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Toilet Training Individuals with Developmental Delays: A Comprehensive Review

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 120 - 137, 30.06.2020

Dincer Saral Burcu Ulke-kurkcuoglu

https://doi.org/10.20489/intjecse.728240

Öz

Acquisition of toileting skills is of vital significance for children with developmental disabilities (DD) because individuals with DD are often delayed in or fail acquiring these skills. The purpose of the study is to comprehensively review the studies demonstrating the effectiveness of toilet training for children with DD between 2009 and 2019. In this literature search, four databases (ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost, Wiley Online Library and SpringerLink) were searched by using eight keywords and a total of 1360 studies were identified. The studies were evaluated in terms of eligibility criteria and 23 studies were included in the review. Authors examined the studies by the demographic, methodological and outcome characteristics. The review highlighted that toilet training programs, packages or protocols are developed according to researchers’ preferences and participant characteristics, as such, there is still no agreement on a common toileting program in literature. Directions for future research are also discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Toilet training developmental disabilities autism continence review

Kaynakça

  • Ardic, A., & Cavkaytar, A. (2014). Effectiveness of the modified intensive toilet training method on teaching toilet skills to children with autism. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 49(2), 263-276.
  • Axelrod, M. I., Tornehl, M., & Fontanini-Axelrod, A. (2016). Co-occurring autism and intellectual disability: A treatment for encopresis using a behavioral intervention plus laxative across settings. Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology, 4(1), 1. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cpp0000131
  • Brown, F. J., & Peace, N. (2011). Teaching a child with challenging behavior to use the toilet: a clinical case study. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 39(4), 321-326. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.2011.00676.x
  • Byra, K. L., White, S., Temple, M., & Cameron, M. J. (2018). An Approach to Cleanliness Training to Support Bathroom Hygiene among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 11(2), 139-143. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-017-0205-9
  • Call, N. A., Mevers, J. L., McElhanon, B. O., & Scheithauer, M. C. (2017). A multidisciplinary treatment for encopresis in children with developmental disabilities. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 50(2), 332-344. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.379
  • Carr, J. E., Austin, J. L., Britton, L. N., Kellum, K. K., & Bailey, J. S. (1999). An assessment of social validity trends in applied behavior analysis. Behavioral Interventions: Theory & Practice in Residential & Community‐Based Clinical Programs, 14(4), 223-231.
  • Chang, Y. J., Lee, M. Y., Chou, L. D., Chen, S. F., & Chen, Y. C. (2011). A mobile wetness detection system enabling teachers to toilet train children with intellectual disabilities in a public-school setting. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 23(6), 527-533. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-011-9243-3
  • Cicero, F. R., & Pfadt, A. (2002). Investigation of a reinforcement-based toilet training procedure for children with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 23(5), 319-331. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0891-4222(02)00136-1
  • Cocchiola, M. A., Martino, G. M., Dwyer, L. J., & Demezzo, K. (2012). Toilet training children with autism and developmental delays: An effective program for school settings. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 5(2), 60-64.
  • Cox, D. J., Morris Jr, J. B., Borowitz, S. M., & Sutphen, J. L. (2002). Psychological differences between children with and without chronic encopresis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 27(7), 585-591. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/27.7.585
  • Dalrymple, N. J., & Ruble, L. A. (1992). Toilet training and behaviors of people with autism: Parent views. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 22(2), 265-275. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01058155
  • Doan, D., & Toussaint, K. A. (2017). A parent-oriented approach to rapid toilet training. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 9(2), 473-486.
  • Drysdale, B., Lee, C. Y. Q., Anderson, A., & Moore, D. W. (2015). Using video modeling incorporating animation to teach toileting to two children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 27(2), 149-165. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-014-9405-1
  • Francis, K., Mannion, A., & Leader, G. (2017). The assessment and treatment of toileting difficulties in individuals with autism spectrum disorder and other developmental disabilities. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 4(3), 190-204. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-017-0107-3
  • Greer, B. D., Neidert, P. L., & Dozier, C. L. (2016). A component analysis of toilet‐training procedures recommended for young children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 49(1), 69-84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.275
  • Holcombe, A., Wolery, M., & Gast, D. L. (1994). Comparative single-subject research: Description of designs and discussion of problems. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 14(1), 119-145. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/027112149401400111
  • Henriksen, N., & Peterson, S. (2013). Behavioral treatment of bedwetting in an adolescent with autism. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 25(3), 313-323. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-012-9308-y
  • Hyams, G., McCoull, K., Smith, P. S., & Tyrer, S. P. (1992). Behavioural continence training in mental handicap: a 10‐year follow‐up study. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 36(6), 551-558. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.1992.tb00573.x
  • Joinson, C., Heron, J., Butler, U., von Gontard, A., & Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Study Team. (2006). Psychological differences between children with and without soiling problems. Pediatrics, 117(5), 1575-1584.
  • Keen, D., Brannigan, K. L., & Cuskelly, M. (2007). Toilet training for children with autism: The effects of video modeling. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 19(4), 291-303. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-007-9044-x
  • Kircaali-Iftar, G., Ulke-Kurkcuoglu, B. & Kurt, O. (2014). Otistik çocuklar için davranışsal eğitim programı II (OCIDEP) [Behavioral Intervention for Autistic Children I]. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Kircaali-Iftar, G., Ulke-Kurkcuoglu, B., Cetin, O., & Unlu, E. (2009). Intensive daytime toilet training of two children with autism: Implementing and monitoring systematically guarantees success!. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 1(2), 117-126.
  • Kroeger, K. A., & Sorensen-Burnworth, R. (2009). Toilet training individuals with autism and other developmental disabilities: A critical review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3(3), 607-618. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2009.01.005
  • Kroeger, K., & Sorensen, R. (2010). A parent training model for toilet training children with autism. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(6), 556-567. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01286.x
  • Kurniawan, R., Purnamasari, W. M., Rakhmawati, R., & Jalaputra, D. P. E. (2018). Development of Game for Self-Help Toilet Learning for Children with Autism. CommIT (Communication and Information Technology) Journal, 12(1), 1-12.
  • Leader, G., Francis, K., Mannion, A., & Chen, J. (2018). Toileting Problems in Children and Adolescents with Parent-Reported Diagnoses of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 30(3), 307-327. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/S10882-018-9587-Z
  • Lee, C. Y. Q., Anderson, A., & Moore, D. W. (2014). Using video modeling to toilet train a child with autism. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 26(2), 123-134. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-013-9348-y
  • Levato, L. E., Aponte, C. A., Wilkins, J., Travis, R., Aiello, R., Zanibbi, K., ... & Mruzek, D. W. (2016). Use of urine alarms in toilet training children with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A review. Research in developmental disabilities, 53, 232-241. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2016.02.007
  • Lott, J. D., & Kroeger, K. A. (2004). Self-help skills in persons with mental retardation. Behavior modification for persons with developmental disabilities: Treatment and supports, 2, 33-63.
  • Mannion, A., & Leader, G. (2013). Comorbidity in autism spectrum disorder: A literature review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7(12), 1595-1616. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2013.09.006
  • Matson, J. L., Horovitz, M., & Sipes, M. (2011). Characteristics of individuals with toileting problems and intellectual disability using the Profile of Toileting Issues (POTI). Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 4(1), 53-63. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19315864.2010.531443
  • McLay, L., Carnett, A., Van Der Meer, L., & Lang, R. (2015). Using a video modeling-based intervention package to toilet train two children with autism. Journal of developmental and physical disabilities, 27(4), 431-451. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-015-9426-4
  • Mruzek, D. W., McAleavey, S., Engel, S., & Smith, T. (2016). A novel enuresis alarm for toilet training students with intellectual disability: an initial evaluation in a school setting. Journal of Special Education Technology, 31(4), 217-227. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0162643416673915
  • Ohtake, Y., Takahashi, A., & Watanabe, K. (2015). Using an animated cartoon hero in video instruction to improve bathroom-related skills of a student with autism spectrum disorder. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 50(3), 343-355.
  • Ozcan, N., & Cavkaytar, A. (2009). Parents as teachers: Teaching parents how to teach toilet skills to their children with autism and mental retardation. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 44(2), 237-243.
  • Ozkubat, U., & Toret, G. (2014). Zihinsel Yetersizliği Olan Çocuklara Gündüz Tuvalet Kontrolü Becerisi Öğretiminde Anneleri Tarafından Sunulan Geleneksel Gündüz Tuvalet Kontrolü Öğretimin Etkililiği (Effectiveness of a Toilet Training Program for Children with Intellectual Disabilities Provided by Their Mothers). Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 35(35), 61-84.
  • Rinald, K., & Mirenda, P. (2012). Effectiveness of a modified rapid toilet training workshop for parents of children with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33(3), 933-943. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2012.01.003
  • Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G. (2008). Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(8), 921-929. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e318179964f
  • Sonmez, N., & Aykut, Ç. (2011). Using mother delivered simultaneous prompting for teaching independent toileting skills to a child with developmental disability. Journal of Human Sciences, 8(1), 1151-1171.
  • Suppo, J. L., & Mayton, M. R. (2012). A portable potty plan for children with autism. Young Exceptional Children, 15(4), 3-16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1096250612451758
  • Sutherland, J., Carnett, A., van der Meer, L., Waddington, H., Bravo, A., & McLay, L. (2017). Intensive toilet training targeting defecation for a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Research and Practice in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 5(1), 87-97. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/23297018.2017.1360153
  • Szyndler, J. (1996). Toileting problems in a group of children with autism. Child Psychology and Psychiatry Review, 1(1), 19-25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3588.1996.tb00004.x
  • Unlu, E. (2019). Parent implemented program for teaching toileting skills for children with developmental disabilities. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 11(2), 92-104. doi: https://doi.org/10.20489/intjecse.640348
  • Van Der Wal, M. F., Benninga, M. A., & Hirasing, R. A. (2005). The prevalence of encopresis in a multicultural population. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 40(3), 345-348. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.MPG.0000149964.77418.27
  • Van Oorsouw, W. M., Duker, P. C., Melein, L., & Averink, M. (2009). Long-term effectiveness of the response restriction method for establishing diurnal bladder control. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30(6), 1388-1393. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2009.06.006
  • Wolery, M., Ault, M. J., & Doyle, P. M. (1992). Teaching students with moderate to severe disabilities: Use of response prompting strategies. Longman Publishing Group

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 120 - 137, 30.06.2020

Dincer Saral Burcu Ulke-kurkcuoglu

https://doi.org/10.20489/intjecse.728240

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Ardic, A., & Cavkaytar, A. (2014). Effectiveness of the modified intensive toilet training method on teaching toilet skills to children with autism. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 49(2), 263-276.
  • Axelrod, M. I., Tornehl, M., & Fontanini-Axelrod, A. (2016). Co-occurring autism and intellectual disability: A treatment for encopresis using a behavioral intervention plus laxative across settings. Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology, 4(1), 1. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cpp0000131
  • Brown, F. J., & Peace, N. (2011). Teaching a child with challenging behavior to use the toilet: a clinical case study. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 39(4), 321-326. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.2011.00676.x
  • Byra, K. L., White, S., Temple, M., & Cameron, M. J. (2018). An Approach to Cleanliness Training to Support Bathroom Hygiene among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 11(2), 139-143. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-017-0205-9
  • Call, N. A., Mevers, J. L., McElhanon, B. O., & Scheithauer, M. C. (2017). A multidisciplinary treatment for encopresis in children with developmental disabilities. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 50(2), 332-344. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.379
  • Carr, J. E., Austin, J. L., Britton, L. N., Kellum, K. K., & Bailey, J. S. (1999). An assessment of social validity trends in applied behavior analysis. Behavioral Interventions: Theory & Practice in Residential & Community‐Based Clinical Programs, 14(4), 223-231.
  • Chang, Y. J., Lee, M. Y., Chou, L. D., Chen, S. F., & Chen, Y. C. (2011). A mobile wetness detection system enabling teachers to toilet train children with intellectual disabilities in a public-school setting. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 23(6), 527-533. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-011-9243-3
  • Cicero, F. R., & Pfadt, A. (2002). Investigation of a reinforcement-based toilet training procedure for children with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 23(5), 319-331. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0891-4222(02)00136-1
  • Cocchiola, M. A., Martino, G. M., Dwyer, L. J., & Demezzo, K. (2012). Toilet training children with autism and developmental delays: An effective program for school settings. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 5(2), 60-64.
  • Cox, D. J., Morris Jr, J. B., Borowitz, S. M., & Sutphen, J. L. (2002). Psychological differences between children with and without chronic encopresis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 27(7), 585-591. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/27.7.585
  • Dalrymple, N. J., & Ruble, L. A. (1992). Toilet training and behaviors of people with autism: Parent views. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 22(2), 265-275. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01058155
  • Doan, D., & Toussaint, K. A. (2017). A parent-oriented approach to rapid toilet training. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 9(2), 473-486.
  • Drysdale, B., Lee, C. Y. Q., Anderson, A., & Moore, D. W. (2015). Using video modeling incorporating animation to teach toileting to two children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 27(2), 149-165. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-014-9405-1
  • Francis, K., Mannion, A., & Leader, G. (2017). The assessment and treatment of toileting difficulties in individuals with autism spectrum disorder and other developmental disabilities. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 4(3), 190-204. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-017-0107-3
  • Greer, B. D., Neidert, P. L., & Dozier, C. L. (2016). A component analysis of toilet‐training procedures recommended for young children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 49(1), 69-84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.275
  • Holcombe, A., Wolery, M., & Gast, D. L. (1994). Comparative single-subject research: Description of designs and discussion of problems. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 14(1), 119-145. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/027112149401400111
  • Henriksen, N., & Peterson, S. (2013). Behavioral treatment of bedwetting in an adolescent with autism. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 25(3), 313-323. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-012-9308-y
  • Hyams, G., McCoull, K., Smith, P. S., & Tyrer, S. P. (1992). Behavioural continence training in mental handicap: a 10‐year follow‐up study. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 36(6), 551-558. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.1992.tb00573.x
  • Joinson, C., Heron, J., Butler, U., von Gontard, A., & Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Study Team. (2006). Psychological differences between children with and without soiling problems. Pediatrics, 117(5), 1575-1584.
  • Keen, D., Brannigan, K. L., & Cuskelly, M. (2007). Toilet training for children with autism: The effects of video modeling. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 19(4), 291-303. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-007-9044-x
  • Kircaali-Iftar, G., Ulke-Kurkcuoglu, B. & Kurt, O. (2014). Otistik çocuklar için davranışsal eğitim programı II (OCIDEP) [Behavioral Intervention for Autistic Children I]. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Kircaali-Iftar, G., Ulke-Kurkcuoglu, B., Cetin, O., & Unlu, E. (2009). Intensive daytime toilet training of two children with autism: Implementing and monitoring systematically guarantees success!. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 1(2), 117-126.
  • Kroeger, K. A., & Sorensen-Burnworth, R. (2009). Toilet training individuals with autism and other developmental disabilities: A critical review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3(3), 607-618. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2009.01.005
  • Kroeger, K., & Sorensen, R. (2010). A parent training model for toilet training children with autism. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(6), 556-567. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01286.x
  • Kurniawan, R., Purnamasari, W. M., Rakhmawati, R., & Jalaputra, D. P. E. (2018). Development of Game for Self-Help Toilet Learning for Children with Autism. CommIT (Communication and Information Technology) Journal, 12(1), 1-12.
  • Leader, G., Francis, K., Mannion, A., & Chen, J. (2018). Toileting Problems in Children and Adolescents with Parent-Reported Diagnoses of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 30(3), 307-327. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/S10882-018-9587-Z
  • Lee, C. Y. Q., Anderson, A., & Moore, D. W. (2014). Using video modeling to toilet train a child with autism. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 26(2), 123-134. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-013-9348-y
  • Levato, L. E., Aponte, C. A., Wilkins, J., Travis, R., Aiello, R., Zanibbi, K., ... & Mruzek, D. W. (2016). Use of urine alarms in toilet training children with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A review. Research in developmental disabilities, 53, 232-241. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2016.02.007
  • Lott, J. D., & Kroeger, K. A. (2004). Self-help skills in persons with mental retardation. Behavior modification for persons with developmental disabilities: Treatment and supports, 2, 33-63.
  • Mannion, A., & Leader, G. (2013). Comorbidity in autism spectrum disorder: A literature review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7(12), 1595-1616. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2013.09.006
  • Matson, J. L., Horovitz, M., & Sipes, M. (2011). Characteristics of individuals with toileting problems and intellectual disability using the Profile of Toileting Issues (POTI). Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 4(1), 53-63. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19315864.2010.531443
  • McLay, L., Carnett, A., Van Der Meer, L., & Lang, R. (2015). Using a video modeling-based intervention package to toilet train two children with autism. Journal of developmental and physical disabilities, 27(4), 431-451. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-015-9426-4
  • Mruzek, D. W., McAleavey, S., Engel, S., & Smith, T. (2016). A novel enuresis alarm for toilet training students with intellectual disability: an initial evaluation in a school setting. Journal of Special Education Technology, 31(4), 217-227. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0162643416673915
  • Ohtake, Y., Takahashi, A., & Watanabe, K. (2015). Using an animated cartoon hero in video instruction to improve bathroom-related skills of a student with autism spectrum disorder. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 50(3), 343-355.
  • Ozcan, N., & Cavkaytar, A. (2009). Parents as teachers: Teaching parents how to teach toilet skills to their children with autism and mental retardation. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 44(2), 237-243.
  • Ozkubat, U., & Toret, G. (2014). Zihinsel Yetersizliği Olan Çocuklara Gündüz Tuvalet Kontrolü Becerisi Öğretiminde Anneleri Tarafından Sunulan Geleneksel Gündüz Tuvalet Kontrolü Öğretimin Etkililiği (Effectiveness of a Toilet Training Program for Children with Intellectual Disabilities Provided by Their Mothers). Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 35(35), 61-84.
  • Rinald, K., & Mirenda, P. (2012). Effectiveness of a modified rapid toilet training workshop for parents of children with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33(3), 933-943. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2012.01.003
  • Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G. (2008). Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(8), 921-929. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e318179964f
  • Sonmez, N., & Aykut, Ç. (2011). Using mother delivered simultaneous prompting for teaching independent toileting skills to a child with developmental disability. Journal of Human Sciences, 8(1), 1151-1171.
  • Suppo, J. L., & Mayton, M. R. (2012). A portable potty plan for children with autism. Young Exceptional Children, 15(4), 3-16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1096250612451758
  • Sutherland, J., Carnett, A., van der Meer, L., Waddington, H., Bravo, A., & McLay, L. (2017). Intensive toilet training targeting defecation for a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Research and Practice in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 5(1), 87-97. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/23297018.2017.1360153
  • Szyndler, J. (1996). Toileting problems in a group of children with autism. Child Psychology and Psychiatry Review, 1(1), 19-25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3588.1996.tb00004.x
  • Unlu, E. (2019). Parent implemented program for teaching toileting skills for children with developmental disabilities. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 11(2), 92-104. doi: https://doi.org/10.20489/intjecse.640348
  • Van Der Wal, M. F., Benninga, M. A., & Hirasing, R. A. (2005). The prevalence of encopresis in a multicultural population. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 40(3), 345-348. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.MPG.0000149964.77418.27
  • Van Oorsouw, W. M., Duker, P. C., Melein, L., & Averink, M. (2009). Long-term effectiveness of the response restriction method for establishing diurnal bladder control. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30(6), 1388-1393. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2009.06.006
  • Wolery, M., Ault, M. J., & Doyle, P. M. (1992). Teaching students with moderate to severe disabilities: Use of response prompting strategies. Longman Publishing Group
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Dincer Saral 0000-0003-0795-255X

Burcu Ulke-kurkcuoglu Bu kişi benim

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 1 Mart 2020
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Saral, D., & Ulke-kurkcuoglu, B. (t.y.). Toilet Training Individuals with Developmental Delays: A Comprehensive Review. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 12(1), 120-137. https://doi.org/10.20489/intjecse.728240