. The Crisis Manager: Facing Risk and Responsibility. New Jersey: Lawrence Eribaum Associates.
  • Leslie, David. 1996. “Northern Ireland, Tourism and Peace.” Tourism Management, 17 (1): 51–55.
  • Leung, Paul, ve Lam, Terry. 2004. “Crisis Management During the SARS Threat: A Case Study of the Metropole Hotel in Hong Kong.” Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism, 3 (1): 47-57.
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Crisis Management Practices and Predictions of Hotel Managers Concerning the 2016 Tourism Crisis in Turkey

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 56, 468 - 488, 31.10.2019

Öz

In 2016, the tourism crisis realized in Turkey has had
an impact upon hotel businesses, rendering notably Russian market-oriented
service and obliged managers of the hotels to seek solutions to survive in the
crisis. Hotel managers have taken a number of measures in an effort to increase
the occupancy rates to reasonable levels and maintain their operating
activities in the usual way.
The aim of this study
is to reveal the crisis management implementations of hotel managers during the
most severe tourism crisis that Turkey faced for the last two decades. To that
end, crisis management implementations of 112 hotel managers in Antalya, which
were supposed to prevent hotels from adverse impacts of crisis, were examined
by content analysis method. According to the findings of the study, implementations
of “Marketing” (54.8%) are the most extensive measures taken by hotel
enterprises in preparation for crisis followed by “Human Resource” (18.9%), “Cost”
(14.2%), “Quality”, (7.4%), and “Customer” (4.7%).

Kaynakça

  • Adıgüzel, Beyza, ve Tuna, Muharrem. 2018. “Downsizing Processes of Hotel Managements During 2016 Turkey Tourism Crisis.” International Journal of Professional Business Review, 3 (2): 153-171.
  • Aksu, Akın A., ve Ehtiyar, Rüya, V. 2007. Turizm İşletmelerinde Çağdaş Yönetim Teknikleri. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Anson, Caroline. 1999. “Planning for Peace: The Role of Tourism in the Aftermath of Violence.” Journal of Travel Research, 38 (August): 57–61.
  • Armstrong, Elizabeth, Kate. 2008. Tourism Destination Recovery after the 2003 Canberra Fires. Australia: Faculty of Business and Government, University of Canberra.
  • Atay, Hakan, ve Tanrısevdi, Abdullah. 2008. “İçsel Kaynaklı Krizlerde Kriz Öncesi Aşamaların Yönetilmesi.” Turizm İşletmelerinde Çağdaş Yönetim Teknikleri edited by Okumuş, Fevzi, ve Avcı, Umut., Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Augustine, Norman, R. 1995. “Business Crises: Guaranteed Preventatives—and What to do After They Fail.” Executive Speeches, 9 (6): 28–42.
  • Aziz, Heba. 1995. “Understanding Terrorist Attacks on Tourists in Egypt.” Tourism Management, 16 (2): 91-95.
  • Beirman, David, ve Van Walbeek, B. 2011. “Bounce Back: Tourism Risk, Crisis and Recovery Management Guide.” The Pacific Asia Travel Association (PETA), Bangkok.
  • Bilić, Ivana, Pivčević, Smiljana, ve Čevra, Ana. 2017. “Crisis Management in Hotel Business–Insights from Croatia.” Communication Management Review, 2 (2): 100-118.
  • Blackman, Deborah, ve Ritchie, Brent, W. 2008. “Tourism Crisis Management and Organizational Learning.” Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 23 (2): 45–57.
  • Blake, Adam, ve Sinclair, Thea, M. 2003. “Tourism Crisis Management: US Response to September 11.” Annals of Tourism Research, 30 (4): 813-832.
  • Booth, Simon, A. 1993. Crisis Management Strategy, Competition and Changes in Modern Enterprises. London: Routledge.
  • Buhalis, Dimitrios. 2000. “Relationships in the Distribution Channel of Tourism: Conflicts Between Hoteliers and Tour Operators in the Mediterranean Region.” International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, 1 (1): 113-139.
  • Burnett, John, J. 1998. “A Strategic Approach to Managing Crises.” Public Relations Review, 24 (4): 475–488.
  • Butler, Richard, W., ve Baum, Tom. 1999. “The Tourism Potential of The Peace Dividend.” Journal of Travel Research, 38 (August): 24–29.
  • Chien, Grace, CL., ve Law, Rob. 2003. “The Impact of The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome on Hotels: A Case Study of Hong Kong.” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 22 (3): 327-332.
  • Cohn, R. 2001. “The PR Crisis Bible.” The Competitive Destination: A Sustainable Tourism Perspective edited by Ritchie, Brent, JR., Crouch, Geoffrey, Ian, Cabi Publishing.
  • Coombs, Timothy, W. 1995. “The Development of Guidelines for the Selection of the ‘Appropriate’ Crisis Response Strategies.” Management Communication Quarterly, 4: 447–476.
  • Coombs, Timothy, W. 2001. “Teaching the Crisis Management/Communication Course.” Public Relations Review, 27 (1): 89-101.
  • Cosgrave, John. 1996. “Decision Making in Emergencies.” Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 5 (4): 28-35.
  • Creswell, John, W. 2016. Araştırma Deseni, Nitel, Nicel ve Karma Yöntem Yaklaşımları. (Çev. Selçuk Beşir Demir). Ankara: Eğiten Kitap Yayıncılık.
  • D’Amore, Louis, J. ve Teresa, Anuza, E. 1986. “International Terrorism: Implications and Challange for Global Tourism.” The Business Quarterly, 51 (4): 20-29.
  • Darling, John, R. 1994. “Crises Management in International Business: Keys to Effective Decision Making.” Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 15 (8): 3–8.
  • Davies, Hilary, ve Walters, Megan. 1998. “Do All Crises Have to Become Disasters? Risk and Risk Mitigation.” Property Management, 7 (5): 396–400.
  • Devlin, Edward, S. 2007. Crisis Management Planning and Execution. New York: Auerbach Publications.
  • Drummond, Helga, ve Chell, Elizabeth. 1994. “Crises Management in a Small Business: A Tale of Two Solicitors’ Firms.” Management Decision, 32 (1): 37–40.
  • Ekşili, Nisa, Ünal, Zeynep, ve Çetin, Emre, I. 2017. “Beş Yıldızlı Otel İşletmelerinde Kriz Dönemlerinde Uygulanan Tasarruf Stratejilerinin Bulanık DEMATEL Yöntemiyle İncelenmesi.” Business and Economics Research Journal, 8 (2): 259-273.
  • Evans, Nigel, ve Elphick, Sarah. 2005. “Models of Crisis Management: An Evaluation of Their Value for Strategic Planning in the International Travel Industry.” International Journal of Tourism Research, 7 (3): 135-150.
  • Faulkner, Bill, ve Russell, Roslyn. 2000. “Turbulence, Chaos, and Complexity in Tourism Systems: A Research Direction for the New Millennium.” Tourism in the 21st Century: Reflections on Experience edited by Faulkner, Bill, Moscardo, G., Laws, E., London: Continuum.
  • Faulkner, Bill, ve Vikulov, Svetlana. 2001. “Katherine, Washed Out One Day, Back on Track the Next: A Post-Mortem of a Tourism Disaster.” Tourism Management, 22 (4): 331-344.
  • Faulkner, Bill. 2001. “Towards a Framework for Tourism Disaster Management.” Tourism Management, 22 (2): 135–147.
  • Fink, Steven. 1986. Crises Management: Planning for the Inevitable. New York: American Management Association.
  • Gülbahar, Yasemin, ve Alper, Ayfer. 2009. “Öğretim Teknolojileri Alanında Yapılan Araştırmalar.” Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 42 (2): 93-111.
  • Günbayı, İlhan, ve Taşdöğen, Bilge. 2012. “İlköğretim Okullarında Çalışan Öğretmenlerin Hizmet İçi Eğitim Programları Üzerine Görüşleri: Bir Durum Çalışması.” İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1 (3): 87-117.
  • Gurtner, Yetta. 2016. “Returning to Paradise: Investigating Issues of Tourism Crisis and Disaster Recovery on the Island of Bali.” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 28 (September): 11-19.
  • Hall, Michael, C. 2010. “Crisis Events in Tourism: Subjects of Crisis in Tourism.” Current Issues in Tourism, 13 (5): 401-417.
  • Heath, Robert. 1998. “Looking for Answers: Suggestions for Improving How We Evaluate Crisis Management.” Safety Science, 30 (1-2): 151-163.
  • Henderson, Joan. C., ve Ng, Alex. 2004. “Responding to Crisis: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Hotels in Singapore.” International Journal of Tourism Research, 6 (6): 411-419.
  • Hope, Christine, A., ve Klemm, Mary, S. 2001. “Tourism in Difficult Areas Revisited: The Case of Bradford.” Tourism Management, 22 (4): 629–655.
  • Israeli, Aviad, A., Mohsin, Asad, ve Kumar, Bhupesh. 2011. “Hospitality Crisis Management Practices: The Case of Indian Luxury Hotels.” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30 (2): 367-374.
  • Israeli, Aviad, A., ve Reichel, Arie. 2003. “Hospitality Crisis Management Practices: The Israeli Case.” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 22 (4): 353-372.
  • Johnson Tew, Paula, Lu, Zhen, Tolomiczenko, George, ve Gellatly, Joanne. 2008. “SARS: Lessons in Strategic Planning for Hoteliers and Destination Marketers.” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 20 (3): 332-346.
  • Kash, Toby, J., ve Darling, John, R., 1988. “Crises Management: Prevention, Diagnosis and Intervention.” Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 19 (4): 179–186.
  • Kılıçdere, Sibel, ve Çolakoğlu, Osman, Eralp 2017. “Seyahat Acentalarında Kriz Yönetimi Kapsamında 2016 Turizm Sezonunun Değerlendirilmesi.” Journal of Travel and Tourism Research, 12 (2017): 19-45.
  • Kovoor-Misra, Sarah, Clair, Judith A., ve Bettenhausen, Kenneth, L. 2001. “Clarifying the Attributes of Organizational Crises.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 67 (1): 77–91.Landis, Richard, J., ve Koch, Gary, G. 1977. “The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data.” Biometrics, 159-174.
  • Lerbinger, Otto. 1997. The Crisis Manager: Facing Risk and Responsibility. New Jersey: Lawrence Eribaum Associates.
  • Leslie, David. 1996. “Northern Ireland, Tourism and Peace.” Tourism Management, 17 (1): 51–55.
  • Leung, Paul, ve Lam, Terry. 2004. “Crisis Management During the SARS Threat: A Case Study of the Metropole Hotel in Hong Kong.” Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism, 3 (1): 47-57.
  • Lynch, Mary. 2004. “Weathering the Storm. A Crisis Management Guide for the Tourism Business.” Leicester: Troubador Publishing Ltd.
  • Malhotra, Richa, ve Venkatesh, Umashankar. 2009. “Pre-Crisis Period Planning: Lessons for Hospitality and Tourism.” Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 1 (1): 66-74.
  • Manap Davras, Gonca, ve Aktel, Mehmet. 2018. “2015-2016 Krizinin Türkiye Turizmine Yansımaları.” Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 9 (21): 27-38.
  • Mansfeld, Yoel. 1999. “Cycles of War, Terror and Peace: Determinants and Management of Crisis and Recovery of the Israeli Tourism Industry.” Journal of Travel Research, 38 (1): 30–36.
  • Marvel, Macy, W., ve Johnson, Colin, B., 1997. “A Crisis of Currency or Creativity? Problems and Prospects for the Swiss Hotel Industry.” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 16 (3): 279-288.
  • Merriam, Sharan, B. 2013. Nitel Araştırma Desen ve Uygulama İçin Bir Rehber. Ankara: Nobel Akademik.
  • Meyers, Gerald, C., ve Holusha, John. 1986. When it Hits the Fan: Managing the Nine Crises of Business. New York: Signet.
  • Mitki, Yoram, Herstein Ram, ve Jaffe, Eugene, D. 2011. “Repositioning Destination Brands at a Time of Crisis: Jerusalem.” Destination Brands: Managing Place Reputation edited by Morgan, Nigel, Pritchard, Annette, ve Pride, Roger. Routledge.
  • Mitroff, Ian, I. 2001. Managing Crises Before They Happen: What Every Executive and Manager Needs to Know about Crisis Management. New York: AMACOM/ American Management Association.
  • Mitroff, Ian, I. 2004. Crisis Leadership: Planning for the Unthinkable. NJ: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
  • Okumus, Fevzi, Altinay, Mehmet, ve Arasli, Huseyin. 2005. “The Impact of Turkey's Economic Crisis of February 2001 on the Tourism Industry in Northern Cyprus.” Tourism Management, 26 (1): 95-104.
  • Okumus, Fevzi, ve Karamustafa, Kurtulus. 2005. “Impact of an Economic Crisis Evidence from Turkey.” Annals of Tourism Research, 32 (4): 942–961Parsons, Will. 1996. “Crisis Management.” Career Development International, 1 (5): 26-28.
  • Pearson, Christine, M., ve Mitroff, Ian, I. 1993. “From Crisis Prone to Crisis Prepared: A Framework for Crisis Management.” The Academy of Management Executive, 7 (1): 48-59.
  • Pforr, Christof. 2009. “Crisis Management in Tourism: A Review of the Emergent Literature.” Crisis Management in The Tourism Industry: Beating the Odds? edited by Pforr, Christof, Hosie, P., England: Ashgate.
  • Pizam, Abraham, 1999. “A Comparative Approach to Classifying Acts of Crime and Violence at Tourism Destinations.” Journal of Travel Research, 38 (1): 5–12.
  • Pizam, Abraham, ve Mansfeld, Yoel. 1996. “Introduction.” In Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues, edited by Pizam, Abraham, ve Mansfeld, Yoel, UK: Wiley.
  • Racherla, Pradeep, ve Hu, Clark. 2009. “A Framework for Knowledge-Based Crisis Management in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry.” Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 50 (4): 561-577.
  • Reeves, R. 1987. “Thoughts on Terrorism.” Travel and Leisure, 17 (1): 64-66.
  • Richardson, Bill. 1994. “Crisis Management and Management Strategy: Time to Loop a Loop?” Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 3 (3): 59-80.
  • Ritchie, Brent, W. 2004. “Chaos, Crises and Disasters: Astrategic Approach to Crisis Management in the Tourism Industry.” Tourism Management, 25 (6): 669–683.
  • Ritchie, Brent, W., Bentley, Guy, Koruth, Thomas, ve Wang, Jie. 2011. “Proactive Crisis Planning: Lessons for the Accommodation Industry.” Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 11 (3): 367-386.
  • Ritchie, Brent,W. 2009. Crisis and Disaster Management for Tourism. Bristol, UK: Channel Publications.
  • Roberts, K.H., Madsen, P., ve Desai, V. 2007. “Organizational Sensemaking During Crisis.” International Handbook of Organizational Crisis Management edited by Pearson, Christine, Roux-Dufort, Christophe, Clair, Judith, Clair, A. Los Angeles: CA: Sage Publications Inc.
  • Roberts, Vaughan. 1994. “Flood Management: Bradford Paper.” Disaster Prevention and Management, 3 (3): 44–60.
  • Rousaki, Barbara, ve Alcott, Peter 2007. “Exploring the Crisis Readiness Perceptions of Hotel Managers in the UK.” Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7 (1): 27-38.
  • Ryan, Chris. 1991. Tourism, Terrorism and Violence: The Risks of Wider World Travel. London: Research Institute for the Study of Conflict and Terrorism.Santana, Gui. 2003. “Crisis Management and Tourism: Beyond the Rhetoric.” Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 15 (4): 299–321. Seymour Mike, ve Moore, Simon. 2000. Effective Crisis Management:Worldwide Principles and Practice London: Cassell.
  • Smith, Ginger, Stuart, Umpleby, A., ve Alex, Kobina, Armoo. 1999. “The Year 2000 Computer Crisis: How the Tourism Industry May Be Affected and How It Can Help.” Tourism Analysis 4 (2): 105-112.
  • Sonmez, Sevil, F., Apostolopoulos, Yiorgos, ve Tarlow, Peter. 1999. “Tourism in Crisis: Managing the Effects of Terrorism.” Journal of Travel Research, 38 (1): 13–18.
  • Speakman, Mark, ve Sharpley, Richard. 2012. “A Chaos Theory Perspective on Destination Crisis Management: Evidence from Mexico.” Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 1(1-2): 67-77.
  • Stafford, Greg, Yu, Larry, ve Armoo, Kobina, Alex. 2002. “Crisis Management and Recovery: How Washington, DC, Hotels Responded to Terrorism.” Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 43 (5): 27-40.
  • Tavşancıl, Ezel, ve Aslan, Esra. 2001. İçerik Analizi ve Uygulama Örnekleri. İstanbul: Epsilon Yayınları.
  • Taylor, Masako, S., ve Cathy, Enz, A. 2002. “Gms’ Responses to The Events of September 11, 2001: Voices from The Field.” Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 43 (1): 7-20.
  • Tse, Alan, Ching-biu. 2003. “Disintermediation of Travel Agents in the Hotel Industry.” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 22 (4): 453-460.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). 2018. Antalya'ya 2015-2016 Yıllarında Gelen Yabancı Ziyaretçi Sayısındaki Değişim Oranı. Erişim tarihi: (2018, Mart).
  • Türkiye’yi Ziyaret Eden Turist Sayısı. 2018. https://www.tursab.org.tr/tr/turizm-verileri/istatistikler/turist-sayisi-ve-turizm-geliri/2003 gelirsayi-ve-ortalama-harcama_68.html, erişim tarihi: 01.06.2018.
  • Wang, Jie, ve Ritchie, Brent, W. 2010. “A Theoretical Model for Strategic Crisis Planning: Factors Influencing Crisis Planning in the Hotel Industry.” International Journal of Tourism Policy, 3 (4): 297-317.
  • Yıldırım, Ali, ve Şimşek, Hasan. 2006. Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
Toplam 85 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yildirim Yılmaz

Caner Ünal 0000-0002-2591-3389

Aslihan Dursun Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-9794-4627

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ekim 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 56

Kaynak Göster

APA Yılmaz, Y., Ünal, C., & Dursun, A. (2019). Otel Yöneticilerinin 2016 Türkiye Turizm Krizine İlişkin Öngörüleri ve Kriz Yönetim Uygulamaları. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 14(56), 468-488.
AMA Yılmaz Y, Ünal C, Dursun A. Otel Yöneticilerinin 2016 Türkiye Turizm Krizine İlişkin Öngörüleri ve Kriz Yönetim Uygulamaları. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. Ekim 2019;14(56):468-488.
Chicago Yılmaz, Yildirim, Caner Ünal, ve Aslihan Dursun. “Otel Yöneticilerinin 2016 Türkiye Turizm Krizine İlişkin Öngörüleri Ve Kriz Yönetim Uygulamaları”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 14, sy. 56 (Ekim 2019): 468-88.
EndNote Yılmaz Y, Ünal C, Dursun A (01 Ekim 2019) Otel Yöneticilerinin 2016 Türkiye Turizm Krizine İlişkin Öngörüleri ve Kriz Yönetim Uygulamaları. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 14 56 468–488.
IEEE Y. Yılmaz, C. Ünal, ve A. Dursun, “Otel Yöneticilerinin 2016 Türkiye Turizm Krizine İlişkin Öngörüleri ve Kriz Yönetim Uygulamaları”, Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, c. 14, sy. 56, ss. 468–488, 2019.
ISNAD Yılmaz, Yildirim vd. “Otel Yöneticilerinin 2016 Türkiye Turizm Krizine İlişkin Öngörüleri Ve Kriz Yönetim Uygulamaları”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 14/56 (Ekim 2019), 468-488.
JAMA Yılmaz Y, Ünal C, Dursun A. Otel Yöneticilerinin 2016 Türkiye Turizm Krizine İlişkin Öngörüleri ve Kriz Yönetim Uygulamaları. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. 2019;14:468–488.
MLA Yılmaz, Yildirim vd. “Otel Yöneticilerinin 2016 Türkiye Turizm Krizine İlişkin Öngörüleri Ve Kriz Yönetim Uygulamaları”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, c. 14, sy. 56, 2019, ss. 468-8.
Vancouver Yılmaz Y, Ünal C, Dursun A. Otel Yöneticilerinin 2016 Türkiye Turizm Krizine İlişkin Öngörüleri ve Kriz Yönetim Uygulamaları. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. 2019;14(56):468-8.