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Yapı Taşı Olarak Kullanılan Volkanik Kayaçların Kılcal Su Emme Kapasitesine Sıcaklık ve Tuzlu Suyun Etkisi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 17 - 47, 30.06.2023

Öz

Doğal yapı taşlarının ana bozulma faktörlerinden biri, malzemeye giren sıvıların varlığıdır. Yapı taşlarına sıvı girişinin en yaygın mekanizması kılcal su emilimidir. Yapı taşlarının bozulması için önemli bir higrotermal malzeme özelliği olan kılcal su emme kapasitesinin bilinmesi gerekmektedir. Bu amaçla Ayazini tüfü ve İscehisar andezitinde 5 farklı su sıcaklığının (22, 30, 40, 50 ve 60 oC) hem suda hem de tuzlu (NaCl) sudaki etkileri incelenmiştir. 2880 dakika sonunda 22 oC'de Ayazini tüfü tuzlu suda suya göre %10.47, 30 oC'de %6.46 daha fazla kılcal su emmiştir. Su sıcaklığı 40 oC'ye yükseldiğinde kılcal suyu %7,18, 50 oC'de %3,22 ve 60 oC'de %3,86 oranında emdiği hesaplanmıştır. İscehisar andezitinde 2880 dakika sonunda tuzlu su 22 oC'de %36,70, 30 oC'de ise %57,21 daha fazla kılcal su emmiştir. 40 oC'de %27,42, 50 oC'de %20,84 ve 60 oC'de %10,85 kapiler su emmiştir. Tuzlu su emme oranı açısından ise su sıcaklığının 50 ve 60 oC'ye çıkması halinde su emme miktarının azaldığı tespit edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Akın, M., Dinçer, İ., Özvan, A., Oyan, V., Tapan, M. (2016). İgnimbiritlerdeki kılcal su emme özelliğinin Ahlat Selçuklu mezar taşlarının bozunmasındaki rolü., Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi 40(2), 149–165, (in Turkish).
  • Alves, C., Figueiredo, C., Sanjurjo-Sánchez, J. (2020), Rock features and alteration of stone materials used for the built environment: a review of recent publications on ageing tests. Geosciences 10(3), 91.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10030091
  • Çelik, M.Y. (2017). Water absorption and P-wave velocity changes during freeze–thaw weathering process of crosscut travertine rocks, Environ Earth Sci 76, 409. doi 10.1007/s12665-017-6632-7
  • Çelik, M.Y., Arsoy, Z., Sert, M. (2019a). The significance of İscehisar (Afyonkarahisar) andesite from ancient times and their properties of historical buildings stone resource. 10th International Marble and Natural Stone Congress and Exhibition (MERSEM 2019.) Bursa, Türkiye.
  • Çelik, M.Y., Arsoy, Z., Sert, M., Kahraman, B. (2019c). Ayazini (Afyonkarahisar) tüflerinde sıcaklığın zamana bağlı su emme özelliğine etkisinin incelenmesi. Proceedings of the 26th International Mining Congress and Exhibition of Turkey, IMCET 2019. Antalya, Türkiye. (in Turkish).
  • Çelik, M.Y., Kaçmaz, A.U. (2016). The investigation of static and dynamic capillary by water absorption in porous building stones under normal and salty water conditions, Environ Earth Sci 75, 307. doi 10.1007/s12665-015-5132-x
  • Çelik, M.Y., Sert, M. (2020). An assessment of pore size distribution changes of the andesite (İscehisar, Turkey) used as building stone in relation to the six artificial accelerated ageing factors. Geoheritage 12, 71.. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-020-00501-3,
  • Çelik, M.Y., Sert, M. (2021). An assessment of capillary water absorption changes related to the different salt solutions and their concentrations ratios of the Döğer tuff (Afyonkarahisar-Turkey) used as building stone of cultural heritages, Journal of Building Engineering, 35, 102102.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.102102
  • Çelik, M.Y., Sert, M. (2022). An investigation of the pore size distribution variations with salt crystallization tests of Dӧǧer tuff (Afyonkarahisar-Turkey), Bull Eng Geol Environ 81, 48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02549-z
  • Çelik, M.Y., Sert, M., Arsoy,. Z. (2019b). Yüzey koruyucu reçinenin Döğer tüfü ve andezitin kılcal su emme potansiyeli üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi, Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 24(3):319–338 (in Turkish). doi: 10.17482/uumfd.476527
  • Çelik, M.Y., Yılmaz, S. (2018). Influence of the static, salty, acidic hydrous environments on the capillarity potential of the porously building stone, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University 33(2), 591-607.
  • DIN .(1993). 66131: Bestimmung der spezifischen Oberfläche von Feststoffen durch Gasadsorption nach Brunauer, Emmett und Teller (BET). Beuth, Berlin.
  • Dinçer, İ., Bostancı, M. (2019). Capillary water absorption characteristics of some Cappadocian ignimbrites and the role of capillarity on their deterioration, Environ Earth Sci, 78, 7.
  • Feng, M., Cao, X., Yuan, K. et al. (2022). Influence of acidic environment on damage mechanism of sandstone under different climatic temperatures, Bull Eng Geol Environ 81, 452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-02951-1
  • Germinario, L., Török, Á. (2020). Surface weathering of tuffs: compositional and microstructural changes in the building stones of the Medieval Castles of Hungary, Minerals, 10(4), 376.
  • Göncer, S. (1971). Afyon İli Tarihi, (History of Afyon Province) Cilt 1. (in Turkish) Karınca Matbaacılık ve Ticaret Kollektif Şirketi, İzmir.
  • Goudie, A.S., Viles, H.A. (1997). Salt weathering hazard. Wiley, London
  • Graue, B., Siegesmund, S., Middendorf, B. (2011). Quality assessment of replacement stones for the Cologne Cathedral: mineralogical and petrophysical requirements, Environ Earth Sci 63,1799–1822. doi: 10.1007/s12665-011-1077-x
  • İnce, İ. (2021). Relationship between capillary water absorption value, capillary water absorption speed, and capillary rise height in pyroclastic rocks, Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration, 38, 841–853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-020-00354-y
  • IUPAC (1976) Manual of symbols and terminology for physicochemical quantities and units — appendix II. Definitions, terminology and symbols in colloid and surface chemistry. Part II: heterogeneous catalysis. Pure Appl Chem 46(1):71–90.
  • Karagiannis, N., Karoglou, M., Bakolas, A., Krokida, M.K., Moropoulou, A. (2019). The influence of dynamic environmental conditions on capillary water uptake of building materials, J Build Phys 42(4),506. doi.org/10.1177/1744259118773
  • Karagiannis, N., Karoglou, M., Bakolas, A., Moropoulou, A. (2016). Effect of temperature on water capillary rise coefficient of building materials, Build Environ, 106, 402–408. doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.07.008
  • Khodabandeh, M.A., Rozgonyi-Boissinot, N. (2022). The effect of salt weathering and water absorption on the ultrasonic pulse velocities of highly porous limestone, Period Polytech, Civ Eng 66(2), 627–639. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPci.18647
  • Klopfer, H. (1985). Feuchte, In: Lutz, P. et al. (eds) Lehrbuch der Bauphysik (pp 329–472), Teubner, Stuttgart.
  • Korkanç, M. (2018). Characterization of building stones from the ancient Tyana aqueducts, Central Anatolia, Turkey: implications on the factors of deterioration processes, Bull Eng Geol Environ, 77, 237–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-016-0930-2
  • Li, Z., Xu, G., Zhao Fu, Y., Su, C. (2019). Experimental study on water absorption and weakening of Silurian argillite, Geotech Geol Eng, 37, 3881–3890. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-019-00878-1
  • Lu, J., Wang, K., Qu, M.-L. (2020). Experimental determination on the capillary water absorption coefficient of porous building materials: A comparison between the intermittent and continuous absorption tests, J Build Eng, 28, 101091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101091
  • Lubelli, B., van Hees, R.P.J., Hacquebord, A. (2013). Experimental study of the distribution of chemical products against rising damp in substrates with different water saturation degrees. Constr Build Mater 40, 891–898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.062
  • Martínez-Martínez, J., Pola, A., García-Sánchez, L., Reyes Agustin, G., Osorio Ocampo, L.S., Macías Vázquez, J.L., Robles-Camacho, J. (2018). Building stones used in the architectural heritage of Morelia (México): Quarries location, rock durability and stone compatibility in the monument, Environ Earth Sci, 77, 167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7340-7
  • Özdemir, M.A., Kaymak, H., Kulaksız, E.E. (2023). Weathering geomorphology of Mount Ağın Andesites located in cool humid environment in Afyonkarahisar/Turkey, Physical Geography, 44:3, 330-361. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/02723646.2022.2032922
  • Qiao, L., Wang, Z., Huang, A. (2017) Alteration of mesoscopic properties and mechanical behavior of sandstone due to hydro-physical and hydro-chemical effects, Rock Mech Rock Eng, 50, 255–267. DOI 10.1007/s00603-016-1111-0
  • Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Doehne, E. (1999). Salt weathering: influence of evaporation rate, supersaturation and crystallization pattern, Earth Surf Processes Landforms 24(3), 191-209. doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199903)
  • Siegesmund, S., Dürrast, H. (2011). Physical and mechanical properties of rocks. In: Stone in architecture, 4th edition, Siegesmund S, Snethlage R eds. (pp. 97-225) Berlin: Springer.
  • Siegesmund, S., Weiss, T., Vollbrecht, A. (2002). Natural stone, weathering phenomena, conservation strategies and case studies: introduction, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 205, 1 – 7.
  • Snethlage, R. (2005). Leitfaden Steinkonservierung, Stuttgart: Fraunhofer IRB.
  • Sousa, L., Menningen, J., López-Doncel, R., Siegesmund, S. (2021). Petrophysical properties of limestones: influence on behaviour under different environmental conditions and applications, Environ Earth Sci, 80, 814. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-10064-3
  • Török, Á., Vogt, T., Löbens, S., Forgó, L.Z., Siegesmund, S., Weiss, T. (2005). Weathering forms of rhyolite tuffs, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften. 156(1), 177–187.
  • TS EN .(2000). 1925 : Natural stone test methods-Determination of water absorption coefficient by capillarity. Ankara, Turkey: Turkish Standards Institute.
  • TS EN .(2006). 14579 : Natural stone test methods: determination of sound speed propagation. Ankara, Turkey:Turkish Standards Institute.
  • TS EN .(2007). 1926: Natural stone test methods-determination of uniaxial compressive strength. Ankara, Turkey: Turkish Standards Institute.
  • TS EN .(2009). 13755 : Natural stone test methods-determination of water absorption at atmospheric pressure. Ankara, Turkey: Turkish Standards Institute.
  • TS EN .(2010). 1936: Natural stone test methods-determination of real density and apparent density and of total and open porosity. Ankara, Turkey: Turkish Standards Institute.
  • Vázquez, P., Alonso, F.J., Esbert, R.M., Ordaz, J. (2010). Ornamental granites: relationships between P-waves velocity, water capillary absorption and the crack network, Constr Build Mater 24(12),2536–2541.
  • Veran‐Tissoires, S., Marcoux, M., Prat, M. (2012). Discrete salt crystallization at the surface of a porous medium, Phys Rev Lett, 108, 054502. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.054502
  • Wedekind, W., Lopez-Doncel, R., Dohrmann, R., Kocher, M., Siegesmund, S. (2013). Weathering of volcanic tuff rocks caused by moisture expansion, Environ Earth Sci 69,1203–1224. doi: 10.1007/s12665-012-2158-1
  • Winkler, E.M. (1973). Stone: Properties, durability in man´s environment. Wien, New York: Springer-Verlag,
  • Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Huang, J. (2022). Experimental study on capillary water absorption of sandstones from different grotto heritage sites in China,Herit Sci 10, 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-022-00656-y

The Effect of Temperature and Salty Water on the Capillary Water Absorption Capacity of Volcanic Rocks Used as Building Stones

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 17 - 47, 30.06.2023

Öz

One of the main deterioration factors of natural building stones is the presence of liquids entering the material. The most common mechanism of liquid ingress into building stones is capillary water absorption. It is necessary to know the capillary water absorption capacity, an important hygrothermal material feature for the deterioration of building stones. For this purpose, the effects of 5 different water temperatures (22, 30, 40, 50, and 60 oC) in both water and salty (NaCl) water in Ayazini tuff and İscehisar andesite were investigated. At the end of 2880 min, at 22 oC, Ayazini tuff absorbed 10.47% more capillary water in salty water than in water and 6.46% more capillary water at 30 oC. It was calculated that when the water temperature rises to 40 oC, it absorbs capillary water at 7.18%, 3.22% at 50 oC, and 3.86% at 60 oC. In the İscehisar andesite at the end of 2880 min, salty water absorbed 36.70% more capillary water at 22 oC and 57.21% more at 30 oC than water. It absorbed capillary water 27.42% at 40 oC, 20.84% at 50 oC, and 10.85% at 60 oC. In terms of salty water absorption rate, it has been determined that the water absorption amount decreases if the water temperature rises to 50 and 60 oC.

Kaynakça

  • Akın, M., Dinçer, İ., Özvan, A., Oyan, V., Tapan, M. (2016). İgnimbiritlerdeki kılcal su emme özelliğinin Ahlat Selçuklu mezar taşlarının bozunmasındaki rolü., Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi 40(2), 149–165, (in Turkish).
  • Alves, C., Figueiredo, C., Sanjurjo-Sánchez, J. (2020), Rock features and alteration of stone materials used for the built environment: a review of recent publications on ageing tests. Geosciences 10(3), 91.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10030091
  • Çelik, M.Y. (2017). Water absorption and P-wave velocity changes during freeze–thaw weathering process of crosscut travertine rocks, Environ Earth Sci 76, 409. doi 10.1007/s12665-017-6632-7
  • Çelik, M.Y., Arsoy, Z., Sert, M. (2019a). The significance of İscehisar (Afyonkarahisar) andesite from ancient times and their properties of historical buildings stone resource. 10th International Marble and Natural Stone Congress and Exhibition (MERSEM 2019.) Bursa, Türkiye.
  • Çelik, M.Y., Arsoy, Z., Sert, M., Kahraman, B. (2019c). Ayazini (Afyonkarahisar) tüflerinde sıcaklığın zamana bağlı su emme özelliğine etkisinin incelenmesi. Proceedings of the 26th International Mining Congress and Exhibition of Turkey, IMCET 2019. Antalya, Türkiye. (in Turkish).
  • Çelik, M.Y., Kaçmaz, A.U. (2016). The investigation of static and dynamic capillary by water absorption in porous building stones under normal and salty water conditions, Environ Earth Sci 75, 307. doi 10.1007/s12665-015-5132-x
  • Çelik, M.Y., Sert, M. (2020). An assessment of pore size distribution changes of the andesite (İscehisar, Turkey) used as building stone in relation to the six artificial accelerated ageing factors. Geoheritage 12, 71.. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-020-00501-3,
  • Çelik, M.Y., Sert, M. (2021). An assessment of capillary water absorption changes related to the different salt solutions and their concentrations ratios of the Döğer tuff (Afyonkarahisar-Turkey) used as building stone of cultural heritages, Journal of Building Engineering, 35, 102102.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.102102
  • Çelik, M.Y., Sert, M. (2022). An investigation of the pore size distribution variations with salt crystallization tests of Dӧǧer tuff (Afyonkarahisar-Turkey), Bull Eng Geol Environ 81, 48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02549-z
  • Çelik, M.Y., Sert, M., Arsoy,. Z. (2019b). Yüzey koruyucu reçinenin Döğer tüfü ve andezitin kılcal su emme potansiyeli üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi, Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 24(3):319–338 (in Turkish). doi: 10.17482/uumfd.476527
  • Çelik, M.Y., Yılmaz, S. (2018). Influence of the static, salty, acidic hydrous environments on the capillarity potential of the porously building stone, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University 33(2), 591-607.
  • DIN .(1993). 66131: Bestimmung der spezifischen Oberfläche von Feststoffen durch Gasadsorption nach Brunauer, Emmett und Teller (BET). Beuth, Berlin.
  • Dinçer, İ., Bostancı, M. (2019). Capillary water absorption characteristics of some Cappadocian ignimbrites and the role of capillarity on their deterioration, Environ Earth Sci, 78, 7.
  • Feng, M., Cao, X., Yuan, K. et al. (2022). Influence of acidic environment on damage mechanism of sandstone under different climatic temperatures, Bull Eng Geol Environ 81, 452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-02951-1
  • Germinario, L., Török, Á. (2020). Surface weathering of tuffs: compositional and microstructural changes in the building stones of the Medieval Castles of Hungary, Minerals, 10(4), 376.
  • Göncer, S. (1971). Afyon İli Tarihi, (History of Afyon Province) Cilt 1. (in Turkish) Karınca Matbaacılık ve Ticaret Kollektif Şirketi, İzmir.
  • Goudie, A.S., Viles, H.A. (1997). Salt weathering hazard. Wiley, London
  • Graue, B., Siegesmund, S., Middendorf, B. (2011). Quality assessment of replacement stones for the Cologne Cathedral: mineralogical and petrophysical requirements, Environ Earth Sci 63,1799–1822. doi: 10.1007/s12665-011-1077-x
  • İnce, İ. (2021). Relationship between capillary water absorption value, capillary water absorption speed, and capillary rise height in pyroclastic rocks, Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration, 38, 841–853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-020-00354-y
  • IUPAC (1976) Manual of symbols and terminology for physicochemical quantities and units — appendix II. Definitions, terminology and symbols in colloid and surface chemistry. Part II: heterogeneous catalysis. Pure Appl Chem 46(1):71–90.
  • Karagiannis, N., Karoglou, M., Bakolas, A., Krokida, M.K., Moropoulou, A. (2019). The influence of dynamic environmental conditions on capillary water uptake of building materials, J Build Phys 42(4),506. doi.org/10.1177/1744259118773
  • Karagiannis, N., Karoglou, M., Bakolas, A., Moropoulou, A. (2016). Effect of temperature on water capillary rise coefficient of building materials, Build Environ, 106, 402–408. doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.07.008
  • Khodabandeh, M.A., Rozgonyi-Boissinot, N. (2022). The effect of salt weathering and water absorption on the ultrasonic pulse velocities of highly porous limestone, Period Polytech, Civ Eng 66(2), 627–639. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPci.18647
  • Klopfer, H. (1985). Feuchte, In: Lutz, P. et al. (eds) Lehrbuch der Bauphysik (pp 329–472), Teubner, Stuttgart.
  • Korkanç, M. (2018). Characterization of building stones from the ancient Tyana aqueducts, Central Anatolia, Turkey: implications on the factors of deterioration processes, Bull Eng Geol Environ, 77, 237–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-016-0930-2
  • Li, Z., Xu, G., Zhao Fu, Y., Su, C. (2019). Experimental study on water absorption and weakening of Silurian argillite, Geotech Geol Eng, 37, 3881–3890. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-019-00878-1
  • Lu, J., Wang, K., Qu, M.-L. (2020). Experimental determination on the capillary water absorption coefficient of porous building materials: A comparison between the intermittent and continuous absorption tests, J Build Eng, 28, 101091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101091
  • Lubelli, B., van Hees, R.P.J., Hacquebord, A. (2013). Experimental study of the distribution of chemical products against rising damp in substrates with different water saturation degrees. Constr Build Mater 40, 891–898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.062
  • Martínez-Martínez, J., Pola, A., García-Sánchez, L., Reyes Agustin, G., Osorio Ocampo, L.S., Macías Vázquez, J.L., Robles-Camacho, J. (2018). Building stones used in the architectural heritage of Morelia (México): Quarries location, rock durability and stone compatibility in the monument, Environ Earth Sci, 77, 167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7340-7
  • Özdemir, M.A., Kaymak, H., Kulaksız, E.E. (2023). Weathering geomorphology of Mount Ağın Andesites located in cool humid environment in Afyonkarahisar/Turkey, Physical Geography, 44:3, 330-361. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/02723646.2022.2032922
  • Qiao, L., Wang, Z., Huang, A. (2017) Alteration of mesoscopic properties and mechanical behavior of sandstone due to hydro-physical and hydro-chemical effects, Rock Mech Rock Eng, 50, 255–267. DOI 10.1007/s00603-016-1111-0
  • Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Doehne, E. (1999). Salt weathering: influence of evaporation rate, supersaturation and crystallization pattern, Earth Surf Processes Landforms 24(3), 191-209. doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199903)
  • Siegesmund, S., Dürrast, H. (2011). Physical and mechanical properties of rocks. In: Stone in architecture, 4th edition, Siegesmund S, Snethlage R eds. (pp. 97-225) Berlin: Springer.
  • Siegesmund, S., Weiss, T., Vollbrecht, A. (2002). Natural stone, weathering phenomena, conservation strategies and case studies: introduction, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 205, 1 – 7.
  • Snethlage, R. (2005). Leitfaden Steinkonservierung, Stuttgart: Fraunhofer IRB.
  • Sousa, L., Menningen, J., López-Doncel, R., Siegesmund, S. (2021). Petrophysical properties of limestones: influence on behaviour under different environmental conditions and applications, Environ Earth Sci, 80, 814. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-10064-3
  • Török, Á., Vogt, T., Löbens, S., Forgó, L.Z., Siegesmund, S., Weiss, T. (2005). Weathering forms of rhyolite tuffs, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften. 156(1), 177–187.
  • TS EN .(2000). 1925 : Natural stone test methods-Determination of water absorption coefficient by capillarity. Ankara, Turkey: Turkish Standards Institute.
  • TS EN .(2006). 14579 : Natural stone test methods: determination of sound speed propagation. Ankara, Turkey:Turkish Standards Institute.
  • TS EN .(2007). 1926: Natural stone test methods-determination of uniaxial compressive strength. Ankara, Turkey: Turkish Standards Institute.
  • TS EN .(2009). 13755 : Natural stone test methods-determination of water absorption at atmospheric pressure. Ankara, Turkey: Turkish Standards Institute.
  • TS EN .(2010). 1936: Natural stone test methods-determination of real density and apparent density and of total and open porosity. Ankara, Turkey: Turkish Standards Institute.
  • Vázquez, P., Alonso, F.J., Esbert, R.M., Ordaz, J. (2010). Ornamental granites: relationships between P-waves velocity, water capillary absorption and the crack network, Constr Build Mater 24(12),2536–2541.
  • Veran‐Tissoires, S., Marcoux, M., Prat, M. (2012). Discrete salt crystallization at the surface of a porous medium, Phys Rev Lett, 108, 054502. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.054502
  • Wedekind, W., Lopez-Doncel, R., Dohrmann, R., Kocher, M., Siegesmund, S. (2013). Weathering of volcanic tuff rocks caused by moisture expansion, Environ Earth Sci 69,1203–1224. doi: 10.1007/s12665-012-2158-1
  • Winkler, E.M. (1973). Stone: Properties, durability in man´s environment. Wien, New York: Springer-Verlag,
  • Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Huang, J. (2022). Experimental study on capillary water absorption of sandstones from different grotto heritage sites in China,Herit Sci 10, 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-022-00656-y
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Yapı Teknolojisi, İnşaat Yapım Mühendisliği, Yapı Malzemeleri
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Mustafa Yavuz Çelik 0000-0002-9695-7370

İzzet Köken 0000-0003-3476-2743

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 27 Haziran 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çelik, M. Y., & Köken, İ. (2023). The Effect of Temperature and Salty Water on the Capillary Water Absorption Capacity of Volcanic Rocks Used as Building Stones. Journal of Innovations in Civil Engineering and Technology, 5(1), 17-47.