Araştırma Makalesi
CİNSİYETLER ARASI İSTİHDAMIN BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ ÜYE VE ADAY ÜLKELERİ ÜZERİNE EKONOMETRİK BİR ANALİZ
Öz
Çalışmada, istihdama etki eden faktörlerin cinsiyetler açısından etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, Avrupa Birliği (AB)’ne üye olan ve aday ülke konumunda olan ülkelerin 2006-2018 dönemine ilişkin verileri panel veri analiz yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda erkek istihdam oranı ile çalışma süresi ve işsizlik oranı arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve negatif yönlü ilişki tespit edilirken, yoksulluk riski ile anlamlı ve pozitif yönlü ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Erkek istihdam oranı ile eğitim oranı arasında ise anlamlı herhangi bir ilişkiye rastlanılmamıştır. Kadın istihdam oranı ile çalışma süresi arasında anlamlı ve pozitif yönlü ilişki tespit edilirken, işsizlik oranı ile negatif yönlü ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Buna karşın kadın istihdam oranı ile yoksulluk ve eğitim oranı arasında ise anlamlı bir ilişki belirlenememiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Akgül, T. ve Etci, H. (2017), “İstihdam Olasılığını Belirleyen Faktörlerin Etkisi Kadın ve Erkeklerde Aynı mı? 2004 ve 2013 Hanehalkı İşgücü Anketleri Üzerinden Bir Analiz”, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 116- 133.
- Aksoy, N., Felek, Ş., Yayla, N. Ve Çeviş, İ. (2019), “Türkiye’de Kadın İstihdamı ve Etkileyen Faktörler”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17(3), 146-163.
- Alena, B. (2016), “Gender Unemployment Gaps in the EU: Blame the Family”, IZA Journal of European Labor Studies, 5(22), 1-31.
- Anyanwu, J. C. ve Augustine, D. (2013), “Gender Equality in Employment in Africa: Empirical Analysis and Policy Implications”, African Development Review, 25, 400-420.
- Bai, J., Ng, S. (2004), “A PANIC Attack on Unit Roots and Cointegration”, Econometrica, 72(4), 1127–1177.
- Baltagi, B., Li, Q. (1991), “A Joint Test for Serial Correlation and Random Individual Effects”, Statistics and Probability Letters(11), 277-280.
- Baussola, M., Mussida, C., Jenkins, J. ve Penfold, M. (2015), “Determinats of the Gender Unemployment Gap in Italy and the United Kingdom: A Comparative Investigation”, International Labour Review, 154(4), 537-562.
- Bhargava, A., Franzini, L., Narendranathan, W. (1982), “Serial Correlation and the Fixed Effects Model”, The Review of Economic Studies, 49(4), 533–549.
- Born, B., Breitung, J. (2016), “Testing for Serial Correlation in Fixed-Effects Panel Data Models”, Econometric Reviews, 35(7), 1290-1316.
- Breusch, T., Pagan, A. (1979), “A Simple Test for Heteroscedasticity and Random Coefficient Variation”, Econometrica(47), 1287–1294.
- Chung, H., Lippe, T. (2018), “Flexible Working, Work-Life Balance, and Gender Equality: Introduction”, Social Indicators Research, 1-17.
- Demirtaş, G. ve Yayla, N. (2017), “Küresel Entegrasyonun Kadın İstihdamı Üzerine Etkisi: Ampirik Bir İnceleme”, Journal of Yasar University, 12(48), 339-349.
- Eastin, J. ve Prakash, A. (2013), “Economic Development and Gender Equality: Is There a Gender Kuznets Curve?”, World Politics, 65(1), 156-186.
- Fluchtmann, J., Glenny, A. M., Harmon, N., Maibom, J. (2020), “The Gender Application Gap: Do Men and Women Apply for the Same Jobs?”, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339487294_The_Gender_Application_Gap_Do_men_and_women_apply_for_the_same_jobs, E. T.: 25.06.2020.
- Gujarati, D. (2003), Basic Econometrics, New York: McGraw Hill Book Co.
- Honda, Y. (1985), “Testing the Error Components Model with Non-Normal Disturbances”, Review of Economic Studies(52), 681-690.
- Im, K., Pesaran, H., & Shin, Y. (2003), “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics(115), 53-74.
- Klimczuk, A., & Klimczuk-Kochańska, M. (2016). Dual Labor Market, içinde: Naples, N., Wong, A., Wickramasinghe, M., Hoogland, RC. (eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies, Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, New Jersey, 2016, 1-3.
- Kumaş, H. ve Çağlar, A. (2011/2), “Türkiye’de Kadın İstihdamını Belirleyen Faktörler: TÜİK 2009 Hanehalkı İşgücü Anketi Ham Verileri İle Cinsiyete Dayalı Bir Karşılaştırma”, Çalışma ve Toplum, 249-289.
- Lama, S. ve Majumder, R. (2018), “Gender Inequality in Wage and Employment in Indian Labour Market”, Journal of Academic Research in Economics”, 10(3), 482-500.
- Levin, A., Lin, C., Chu, C. S. J. (2002), “Unit Root Tests İn Panel Data: Asymptotic And Finite-Sample Properties”, Journal of Econometrics(108), 1–24.
- Meyer, C. S., Mukerjee, S. (2007), “Investigating Dual Labor Market Theory for Women”, Eastern Economic Journal (33), 301-316.
- Parlaktuna, İ. (2010), “Türkiye’de Cinsiyete Dayalı Mesleki Ayrımcılığın Analizi”, Ege Akademik Bakış, 10(4), 1217-1230.
- Passinhas, J. ve Proença, I. (2020), “Measuring the Gender Disparities in Unemployment Dynamics during the Recession: Evidence from Portugal”, Applied Economics, 52, 623-636.
- Pesaran, H. (2004), General Diagnostic Tests For Cross Section Dependence in Panels, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics Working Paper, 435.
- Pesaran, H., Yamagata, T. (2008), “Testing Slope Homogeneity İn Large Panels”, Journal of Econometrics(142), 50–93.
- Reich, M., Gordon, D. M., Edwards, R. C. (1973), “Dual Labor Markets: A Theory of Labor Market Segmentation”, American Economic Review, 63(2), 359-365.
- Singley, S. G., Hynes, K. (2005), “Transitions to Parenthood Work-Family Policies, Gender, and the Couple Context”, Gender & Society, 19(3), 376-397.
- Smyth, E. (2005), “Gender Differentiation and Early Labour Market Integration across Europe”, European Societies, 7(3), 451-479.
- Tseloni, A., Tsoukis, C. ve Emmanouilides, C. (2011), “Globalization, Development, and Gender Inequality across the World: A Multivariate Multilevel Approach”, Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis in Social Sciences (QASS), 5(1), 1-25.
Yıl 2020,
Sayı: 36, 276 - 315, 31.12.2020
Öz
The aim of this study is to determine the effect of factors affecting employment in terms of gender. For this purpose, the data of the member states of the European Union (EU) and candidate countries for the period of 2006-2018 were analyzed by panel data analysis method. As a result of the analysis, a statistically significant and negative relationship was found between male employment rate and working time and unemployment rate, while a significant and positive relationship was found with poverty risk. No significant relationship was found between male employment rate and education rate. While a significant and positive relationship was found between female employment rate and working time, a negative relationship was found between female employment rate and unemployment rate. However, there is no significant relationship between female employment and poverty and education rate.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Akgül, T. ve Etci, H. (2017), “İstihdam Olasılığını Belirleyen Faktörlerin Etkisi Kadın ve Erkeklerde Aynı mı? 2004 ve 2013 Hanehalkı İşgücü Anketleri Üzerinden Bir Analiz”, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 116- 133.
- Aksoy, N., Felek, Ş., Yayla, N. Ve Çeviş, İ. (2019), “Türkiye’de Kadın İstihdamı ve Etkileyen Faktörler”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17(3), 146-163.
- Alena, B. (2016), “Gender Unemployment Gaps in the EU: Blame the Family”, IZA Journal of European Labor Studies, 5(22), 1-31.
- Anyanwu, J. C. ve Augustine, D. (2013), “Gender Equality in Employment in Africa: Empirical Analysis and Policy Implications”, African Development Review, 25, 400-420.
- Bai, J., Ng, S. (2004), “A PANIC Attack on Unit Roots and Cointegration”, Econometrica, 72(4), 1127–1177.
- Baltagi, B., Li, Q. (1991), “A Joint Test for Serial Correlation and Random Individual Effects”, Statistics and Probability Letters(11), 277-280.
- Baussola, M., Mussida, C., Jenkins, J. ve Penfold, M. (2015), “Determinats of the Gender Unemployment Gap in Italy and the United Kingdom: A Comparative Investigation”, International Labour Review, 154(4), 537-562.
- Bhargava, A., Franzini, L., Narendranathan, W. (1982), “Serial Correlation and the Fixed Effects Model”, The Review of Economic Studies, 49(4), 533–549.
- Born, B., Breitung, J. (2016), “Testing for Serial Correlation in Fixed-Effects Panel Data Models”, Econometric Reviews, 35(7), 1290-1316.
- Breusch, T., Pagan, A. (1979), “A Simple Test for Heteroscedasticity and Random Coefficient Variation”, Econometrica(47), 1287–1294.
- Chung, H., Lippe, T. (2018), “Flexible Working, Work-Life Balance, and Gender Equality: Introduction”, Social Indicators Research, 1-17.
- Demirtaş, G. ve Yayla, N. (2017), “Küresel Entegrasyonun Kadın İstihdamı Üzerine Etkisi: Ampirik Bir İnceleme”, Journal of Yasar University, 12(48), 339-349.
- Eastin, J. ve Prakash, A. (2013), “Economic Development and Gender Equality: Is There a Gender Kuznets Curve?”, World Politics, 65(1), 156-186.
- Fluchtmann, J., Glenny, A. M., Harmon, N., Maibom, J. (2020), “The Gender Application Gap: Do Men and Women Apply for the Same Jobs?”, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339487294_The_Gender_Application_Gap_Do_men_and_women_apply_for_the_same_jobs, E. T.: 25.06.2020.
- Gujarati, D. (2003), Basic Econometrics, New York: McGraw Hill Book Co.
- Honda, Y. (1985), “Testing the Error Components Model with Non-Normal Disturbances”, Review of Economic Studies(52), 681-690.
- Im, K., Pesaran, H., & Shin, Y. (2003), “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics(115), 53-74.
- Klimczuk, A., & Klimczuk-Kochańska, M. (2016). Dual Labor Market, içinde: Naples, N., Wong, A., Wickramasinghe, M., Hoogland, RC. (eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies, Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, New Jersey, 2016, 1-3.
- Kumaş, H. ve Çağlar, A. (2011/2), “Türkiye’de Kadın İstihdamını Belirleyen Faktörler: TÜİK 2009 Hanehalkı İşgücü Anketi Ham Verileri İle Cinsiyete Dayalı Bir Karşılaştırma”, Çalışma ve Toplum, 249-289.
- Lama, S. ve Majumder, R. (2018), “Gender Inequality in Wage and Employment in Indian Labour Market”, Journal of Academic Research in Economics”, 10(3), 482-500.
- Levin, A., Lin, C., Chu, C. S. J. (2002), “Unit Root Tests İn Panel Data: Asymptotic And Finite-Sample Properties”, Journal of Econometrics(108), 1–24.
- Meyer, C. S., Mukerjee, S. (2007), “Investigating Dual Labor Market Theory for Women”, Eastern Economic Journal (33), 301-316.
- Parlaktuna, İ. (2010), “Türkiye’de Cinsiyete Dayalı Mesleki Ayrımcılığın Analizi”, Ege Akademik Bakış, 10(4), 1217-1230.
- Passinhas, J. ve Proença, I. (2020), “Measuring the Gender Disparities in Unemployment Dynamics during the Recession: Evidence from Portugal”, Applied Economics, 52, 623-636.
- Pesaran, H. (2004), General Diagnostic Tests For Cross Section Dependence in Panels, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics Working Paper, 435.
- Pesaran, H., Yamagata, T. (2008), “Testing Slope Homogeneity İn Large Panels”, Journal of Econometrics(142), 50–93.
- Reich, M., Gordon, D. M., Edwards, R. C. (1973), “Dual Labor Markets: A Theory of Labor Market Segmentation”, American Economic Review, 63(2), 359-365.
- Singley, S. G., Hynes, K. (2005), “Transitions to Parenthood Work-Family Policies, Gender, and the Couple Context”, Gender & Society, 19(3), 376-397.
- Smyth, E. (2005), “Gender Differentiation and Early Labour Market Integration across Europe”, European Societies, 7(3), 451-479.
- Tseloni, A., Tsoukis, C. ve Emmanouilides, C. (2011), “Globalization, Development, and Gender Inequality across the World: A Multivariate Multilevel Approach”, Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis in Social Sciences (QASS), 5(1), 1-25.
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Aralık 2020 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020 Sayı: 36 |
- Makale Dosyaları