Araştırma Makalesi
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Yaratıcı İmgelem Yeteneği Testi (YİT): Türkçe’ye Uyarlama Çalışması

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 52 Sayı: 2, 496 - 527, 31.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.14812/cuefd.1141749

Öz

Pek çok teorisyen tarafından imgeleme yeteneğinin yaratıcı beceriyle ilişkisi araştırılmış ve sanatsal becerisi yüksek olan, sanat eğitimi alan ya da yaratıcı bireylerin imgeleme yeteneğinin yüksek olduğu ifade edilmiştir. Bu nedenle sanat eğitimi öğrencilerinin lisans eğitimine alınmasında, yaratıcı bireylerin tanılanmasında ve sanat eğitiminin gereksinim duyduğu bilişsel beceri düzeylerinin ortaya çıkarılmasında imgeleme yeteneğini belirlemek önemlidir. Bu çalışma da Polonyalı araştırmacılar Jankowski ve Karwowski tarafından geliştirilen “Yaratıcı İmgelem Yeteneği Testi’nin (Test of Creative Imagery Abilities - TCIA)” Türkçeye uyarlanması ve psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Orijinal dili İngilizce olan testte yedi tamamlanmamış şekil bulunmaktadır. Her şekil üç boyut üzerinden (canlılık, özgünlük ve dönüştürebilirlik) testin kılavuz el kitapçığı ile değerlendirilmektedir. Hem test hem el kitapçığı Türkçe-İngilizce dil uzmanları tarafından Türkçeye çevrilmiş ve Türkçe-İngilizce uyumu için uzman görüşü alınmıştır. Dilsel eşdeğerlilik çalışmasında 39 öğrenciye iki hafta arayla orijinal ve Türkçe form uygulanmış ve iki form arasındaki korelasyon hesaplanmıştır. Modelin yapı geçerliği için 300 lisans öğrencisinden oluşan örneklem grubu araştırmaya katılmıştır. Sonuç olarak çalışmanın güvenirlik değerleri ve model uyum ölçütleri ile ilgili sonuçlar testin yaratıcı imgeleme yetenek düzeyini ölçmede geçerli ve güvenilir şekilde kullanılabilecek bir ölçme aracı olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Anoiko, W. (2011). Creativity. Retrieved October 07, 2017 from https://oiko.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/2011_wiki_anoiko_creativity1.pdf
  • Atakan, G. (2014). Yaratıcı tasarım sürecinde bilişsel yaklaşım ve üstbilişsel farkındalık. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Barrett, P. (2001, March) Assessing the Reliability of Rating Data. Retrieved March 28. 2019 from https://www.pbarrett.net/presentations/rater.pf
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. (16. bs.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Calabrese, L., & Marucci, F. S. (2006). The influence of expertise level on the visuo-spatial ability: Differences between experts and novices in imagery and drawing abilities. Cognitive Processing, 7 (1). 118-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-006-0094-2
  • Can, A. (2018). Spss ile bilimsel araştırma sürecinde nicel veri analizi. (6. bs.) Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Clark, G., & Zimmerman, E. (2004). Teaching talented art students: Principles and practices. New York: Teacher College Press and Reston, VA: National Art Education Association.
  • Chamberlain, R., Drake, J. E., Kozbelt, A., Hickman, R., Siev, J., & Wagemans, J. (2019). Artists as experts in visual cognition: An update. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 13 (1), 58. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000156
  • Çetin, Z., Üstündağ, A., Kerimoğlu, G. ve Beyazıt, U. (2015). Ülkemizde ve dünyada çocuklarda yaratıcılığın ölçülmesinde kullanılan testlerin incelenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 2 (2), 31-49. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/husbfd/issue/7895/103864
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik, Spss ve Lisrel uygulamaları. (3. bs.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Dede, H. (2016). Öğrencilerin sanata karşı bakış açılarını ortaya koymaya yönelik bir tutum ölçeği. İDİL Sanat ve Dil Dergisi, 5 (25), 1559-1576. Doi: 10.7816/idil-05-25-13.
  • Dikici, A. ve Taşpınar, M. (2002). Resim öğretmenlerinin yaratıcı niteliklerini belirleyen tutum ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 27 (124), 23-30. Retrieved from: http://egitimvebilim.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/view/5155
  • Duran, O., N. ve Tezer, E. (2005). Sanat benlik-kavramı ölçeğinin geçerliği ve güvenirliği üzerine bir çalışma. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3 (23), 47-55. Retrieved from: http://pdrdergisi.org/index.php/pdr/article/view/438/384
  • De Pisapia, N., Bacci, F., Parrott, D., & Melcher, D. (2016). Brain networks for visual creativity: a functional connectivity study of planning a visual artwork. Scientific reports, 6 (1), 1-11. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep39185
  • Drake, J. E., Simmons, S., Rouser, S., Poloes, I., & Winner, E. (2021). Artists excel on image activation but not image manipulation tasks. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 39 (1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/027623741986894
  • Dziedziewicz, D., & Karwowski, M. (2015). Development of children’s creative visual imagination: A theoretical model and enhancement programmes, Education 3-13, 43 (4), 382-392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2015.1020646
  • Efland, A. (2002). Art and cognition: Integrating the visual arts in the curriculum. New York: Teachers College Press.
  • Efland, A. (2004). The arts and the creation of mind: Eisner’s contributions to the arts in education. The Journal of Aesthetic Education, 38 (4), 71-80. https://doi.org/10.2307/3527377
  • Forthmann, B., Jankowska, D. M., & Karwowski, M. (2021). How reliable and valid are frequency-based originality scores? Evidence from a sample of children and adolescents. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 41, 100851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2021.100851
  • Genç, A., Barut, Y. ve Başol, G. (2017). Rüyalarda bilinçlilik ölçeği Türkçe uyarlama, geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 18 (1), 43-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/apd.205845
  • Heaton, R. (2021). Cognition in art education. British Educational Research Journal, 47 (5), 1323-1339. https://bera-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/berj.3728
  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6 (1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Jankowska, D. M., & Karwowski, M. (2015). Measuring creative imagery abilities. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01591
  • Jankowska, D. M., & Karwowski, M. (2020). Test of Creative Imagery Abilities. Manual. Liberi Libri.
  • Kiernan, L., Ledwith, A., & Lynch, R. (2022). An exploration of the cognitive processes of design teams to inform design education and practice. Design and Technology Education: An International Journal, 27(1), 82-101.
  • Kiper, A., Aslan, S., Kıyıcı, M. ve Akgün Ö. E. (2012). Görsel-okuryazarlık ölçeği: Geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. TOJNED, 73-83.
  • Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. (2nd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Kozbelt, A. (2001). Artists as experts in visual cognition. Visual Cognition, 8 (6), 705-723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13506280042000090
  • Lunke, K., & Meier, B. (2016). Disentangling the impact of artistic creativity on creative thinking, working memory, attention, and intelligence: Evidence for domain-specific relationships with a new self-report questionnaire. Frontiers in Psychology, 7 (1089), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01089
  • Mamur, N. ve Süzen, H. N. (2012). Analysis of the effectiveness of test techniques in the assessment and evaluation of perceptional and comprehension skills in Anatolian Fine Arts High School art workshops. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 51, 316-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.08.166
  • Morrison, G, R., & Wallace, B. (2001). Imagery vividness, creativity and the visual arts. Journal of Mental Imagery, 25 (3&4), 135-152.
  • Nuhoğlu, P. ve Akkoyunlu, B. (2012). Nesnesel-uzamsal imgeleme ve sözel bilişsel stil ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ye uyarlanma çalışması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 42. 299-309.
  • Pérez-Fabello, M. J., & Campos, A. (2007). Influence of training in artistic skills on mental imaging capacity, Creativity Research Journal, 19 (2-3), 227-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400410701397495
  • Polat, M. ve Güven, M. (2017). Edmonds öğrenme stilleri belirleme ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlama çalışması. Elementary Education Online, 16 (2), 848-859. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2017.304739
  • Rosenberg, H. S. (1987). Visual artists and imagery. Imagination, Cognition and Personality,7(1), 77-93. https://doi.org/10.2190/AVJ5-N24B-P7MC-HR4
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Moosbrugger, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8 (2), 23-74.
  • Schlewitt-Haynes, L. D., Earthman, M. S., & Burns, B. (2002). Seeing the world differently: An Analysis of descriptions of visual experiences provided by visual artists and nonartists. Creativity Research Journal. 14 (3-4), 361-372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15326934CRJ1434_7
  • Seçer, İ. (2017). Spss ve Lisrel ile pratik veri analizi, analiz ve raporlaştırma.(3.Bs). Ankara: Anı yayıncılık.
  • Smith, S. M., Gerkens, D. R., Shah, J. J., & Vargaz-Henandez, N. (2006). Empirical studies of creative cognition in idea generation. In Creativity and innovation in organizasional teams (s. 3 - 20). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrance Erlbaum Associates.
  • Urban, K. K. (2005). Assessing creativity: The Test for Creative Thinking - Drawing Production (TCT-DP). International Education Journal, 6 (2), 272-280.
  • Van der Vlist, C. (2021). Comparing creative imagination between blind and sighted individuals across sensory modalities. [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Tilburg University. Retrieved from: http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=154753
  • Yao, Z. (2021). Cognitive development & art education: relationship, suitability, and future implications. [Unpublished masters thesis]. 764. Retrieved from: https://digitalcommons.risd.edu/masterstheses/764
  • Vellera, C., & Gavard-Perret, M., L. (2012). Is mental imagery ability an element for identifying creative consumers?. Retrieved from: https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00851322
  • Zemore, S. E. (March, 1995). Ability to generate mental images in students of art. Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social, 14 (1), 83-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02686876
  • Ward T. B. (1994), Structured imagination: The role of category structure in exemplar generation, Cognitive Psychology, 27, 1-40. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1994.1010

Test of Creative Imagery Abilities (TCIA): A Study of Adaptation into Turkish

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 52 Sayı: 2, 496 - 527, 31.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.14812/cuefd.1141749

Öz

The relationship between imagery ability and creative skill has been researched by many theorists, and it has been stated that individuals with high artistic skills, who are educated in art or who are creative individuals, have high imagery ability. For this reason, it is important to determine the imagery ability in the admission of art education students in undergraduate education, in identifying creative individuals and in revealing the cognitive skill levels that art education requires. This research was carried out in order to adapt the “Test of Creative Imagery Abilities (TCIA)”, developed by Polish researchers Jankowska and Karwowski into Turkish and to examine its psychometric properties. The original language is English and there are seven incomplete figures in the test. Each figure is evaluated in three dimensions (vividness, originality and transformativeness) in light of the guide handbook of the test. Both the test and the handbook were translated into Turkish by Turkish-English language experts and expert opinion was taken for Turkish-English compatibility. For linguistic equivalence, the original and Turkish forms were administered to 39 students two weeks apart, and the correlation between the two forms was calculated. In order to check the validity of the fit structure with the model of the test, a sample group of 300 undergraduate students participated in the research. The results of the reliability values and model fit criteria that emerged after the analyses revealed that the test is a valid and reliable measurement tool to measure the level of creative imagery.

Kaynakça

  • Anoiko, W. (2011). Creativity. Retrieved October 07, 2017 from https://oiko.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/2011_wiki_anoiko_creativity1.pdf
  • Atakan, G. (2014). Yaratıcı tasarım sürecinde bilişsel yaklaşım ve üstbilişsel farkındalık. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Barrett, P. (2001, March) Assessing the Reliability of Rating Data. Retrieved March 28. 2019 from https://www.pbarrett.net/presentations/rater.pf
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. (16. bs.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Calabrese, L., & Marucci, F. S. (2006). The influence of expertise level on the visuo-spatial ability: Differences between experts and novices in imagery and drawing abilities. Cognitive Processing, 7 (1). 118-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-006-0094-2
  • Can, A. (2018). Spss ile bilimsel araştırma sürecinde nicel veri analizi. (6. bs.) Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Clark, G., & Zimmerman, E. (2004). Teaching talented art students: Principles and practices. New York: Teacher College Press and Reston, VA: National Art Education Association.
  • Chamberlain, R., Drake, J. E., Kozbelt, A., Hickman, R., Siev, J., & Wagemans, J. (2019). Artists as experts in visual cognition: An update. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 13 (1), 58. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000156
  • Çetin, Z., Üstündağ, A., Kerimoğlu, G. ve Beyazıt, U. (2015). Ülkemizde ve dünyada çocuklarda yaratıcılığın ölçülmesinde kullanılan testlerin incelenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 2 (2), 31-49. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/husbfd/issue/7895/103864
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik, Spss ve Lisrel uygulamaları. (3. bs.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Dede, H. (2016). Öğrencilerin sanata karşı bakış açılarını ortaya koymaya yönelik bir tutum ölçeği. İDİL Sanat ve Dil Dergisi, 5 (25), 1559-1576. Doi: 10.7816/idil-05-25-13.
  • Dikici, A. ve Taşpınar, M. (2002). Resim öğretmenlerinin yaratıcı niteliklerini belirleyen tutum ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 27 (124), 23-30. Retrieved from: http://egitimvebilim.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/view/5155
  • Duran, O., N. ve Tezer, E. (2005). Sanat benlik-kavramı ölçeğinin geçerliği ve güvenirliği üzerine bir çalışma. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3 (23), 47-55. Retrieved from: http://pdrdergisi.org/index.php/pdr/article/view/438/384
  • De Pisapia, N., Bacci, F., Parrott, D., & Melcher, D. (2016). Brain networks for visual creativity: a functional connectivity study of planning a visual artwork. Scientific reports, 6 (1), 1-11. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep39185
  • Drake, J. E., Simmons, S., Rouser, S., Poloes, I., & Winner, E. (2021). Artists excel on image activation but not image manipulation tasks. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 39 (1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/027623741986894
  • Dziedziewicz, D., & Karwowski, M. (2015). Development of children’s creative visual imagination: A theoretical model and enhancement programmes, Education 3-13, 43 (4), 382-392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2015.1020646
  • Efland, A. (2002). Art and cognition: Integrating the visual arts in the curriculum. New York: Teachers College Press.
  • Efland, A. (2004). The arts and the creation of mind: Eisner’s contributions to the arts in education. The Journal of Aesthetic Education, 38 (4), 71-80. https://doi.org/10.2307/3527377
  • Forthmann, B., Jankowska, D. M., & Karwowski, M. (2021). How reliable and valid are frequency-based originality scores? Evidence from a sample of children and adolescents. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 41, 100851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2021.100851
  • Genç, A., Barut, Y. ve Başol, G. (2017). Rüyalarda bilinçlilik ölçeği Türkçe uyarlama, geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 18 (1), 43-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/apd.205845
  • Heaton, R. (2021). Cognition in art education. British Educational Research Journal, 47 (5), 1323-1339. https://bera-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/berj.3728
  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6 (1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Jankowska, D. M., & Karwowski, M. (2015). Measuring creative imagery abilities. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01591
  • Jankowska, D. M., & Karwowski, M. (2020). Test of Creative Imagery Abilities. Manual. Liberi Libri.
  • Kiernan, L., Ledwith, A., & Lynch, R. (2022). An exploration of the cognitive processes of design teams to inform design education and practice. Design and Technology Education: An International Journal, 27(1), 82-101.
  • Kiper, A., Aslan, S., Kıyıcı, M. ve Akgün Ö. E. (2012). Görsel-okuryazarlık ölçeği: Geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. TOJNED, 73-83.
  • Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. (2nd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Kozbelt, A. (2001). Artists as experts in visual cognition. Visual Cognition, 8 (6), 705-723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13506280042000090
  • Lunke, K., & Meier, B. (2016). Disentangling the impact of artistic creativity on creative thinking, working memory, attention, and intelligence: Evidence for domain-specific relationships with a new self-report questionnaire. Frontiers in Psychology, 7 (1089), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01089
  • Mamur, N. ve Süzen, H. N. (2012). Analysis of the effectiveness of test techniques in the assessment and evaluation of perceptional and comprehension skills in Anatolian Fine Arts High School art workshops. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 51, 316-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.08.166
  • Morrison, G, R., & Wallace, B. (2001). Imagery vividness, creativity and the visual arts. Journal of Mental Imagery, 25 (3&4), 135-152.
  • Nuhoğlu, P. ve Akkoyunlu, B. (2012). Nesnesel-uzamsal imgeleme ve sözel bilişsel stil ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ye uyarlanma çalışması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 42. 299-309.
  • Pérez-Fabello, M. J., & Campos, A. (2007). Influence of training in artistic skills on mental imaging capacity, Creativity Research Journal, 19 (2-3), 227-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400410701397495
  • Polat, M. ve Güven, M. (2017). Edmonds öğrenme stilleri belirleme ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlama çalışması. Elementary Education Online, 16 (2), 848-859. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2017.304739
  • Rosenberg, H. S. (1987). Visual artists and imagery. Imagination, Cognition and Personality,7(1), 77-93. https://doi.org/10.2190/AVJ5-N24B-P7MC-HR4
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Moosbrugger, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8 (2), 23-74.
  • Schlewitt-Haynes, L. D., Earthman, M. S., & Burns, B. (2002). Seeing the world differently: An Analysis of descriptions of visual experiences provided by visual artists and nonartists. Creativity Research Journal. 14 (3-4), 361-372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15326934CRJ1434_7
  • Seçer, İ. (2017). Spss ve Lisrel ile pratik veri analizi, analiz ve raporlaştırma.(3.Bs). Ankara: Anı yayıncılık.
  • Smith, S. M., Gerkens, D. R., Shah, J. J., & Vargaz-Henandez, N. (2006). Empirical studies of creative cognition in idea generation. In Creativity and innovation in organizasional teams (s. 3 - 20). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrance Erlbaum Associates.
  • Urban, K. K. (2005). Assessing creativity: The Test for Creative Thinking - Drawing Production (TCT-DP). International Education Journal, 6 (2), 272-280.
  • Van der Vlist, C. (2021). Comparing creative imagination between blind and sighted individuals across sensory modalities. [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Tilburg University. Retrieved from: http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=154753
  • Yao, Z. (2021). Cognitive development & art education: relationship, suitability, and future implications. [Unpublished masters thesis]. 764. Retrieved from: https://digitalcommons.risd.edu/masterstheses/764
  • Vellera, C., & Gavard-Perret, M., L. (2012). Is mental imagery ability an element for identifying creative consumers?. Retrieved from: https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00851322
  • Zemore, S. E. (March, 1995). Ability to generate mental images in students of art. Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social, 14 (1), 83-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02686876
  • Ward T. B. (1994), Structured imagination: The role of category structure in exemplar generation, Cognitive Psychology, 27, 1-40. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1994.1010
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Güzel Sanatlar Eğitimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Handan Narin Kızıltan 0000-0002-2164-8389

Birnur Eraldemir 0000-0003-1495-7148

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 52 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Narin Kızıltan, H., & Eraldemir, B. (2023). Test of Creative Imagery Abilities (TCIA): A Study of Adaptation into Turkish. Cukurova University Faculty of Education Journal, 52(2), 496-527. https://doi.org/10.14812/cuefd.1141749

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