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A dialectic on validity: Explanation-focused and the many ways of being human

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: Special Issue, 1 - 96, 27.12.2023

Bruno D. Zumbo

https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.1406304

Öz

In line with the journal volume’s theme, this essay considers lessons from the past and visions for the future of test validity. In the first part of the essay, a description of historical trends in test validity since the early 1900s leads to the natural question of whether the discipline has progressed in its definition and description of test validity. There is no single agreed-upon definition of test validity; however, there is a marked coalescing of explanation-centered views at the meta-level. The second part of the essay focuses on the author's development of an explanation-focused view of validity theory with aligned validation methods. The confluence of ideas that motivated and influenced the development of a coherent view of test validity as the explanation for the test score variation and validation is the process of developing and testing the explanation guided by abductive methods and inference to the best explanation. This description also includes a new re-interpretation of true scores in classical test theory afforded by the author’s measure-theoretic mental test theory development—for a particular test-taker, the variation in observed test-taker scores includes measurement error and variation attributable to the different ecological testing settings, which aligns with the explanation-focused view wherein item and test performance are the object of explanatory analyses. The final main section of the essay describes several methodological innovations in explanation-focused validity that are in response to the tensions and changes in assessment in the last 25 years.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Validity Validation Test theory Assessment consequences True score

Kaynakça

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A dialectic on validity: Explanation-focused and the many ways of being human

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: Special Issue, 1 - 96, 27.12.2023

Bruno D. Zumbo

https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.1406304

Öz

In line with the journal volume’s theme, this essay considers lessons from the past and visions for the future of test validity. In the first part of the essay, a description of historical trends in test validity since the early 1900s leads to the natural question of whether the discipline has progressed in its definition and description of test validity. There is no single agreed-upon definition of test validity; however, there is a marked coalescing of explanation-centered views at the meta-level. The second part of the essay focuses on the author's development of an explanation-focused view of validity theory with aligned validation methods. The confluence of ideas that motivated and influenced the development of a coherent view of test validity as the explanation for the test score variation and validation is the process of developing and testing the explanation guided by abductive methods and inference to the best explanation. This description also includes a new re-interpretation of true scores in classical test theory afforded by the author’s measure-theoretic mental test theory development—for a particular test-taker, the variation in observed test-taker scores includes measurement error and variation attributable to the different ecological testing settings, which aligns with the explanation-focused view wherein item and test performance are the object of explanatory analyses. The final main section of the essay describes several methodological innovations in explanation-focused validity that are in response to the tensions and changes in assessment in the last 25 years.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Validity Validation Test Theory Assessment Consequences True Scores

Kaynakça

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  • Watson, J.B. (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review, 20(2), 158–177. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0074428
  • Whitely (Embretson), S.E. (1977). Information-processing on intelligence test items: Some response components. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 465 476. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100402
  • Wiley, D.E. (1991). Test validity and invalidity reconsidered. In: R.E. Snow & D.E. Wiley (Eds.), Improving inquiry in social science: a volume in honor of Lee J. Cronbach (pp. 75-107). Erlbaum.
  • Woitschach, P., Zumbo, B.D., & Fernández-Alonso, R. (2019). An ecological view of measurement: Focus on multilevel model explanation of differential item functioning. Psicothema, 31(2), 194–203. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2018.303
  • Woodward, J. (1989). Data and phenomena. Synthese, 79, 393 472. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00869282
  • Wu, A.D., & Zumbo, B.D. (2008). Understanding and using mediators and moderators. Social Indicators Research, 87, 367–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-007-9143-1
  • Wu, A.D., Zumbo, B.D., & Marshall, S.K. (2014). A method to aid in the interpretation of EFA results: An application of Pratt’s measures. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 38(1), 98-110. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025413506143
  • Yang, Y., Read, S.J., & Miller, L.C. (2009). The concept of situations. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3(6), 1018 1037. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751 9004.2009.00236.x
  • Zimmerman, D.W. (1975). Probability spaces, Hilbert spaces, and the axioms of test theory. Psychometrika, 40(3), 395-412. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291765
  • Zimmerman, D.W., & Zumbo, B.D. (2001). The geometry of probability, statistics, and test theory. International Journal of Testing, 1(3 4), 283 303. https://doi.org/10.1080/15305058.2001.9669476
  • Zumbo, B.D. (Ed.). (1998). Validity theory and the methods used in validation: perspectives from the social and behavioral sciences. In: Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, [Special volume], Vol. 45, Issues 1-3. Springer International Publishing.
  • Zumbo, B.D. (1999). The simple difference score as an inherently poor measure of change: Some reality, much mythology. Advances in social science methodology, 5(1), 269-304.
  • Zumbo, B.D. (2005, July). Reflections on validity at the intersection of psychometrics, scaling, philosophy of inquiry, and language testing [Samuel J. Messick Memorial Award Lecture]. LTRC, the 27th Language Testing Research Colloquium, Ottawa, Canada.
  • Zumbo, B.D. (2007a). Validity: Foundational Issues and Statistical Methodology. In C.R. Rao & S. Sinharay (Eds.), Handbook of statistics (Vol. 26, pp. 45–79). Elsevier.
  • Zumbo, B.D. (2007b). Three Generations of DIF Analyses: Considering Where It Has Been, Where It Is Now, and Where It Is Going. Language Assessment Quarterly, 4(2), 223-233. https://doi.org/10.1080/15434300701375832
  • Zumbo, B.D. (2009). Validity as contextualized and pragmatic explanation, and its implications for validation practice. In R.W. Lissitz (ed.) The concept of validity: Revisions, new directions, and applications (pp. 65–82). IAP Information Age Publishing.
  • Zumbo, B.D. (2010, September). Measurement validity and validation: A meditation on where we have come from and the state of the art today [Invited address]. Presented at the International conference on outcomes measurement, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
  • Zumbo, B.D. (2015, November). Consequences, side effects and the ecology of testing: Keys to considering assessment “in vivo” [Plenary address]. Annual Meeting of the Association for Educational Assessment – Europe (AEAEurope), Glasgow, Scotland. https://youtu.be/0L6Lr2BzuSQ
  • Zumbo, B.D. (2016). Standard Setting Methodology [Invited address]. “Applied Physiology Physical Employment Standards - Current Issues and Challenges” at the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology (CSEP) conference, Victoria, Canada.
  • Zumbo, B.D. (2017). Trending away from routine procedures, toward an ecologically informed in vivo view of validation practices. Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives, 15(3-4), 137–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/15366367.2017.1404367
  • Zumbo, B.D. (2018a, April). Methodologies used to ensure fairness and equity in the assessment of students’ educational outcomes [Invited presentation and panel session]. AERA Presidential Symposium “Methodology and equity: An international perspective” at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), New York, NY.
  • Zumbo, B.D. (2018b, July). The reports of DIF’s death are greatly exaggerated; It is like a Phoenix rising from the ashes [Keynote Address]. The 11th Conference of the International Test Commission, Montreal, Canada.
  • Zumbo, B.D. (2019). Foreword: Tensions, Intersectionality, and What Is on the Horizon for International Large-Scale Assessments in Education. In B. Maddox (Ed.), International large-scale assessments in education: Insider research perspectives (pp. xii–xiv). Bloomsbury Publishing. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350023635
  • Zumbo, B.D. (2021). A novel multimethod approach to investigate whether tests delivered at a test centre are concordant with those delivered remotely online [Research Monograph]. UBC Psychometric Research Series, University of British Columbia. http://dx.doi.org/10.14288/1.0400581
  • Zumbo, B.D. (2023a). Validity theories, frameworks and practices in using tests and measures: an over-the-shoulder look back at validity while also looking to the horizon [Invited Address]. Ciclo Formazione Metodologica (FORME), Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore. https://brunozumbo.com/?page_id=31
  • Zumbo, B.D. (2023b). Test validation and Bayesian statistical frameworks to estimate the magnitude and corresponding uncertainty of washback effects of test preparation [Research Monograph]. UBC Psychometric Research Series, University of British Columbia. https://dx.doi.org/10.14288/1.0435197
  • Zumbo, B.D. (2023c, October). The Challenges and Promise of Embracing the Many Ways of Being Human: Toward an Ecologically Informed In Vivo View of Validation Practices [Invited Address]. Symposium on Inclusive Educational Assessment, Neurodiversity and Disability. Hughes Hall, University of Cambridge.
  • Zumbo, B.D., & Chan, E.K.H. (Eds.). (2014a). Validity and validation in social, behavioral, and health sciences. Springer International Publishing/Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07794-9
  • Zumbo, B.D., & Chan, E.K.H. (2014b). Reflections on validation practices in the social, behavioral, and health sciences. In: Zumbo, B.D., Chan, E.K.H. (eds) Validity and validation in social, behavioral, and health sciences (pp. 321-327). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07794-9_19
  • Zumbo, B.D., & Chan, E.K.H. (2014c). Setting the stage for validity and validation in social, behavioral, and health sciences: Trends in validation practices. In: Zumbo, B.D., Chan, E.K.H. (eds) Validity and validation in social, behavioral, and health sciences (pp. 3-8). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07794-9_1
  • Zumbo, B.D., & Forer, B. (2011). Testing and measurement from a multilevel view: Psychometrics and validation. In J.A. Bovaird, K.F. Geisinger, & C.W. Buckendahl (Eds.), High-stakes testing in education: Science and practice in K–12 settings (pp. 177–190). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/12330-011
  • Zumbo, B.D., & Gelin, M.N. (2005). A matter of test bias in educational policy research: bringing the context into picture by investigating sociological/community moderated (or mediated) test and item bias. Journal of Educational Research and Policy Studies, 5, 1–23. URL: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ846827.pdf
  • Zumbo, B. D., & Hubley, A. M. (2016). Bringing consequences and side effects of testing and assessment to the foreground. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 23(2), 299–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2016.1141169
  • Zumbo, B.D., & Hubley, A.M. (Eds.). (2017). Understanding and investigating response processes in validation research. Springer International Publishing/Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56129-5
  • Zumbo, B.D., & Kroc, E. (2019). A Measurement Is a Choice and Stevens’ scales of measurement do not help make it: A response to chalmers. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 79(6), 1184 1197. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164419844305
  • Zumbo, B.D., Liu, Y., Wu, A.D., Forer, B., Shear, B.R. (2017). National and international educational achievement testing: A case of multi-level validation framed by the ecological model of item responding. In B.D. Zumbo & A.M. Hubley (Eds.), Understanding and investigating response processes in validation research (pp. 341-362). Springer International Publishing/Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56129-5_18
  • Zumbo, B.D., Liu, Y., Wu, A.D., Shear, B.R., Olvera Astivia, O.L., & Ark, T.K. (2015). A methodology for Zumbo’s third generation DIF analyses and the ecology of item responding. Language Assessment Quarterly, 12(1), 136 151. https://doi.org/10.1080/15434303.2014.972559
  • Zumbo, B.D., Maddox, B., & Care, N.M. (2023). Process and product in computer-based assessments: Clearing the ground for a holistic validity framework. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 39(4), 252–262. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000748
  • Zumbo, B.D., & Padilla, J.-L. (2020). The interplay between survey research and psychometrics, with a focus on validity theory. In P.C. Beatty, D. Collins, L. Kaye, J.-L. Padilla, G.B. Willis, & A. Wilmot (Eds.), Advances in questionnaire design, development, evaluation and testing (pp. 593 612). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119263685.ch24
  • Zumbo, B.D., Pychyl, T.A., & Fox, J.A. (1993). Psychometric properties of the CAEL assessment, II: An examination of the dependability/reliability of placement decisions. Carleton Papers in Applied Language Studies, 10, 13-27.
  • Zumbo, B.D., & Rupp, A.A. (2004). Responsible modeling of measurement data for appropriate inferences: important advances in reliability and validity theory. In David Kaplan (ed.) The SAGE handbook of quantitative methodology for the social sciences (pp. 74-93). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412986311
  • Zumbo, B.D., & Shear, B.R. (2011, October). The concept of validity and some novel validation methods [Lecture/Workshop, half-day]. The 42nd annual Northeastern Educational Research Association (NERA) meeting, Rocky Hill, CT.
Toplam 229 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme Teorileri ve Uygulamaları, Ölçek Geliştirme, Psikolojik Metodoloji, Tasarım ve Analiz
Bölüm Special Issue 2023
Yazarlar

Bruno D. Zumbo 0000-0003-2885-5724

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 19 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 10 Sayı: Special Issue

Kaynak Göster

APA Zumbo, B. D. (2023). A dialectic on validity: Explanation-focused and the many ways of being human. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 10(Special Issue), 1-96. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.1406304

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