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ERKEN ÇOCUKLUKTA BAĞLANMA: JOHN BOWLBY VE MARY AINSWORTH AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 85 - 92, 01.01.2022

Gül Dalgar Fatmana Civil Ecem Savaş Aytekin Şahin

https://doi.org/10.53493/avrasyasbd.885024

Öz

Bağlanma, doğum öncesi dönemden başlayarak, bebeğin dünyaya geldiği ilk günlerden itibaren bakım veren kişi veya kişilerle duygusal olarak kurulan bir bağ olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bakım veren kişilerle kurulan bu bağların, çocukların kişiliği üzerine etkileri, bağlanma teorileri ile açıklanmaktadır. Erken çocukluktan itibaren bireylerin tüm yaşamını etkisi altına alan bağlanma teorisinin temelleri; John Bowlby tarafından ortaya atılmış, daha sonraları ise Mary Ainsworth ile birlikte yaptıkları çalışmalar sonucunda geliştirilmiştir. Ainsworth ise bağlanmayı yapmış olduğu deneysel ve gözlemsel çalışmalarıyla derinleştirmiştir. Bu sayede, bağlanma teorisi hem deneysel hem de teorik çalışmalarla desteklenmiştir. Erken çocukluk yıllarına dayandırılan bağlanma teorisi, Bowlby ve Ainsworth tarafından kişilerarası ilişkilerde temel düzenleyiciler olarak ifade edilmektedir. Erken çocuklukta bağlanma, çocukların kişi/kişiler veya nesne/nesnelerle kurduğu ilişkilerden etkilenerek, onların gelişim sürecinin tamamını etkilemekte ve en önemlisi kişiliklerinin oluşmasında, şekillenmesinde önemli rol oynamaktadır. Bu nedenle bu çalışmanın amacı, erken çocuklukta bağlanmanın John Bowlby ve Mary Ainsworth açısından incelenmesidir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, erken çocuklukta bağlanma teorisiyle ilgili olan Bowlby ve Ainsworth'ün çalışmaları incelenerek, erken çocukluk yıllarında; çocukların anne veya birincil bakıcılarıyla kurdukları ilişkiler tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bağlanma Teorisi Erken Çocuklukta Bağlanma John Bowlby Mary Ainsworth

Kaynakça

  • Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1963). The development of infant-mother interaction among the Ganda. Determinants of Infant Behavior, 2, 67–112.
  • Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1964). Patterns of attachment behavior shown by the infant in interaction with his mother. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and Development, 10 (s.51–58). Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1967). Infancy in Uganda: Infant care and the growth of love. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1974). Citation for the G. Stanley Hall Award to John Bowlby. Unpublished manuscript.
  • Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1983). Mary D. Salter Ainsworth. In A. N. O’Connell & N. F. Russo (Eds.), Models of achievement: Reflections of eminent women in psychology (s. 200–219). New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Ainsworth, M. D. S. & Bowlby, J. (1991). An ethological approach to personality development. American Psychologist. (46), (s. 333).
  • Ambrose, J. A. (1961). The development of the smiling response in early human infancy: An experimental and theoretical study of their course and significance. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of London.
  • Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four‐category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 61, (s.226–244). doi: 10.1037/0022‐3514.61.2.226
  • Bialy, L. K. (2006). Impact of stress and negative mood on mother and child: Attachment, child development and intervention. Dissertation Abstracts International. 67,(05).
  • Bowlby, J. (1944). Forty-four juvenile thieves: Their characters and home lives. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis. 25, (s.19-52).
  • Bowlby, J. (1952). Maternal care and mental health: A report prepared on behalf of the World Health Organization as a contribution to the United Nations programme for the welfare of homeless children. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • Bowlby, J. (1958). The nature of the child’s tie to his mother. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 39, 350–373.
  • Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.
  • Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.
  • Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss: Sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books.
  • Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent–child attachment and healthy human development. New York, NY: Basic Books
  • Bowlby, J. (1991). An ethological approach to personality development. American Psychologist, 46, 333.
  • Bretherton, I. (1992). The origins of attachment theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Developmental Psychology, 28, 759–775. doi: 10.1037/0012‐1649.28.5.759.
  • Bretherton, I. (2003). Mary Ainsworth: Insightful observer and courageous theoretician. Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology, 5, 317–331.
  • Crowell, J. A. ve Feldman, S. S. (1991). Mothers’ Working Models of Attachment Relationships and Mother and Child Behavior During Separation and Reunion. Developmental Psychology, 27, (s. 597-605).
  • Crowell, J. A. ve Treboux, D. (1995). A Review of Adult Attachment Measures: Implications for Theory and Research. Social Development, 4, 294-327.
  • Da Costa, D., Larouche, J., Dritsa, M., & Brender, W. (2000). Psychosocial correlates of prepartum and postpartum depressed mood. Journal of Affective Disorders, 59, 31–40.
  • Feeney, J., Alexander, R., Noller, P. & Hohaus, L. (2003). Attachment insecurity, depression, and the transition to parenthood. Personal Relationships. 10, (s. 475–493).
  • George, C., Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1985). The adult attachment interview. Unpublished manual. University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.
  • Greenberg, M. T., & Speltz, M. L. (1988). Attachment and the ontogeny of conduct problems. In J. Belsky & T. Nezworski (Eds.), Clinical implications of attachment (pp. 177–218).
  • Grossmann, K. E., Grossmann, K., & Waters, E. (2005). Attachment from infancy to adulthood: The major longitudinal studies. New York, NY: Guilford.
  • Grossmann, K. E., Bretherton, I., Waters, E., & Grossmann, K. (2013). Maternal sensitivity: observational studies honoring Mary Ainsworth’s 100th year [Special issue]. Attachment & Human Development, 15, 443–447.
  • Hamilton, C.E. (2000). Continutiy and Discontinuity of Attachment from Infancy Through Adolsecence. Child Development. 71, (3), (s.690-694).
  • Heinicke, C. M. (1956). Some effects of separating two-year-olds from their parents: A comparative study. Human Relations, 9,105-176.
  • Heinicke, C. M., & Westheimer, I. (1966). Brief separations. New York: International Universities Press.
  • Holmes, J. (1993). John Bowlby and attachment theory. London: Routledge.
  • Holmes, J. (2013). John Bowlby &Attachment Theory. (2nd). (Ed.). London: Routledge.
  • Kart, M. (2002). Yetişkin Bağlanma Stillerinin Bazı Bilişsel Süreçlerle Bağlantısı: Sağlık Personeliyle Yapılan Bir Çalışma. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Ankara.
  • Klein, M. (1932). The psycho-analysis of children. London: Hogarth Press.
  • Mikulincer, M., & Shaver. P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York, NY: Guilford.
  • Nakash-Eisikovits O, Dutra L, Westen D. (2000). Relationship between attachment patterns and personality pathology in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 41, (s.1115-1120).
  • Riley, D. (1983). War in the nursery. Theories of the child and mother. London: Virago Press.
  • Robertson, J. (1953). Some responses of young children to loss of maternal care. Nursing Care, 49, 382-386.
  • Rubin R. (1977). Binding-in in the postpartum period. Maternal Child Nursing Journal, 6(2): 67-75.
  • Senn, M. J. E. (1977). Interview with John Bowlby. Unpublished manuscript, National Library of Medicine, Washington, DC.
  • Schaffer, H. R., & Emerson, P. E. (1964). The development of social attachments in infancy. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 29 (Serial No. 94).
  • Schore, A. N. (2001). Effects of a secure attachment relationship on right brain development, affect regulation, and infant mental health. Infant Mental Health Journal, 22(1–2), 7–66.
  • Siegel, D. J., & Hartzell, M. (2003). Parenting from the inside out: How a deeper self-understanding can help you raise children who thrive. New York: Penguin.
  • Sroufe, A. (1988). The role of infant-caregiver attachment in development. In J. Belsky & T.
  • Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., Carlson, E. A., & Collins, W. A. (2005). The development of the person: The Minnesota study of risk and adaptation from birth to adulthood. New York, NY: Guilford.
  • Tulman LJ. (1981). Theories of maternal attachment.Advences in Nursing Science, 3(4):7-14.
  • Waters, E. (1981). Traits, Behavioral Systems, And Relationships: Three Models Of Infant-Adult Attachment. Behavioral Development. Cambridge University Press. (s.621-650).
  • Wootton, B. (1959). Social science and social pathology. London: George Allen & Unwin.

ATTACHMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD: AN EXAMINATION FROM JOHN BOWLBY AND MARY AINSWORTH

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 85 - 92, 01.01.2022

Gül Dalgar Fatmana Civil Ecem Savaş Aytekin Şahin

https://doi.org/10.53493/avrasyasbd.885024

Öz

Attachment is defined as an emotional bond established with the caregiver or people starting from the prenatal period, starting from the first days of the baby's birth. The effects of these bonds with caregivers on children's personality are explained by attachment theories. The foundations of attachment theory, which has an impact on individuals' entire lives from early childhood; It was introduced by John Bowlby and later developed as a result of their work with Mary Ainsworth. Ainsworth deepened the attachment with his experimental and observational studies. In this way, attachment theory has been supported by both experimental and observational studies. Attachment theory, based on early childhood years, is expressed by Bowlby and Ainsworth as the main regulators in interpersonal relationships. Attachment in early childhood is influenced by the relationships that children establish with person / persons or objects / objects, influencing their entire development process, and most importantly, plays an important role in the formation and shaping of their personalities. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine attachment in early children in terms of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. For this purpose, by examining Bowlby and Ainsworth's studies on early childhood attachment theory, in early childhood years; The relationships the children establish with their mother or primary caregivers are discussed.

Kaynakça

  • Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1963). The development of infant-mother interaction among the Ganda. Determinants of Infant Behavior, 2, 67–112.
  • Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1964). Patterns of attachment behavior shown by the infant in interaction with his mother. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and Development, 10 (s.51–58). Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1967). Infancy in Uganda: Infant care and the growth of love. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1974). Citation for the G. Stanley Hall Award to John Bowlby. Unpublished manuscript.
  • Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1983). Mary D. Salter Ainsworth. In A. N. O’Connell & N. F. Russo (Eds.), Models of achievement: Reflections of eminent women in psychology (s. 200–219). New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Ainsworth, M. D. S. & Bowlby, J. (1991). An ethological approach to personality development. American Psychologist. (46), (s. 333).
  • Ambrose, J. A. (1961). The development of the smiling response in early human infancy: An experimental and theoretical study of their course and significance. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of London.
  • Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four‐category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 61, (s.226–244). doi: 10.1037/0022‐3514.61.2.226
  • Bialy, L. K. (2006). Impact of stress and negative mood on mother and child: Attachment, child development and intervention. Dissertation Abstracts International. 67,(05).
  • Bowlby, J. (1944). Forty-four juvenile thieves: Their characters and home lives. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis. 25, (s.19-52).
  • Bowlby, J. (1952). Maternal care and mental health: A report prepared on behalf of the World Health Organization as a contribution to the United Nations programme for the welfare of homeless children. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • Bowlby, J. (1958). The nature of the child’s tie to his mother. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 39, 350–373.
  • Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.
  • Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.
  • Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss: Sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books.
  • Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent–child attachment and healthy human development. New York, NY: Basic Books
  • Bowlby, J. (1991). An ethological approach to personality development. American Psychologist, 46, 333.
  • Bretherton, I. (1992). The origins of attachment theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Developmental Psychology, 28, 759–775. doi: 10.1037/0012‐1649.28.5.759.
  • Bretherton, I. (2003). Mary Ainsworth: Insightful observer and courageous theoretician. Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology, 5, 317–331.
  • Crowell, J. A. ve Feldman, S. S. (1991). Mothers’ Working Models of Attachment Relationships and Mother and Child Behavior During Separation and Reunion. Developmental Psychology, 27, (s. 597-605).
  • Crowell, J. A. ve Treboux, D. (1995). A Review of Adult Attachment Measures: Implications for Theory and Research. Social Development, 4, 294-327.
  • Da Costa, D., Larouche, J., Dritsa, M., & Brender, W. (2000). Psychosocial correlates of prepartum and postpartum depressed mood. Journal of Affective Disorders, 59, 31–40.
  • Feeney, J., Alexander, R., Noller, P. & Hohaus, L. (2003). Attachment insecurity, depression, and the transition to parenthood. Personal Relationships. 10, (s. 475–493).
  • George, C., Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1985). The adult attachment interview. Unpublished manual. University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.
  • Greenberg, M. T., & Speltz, M. L. (1988). Attachment and the ontogeny of conduct problems. In J. Belsky & T. Nezworski (Eds.), Clinical implications of attachment (pp. 177–218).
  • Grossmann, K. E., Grossmann, K., & Waters, E. (2005). Attachment from infancy to adulthood: The major longitudinal studies. New York, NY: Guilford.
  • Grossmann, K. E., Bretherton, I., Waters, E., & Grossmann, K. (2013). Maternal sensitivity: observational studies honoring Mary Ainsworth’s 100th year [Special issue]. Attachment & Human Development, 15, 443–447.
  • Hamilton, C.E. (2000). Continutiy and Discontinuity of Attachment from Infancy Through Adolsecence. Child Development. 71, (3), (s.690-694).
  • Heinicke, C. M. (1956). Some effects of separating two-year-olds from their parents: A comparative study. Human Relations, 9,105-176.
  • Heinicke, C. M., & Westheimer, I. (1966). Brief separations. New York: International Universities Press.
  • Holmes, J. (1993). John Bowlby and attachment theory. London: Routledge.
  • Holmes, J. (2013). John Bowlby &Attachment Theory. (2nd). (Ed.). London: Routledge.
  • Kart, M. (2002). Yetişkin Bağlanma Stillerinin Bazı Bilişsel Süreçlerle Bağlantısı: Sağlık Personeliyle Yapılan Bir Çalışma. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Ankara.
  • Klein, M. (1932). The psycho-analysis of children. London: Hogarth Press.
  • Mikulincer, M., & Shaver. P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York, NY: Guilford.
  • Nakash-Eisikovits O, Dutra L, Westen D. (2000). Relationship between attachment patterns and personality pathology in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 41, (s.1115-1120).
  • Riley, D. (1983). War in the nursery. Theories of the child and mother. London: Virago Press.
  • Robertson, J. (1953). Some responses of young children to loss of maternal care. Nursing Care, 49, 382-386.
  • Rubin R. (1977). Binding-in in the postpartum period. Maternal Child Nursing Journal, 6(2): 67-75.
  • Senn, M. J. E. (1977). Interview with John Bowlby. Unpublished manuscript, National Library of Medicine, Washington, DC.
  • Schaffer, H. R., & Emerson, P. E. (1964). The development of social attachments in infancy. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 29 (Serial No. 94).
  • Schore, A. N. (2001). Effects of a secure attachment relationship on right brain development, affect regulation, and infant mental health. Infant Mental Health Journal, 22(1–2), 7–66.
  • Siegel, D. J., & Hartzell, M. (2003). Parenting from the inside out: How a deeper self-understanding can help you raise children who thrive. New York: Penguin.
  • Sroufe, A. (1988). The role of infant-caregiver attachment in development. In J. Belsky & T.
  • Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., Carlson, E. A., & Collins, W. A. (2005). The development of the person: The Minnesota study of risk and adaptation from birth to adulthood. New York, NY: Guilford.
  • Tulman LJ. (1981). Theories of maternal attachment.Advences in Nursing Science, 3(4):7-14.
  • Waters, E. (1981). Traits, Behavioral Systems, And Relationships: Three Models Of Infant-Adult Attachment. Behavioral Development. Cambridge University Press. (s.621-650).
  • Wootton, B. (1959). Social science and social pathology. London: George Allen & Unwin.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Gül Dalgar 0000-0002-3980-9128

Fatmana Civil Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-2035-0898

Ecem Savaş Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-0452-0156

Aytekin Şahin Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-8594-4910

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Şubat 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Dalgar, G., Civil, F., Savaş, E., Şahin, A. (2022). ERKEN ÇOCUKLUKTA BAĞLANMA: JOHN BOWLBY VE MARY AINSWORTH AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(1), 85-92. https://doi.org/10.53493/avrasyasbd.885024
AMA Dalgar G, Civil F, Savaş E, Şahin A. ERKEN ÇOCUKLUKTA BAĞLANMA: JOHN BOWLBY VE MARY AINSWORTH AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ. AvrasyaSBD. Ocak 2022;5(1):85-92. doi:10.53493/avrasyasbd.885024
Chicago Dalgar, Gül, Fatmana Civil, Ecem Savaş, ve Aytekin Şahin. “ERKEN ÇOCUKLUKTA BAĞLANMA: JOHN BOWLBY VE MARY AINSWORTH AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ”. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 5, sy. 1 (Ocak 2022): 85-92. https://doi.org/10.53493/avrasyasbd.885024.
EndNote Dalgar G, Civil F, Savaş E, Şahin A (01 Ocak 2022) ERKEN ÇOCUKLUKTA BAĞLANMA: JOHN BOWLBY VE MARY AINSWORTH AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 5 1 85–92.
IEEE G. Dalgar, F. Civil, E. Savaş, ve A. Şahin, “ERKEN ÇOCUKLUKTA BAĞLANMA: JOHN BOWLBY VE MARY AINSWORTH AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ”, AvrasyaSBD, c. 5, sy. 1, ss. 85–92, 2022, doi: 10.53493/avrasyasbd.885024.
ISNAD Dalgar, Gül vd. “ERKEN ÇOCUKLUKTA BAĞLANMA: JOHN BOWLBY VE MARY AINSWORTH AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ”. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 5/1 (Ocak 2022), 85-92. https://doi.org/10.53493/avrasyasbd.885024.
JAMA Dalgar G, Civil F, Savaş E, Şahin A. ERKEN ÇOCUKLUKTA BAĞLANMA: JOHN BOWLBY VE MARY AINSWORTH AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ. AvrasyaSBD. 2022;5:85–92.
MLA Dalgar, Gül vd. “ERKEN ÇOCUKLUKTA BAĞLANMA: JOHN BOWLBY VE MARY AINSWORTH AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ”. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 5, sy. 1, 2022, ss. 85-92, doi:10.53493/avrasyasbd.885024.
Vancouver Dalgar G, Civil F, Savaş E, Şahin A. ERKEN ÇOCUKLUKTA BAĞLANMA: JOHN BOWLBY VE MARY AINSWORTH AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ. AvrasyaSBD. 2022;5(1):85-92.
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