Research Article
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Pre-service English Language Teachers’ 21st Century Skills: A Mixed-methods Study on Digital Literacy

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 245 - 258, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.51535/tell.1254377

Abstract

Despite an increasing number of studies on pre-service teachers' digital literacy, there are few studies on pre-service English teachers, especially regarding samples, methodology, and including variables. Hence, this study recruits more participants from different institutions and studies the effects of 5 variables. The participants were 186 pre-service teachers. The quantitative data were collected via the Digital Literacy Scale and analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 25.0 via independent samples t-test and one-way variance analysis. The qualitative data were collected via semi-structured interviews and analyzed by Descriptive Analysis. The findings showed that the participants had a medium to high level of digital literacy, while they reported higher levels in the interviews. The analysis of the survey indicated that the most used device and year of digital platform use had a significant effect on the participants’ digital literacy levels. The interview results combined with the survey implied that the vital point in digital literacy training is to ensure "learning how to exploit digital skills" rather than learning all the available tools, applications, and resources.

References

  • Akayoğlu, S., Satar, H. M., Dikilitaş, K., Cirit, N. C., & Korkmazgil, S. (2020). Digital literacy practices of Turkish pre-service EFL teachers. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 36(1), 85-97.
  • Alfarisyi, S. M. (2020). The correlation between Digital Literacy and reading proficiency of English pre-service teachers at Sriwjaya University. [Unpublished undergraduate thesis] Sriwijaya University.
  • Amin, J. N. (2016). Redefining the role of teachers in the digital era.The International Journal ofIndian Psychology, 3(3), 40-45.
  • Anggeraini, Y., Faridi, A., Mujiyanto, J., &Bharati, D. A. L. (2019, June 29). Pre-service English Teachers’ views on Digital Literacy Competences in language teaching [Conference presentation]. 5th International Conference on Science, Education and Technology Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia.
  • Atar, C. & Bağcı, H. (2020).The investigation of pre-service English teachers’ information searching and commitment strategies on the web.Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology, 8(1), 72-83. 10.17220/mojet.2020.01.006
  • Baker, E. (2000). Integrating literacy and tool-based technologies. Computers in the Schools, 16(2), 73-89.
  • Barile, A .L., &Durso, F. T. (2002). Computer-mediated communication in collaborative writing.Computers in Human Behavior, 18, 173–190.
  • Boyacı, Z. (2019). Öğretmen adaylarının yaşam boyu öğrenme eğilimleri ile Dijital Okuryazarlık düzeyleri arasindaki ilişki (DüzceÜniversitesiörneği) [Unpublished Master’s thesis] Sakarya University.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çokluk, O. & Köklü, N. (2019).Sosyal bilimler için istatistik (21st Edition). Pegem Akademi Publishing.
  • Campbell, E. G. (2016). Pre-service teachers’ practices and perceptions: Integrating digital literacy into English teacher education [Unpublished Master’s thesis] University of Cape Town.
  • Campbell, E. G., & Kapp, R. (2020). Developing an integrated, situated model for digital literacy in pre-service teacher education.Journal of Education, 79, 18-30.
  • Cortina-Pérez, B., Gallardo-Vigil, M. Á., Jiménez-Jiménez, M. Á., & Trujillo-Torres, J. M. (2014). Digital illiteracy: A challenge for 21st century teachers. Culture and Education, 26(2), 231–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/11356405.2014.935108
  • Çam, E., & Kıyıcı, M. (2017).Perceptions of prospective teachers on Digital Literacy.Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology, 5(4), 29-44.
  • Dashtestani, R. (2014). EFL teachers’ knowledge of the use and development of computer assisted language learning(CALL) materials, Teaching English with Technology, 14(2), 3- 26.
  • Eryansyah, E., Petrus, I., Indrawati, S., & Ernalida, A. (2020). Pre-service EFL teachers’ Digital Literacy and factors affecting Digital Literacy development.Indonesian Research Journal in Education, 4(2), 402-412.
  • Eshet-Alkalai, Y. (2004). Digital literacy: A conceptual framework for survival skills in the digital era. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 13(1), 93-106.
  • Fitriah, F. (2017). The role of technology in teachers’ creativity development in English teaching practices, TEFLINJournal, 29, (2), 177-193.
  • Fluck, A. & Dowden, T. (2013). On the cusp of change: examining pre‐service teachers' beliefs about ICT and envisioning the digital classroom of the future. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 29(1), 43-52.
  • Gee, J. P. (1990). Social linguistics and literacies: Ideology in discourses.Routledge.
  • Gilster, P. (1997).Digital literacy.John Wiley.
  • Hedayati, H., & Marandi, S. S. (2014). Iranian EFL teachers’ perceptions of the difficulties of implementing CALL, RECALL, 26(3), 298- 314.
  • Karabacak, Z. İ., & Sezgin, A. A. (2019). Türkiye’ de dijital dönüşüm ve dijital okuryazarlık. Türk İdare Dergisi, 91(488), 319-343.
  • Karakoyun, F., & Lindberg, O. J. (2020). Preservice teachers’ views about the twenty-first century skills: A qualitative survey study in Turkey and Sweden. Education and Information Technologies, 25, 2353–2369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10148-w
  • Karasar, N. (2005). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Liza, K., & Andriyanti, E. (2020).Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 14(1), 74-79.
  • Martin, A. (2008). Digital Literacy and the digital society. In C. Lankshear, & M. Knobel (Eds.), Digital Literacies: Concepts, policies and practices (pp. 151- 174). Peter Lang.
  • McDougall, J., Brites, M-J., Coutoc, M-J., & Lucas, C. (2019).Digital literacy, fake news and education.Culture and Education, 31(2), 203-212.
  • Ng, W. (2012). Can we teach digital natives digital literacy?. Computers & Education, 59(3), 1065-1078.
  • Özerbaş, M. A., & Kuralbayeva, A. (2018). Türkiye ve Kazakistan öğretmen adaylarının dijital okuryazarlık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. MSKU Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 16-25.
  • Özoğlu, C., & Kaya, E. (2021). Z kuşağı öğretmen adaylarının yaşam boyu öğrenmeleri ve dijital okuryazarlıkları arasındaki ilişki.Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International, 11(1), 415-437. DOI: 10.18039/ajesi.824040
  • Paker, T. & Doğan, N. (2021). Using Edmodo as a social platform to teach EFL writing for preparatory school students. Journal of Language Education and Research, 7(1), 17-33.
  • Pérez-Escoda, A., García-Ruiz, R., & Aguaded, I. (2019). Dimensions of digital literacy based on five models of development. Culture and Education, 31(2), 232-266.
  • Pool, C. R. (1997). A new digital literacy a conversation with Paul Gilster.Educational Leadership, 55(3), 6-11.
  • Prensky, M. (2001).Digital natives, digital immigrants.On the Horizon, 9(5), 1-6.
  • Sarıçoban, A., Tosuncuoğlu, İ. & Kırmızı, Ö. (2019). A technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) assessment of pre-service EFL teachers learning to teach English as a foreign language, Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 15(3), 1122-1138.
  • Santisteban, A., Díez-Bedmar, M. C., & Castellví, J. (2020).Critical digital literacy of future teachers in the Twitter Age.Culture and Education, 32(2), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/11356405.2020.1741875
  • Shenton, A. K. (2009). Information literacy and scholarly investigation: a British perspective. IFLA journal, 35(3), 226-231.
  • Solmaz, O. (2020). Examining the collaborative reading experiences of English language learners for online second language socialization, The Reading Matrix, 20(1), 20-35.
  • Street, B. V. (1984). Literacy in theory and practice.Cambridge University Press.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson.
  • Üstündağ, M. T., Güneş, E. & Bahçivan, E. (2017).Turkish adaptation of digital literacy scale and investigating pre-service science teachers’ digital literacy.Journal of Education and Future, 12, 19-29.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2008).Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (Seventh edition). Seçkin Publishing.
  • Zehir-Topkaya, E. (2010). Pre-service English language teachers’ perceptions of computer self-efficacy and general self-efficacy. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, (9)1, 143-156.
Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 245 - 258, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.51535/tell.1254377

Abstract

References

  • Akayoğlu, S., Satar, H. M., Dikilitaş, K., Cirit, N. C., & Korkmazgil, S. (2020). Digital literacy practices of Turkish pre-service EFL teachers. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 36(1), 85-97.
  • Alfarisyi, S. M. (2020). The correlation between Digital Literacy and reading proficiency of English pre-service teachers at Sriwjaya University. [Unpublished undergraduate thesis] Sriwijaya University.
  • Amin, J. N. (2016). Redefining the role of teachers in the digital era.The International Journal ofIndian Psychology, 3(3), 40-45.
  • Anggeraini, Y., Faridi, A., Mujiyanto, J., &Bharati, D. A. L. (2019, June 29). Pre-service English Teachers’ views on Digital Literacy Competences in language teaching [Conference presentation]. 5th International Conference on Science, Education and Technology Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia.
  • Atar, C. & Bağcı, H. (2020).The investigation of pre-service English teachers’ information searching and commitment strategies on the web.Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology, 8(1), 72-83. 10.17220/mojet.2020.01.006
  • Baker, E. (2000). Integrating literacy and tool-based technologies. Computers in the Schools, 16(2), 73-89.
  • Barile, A .L., &Durso, F. T. (2002). Computer-mediated communication in collaborative writing.Computers in Human Behavior, 18, 173–190.
  • Boyacı, Z. (2019). Öğretmen adaylarının yaşam boyu öğrenme eğilimleri ile Dijital Okuryazarlık düzeyleri arasindaki ilişki (DüzceÜniversitesiörneği) [Unpublished Master’s thesis] Sakarya University.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çokluk, O. & Köklü, N. (2019).Sosyal bilimler için istatistik (21st Edition). Pegem Akademi Publishing.
  • Campbell, E. G. (2016). Pre-service teachers’ practices and perceptions: Integrating digital literacy into English teacher education [Unpublished Master’s thesis] University of Cape Town.
  • Campbell, E. G., & Kapp, R. (2020). Developing an integrated, situated model for digital literacy in pre-service teacher education.Journal of Education, 79, 18-30.
  • Cortina-Pérez, B., Gallardo-Vigil, M. Á., Jiménez-Jiménez, M. Á., & Trujillo-Torres, J. M. (2014). Digital illiteracy: A challenge for 21st century teachers. Culture and Education, 26(2), 231–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/11356405.2014.935108
  • Çam, E., & Kıyıcı, M. (2017).Perceptions of prospective teachers on Digital Literacy.Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology, 5(4), 29-44.
  • Dashtestani, R. (2014). EFL teachers’ knowledge of the use and development of computer assisted language learning(CALL) materials, Teaching English with Technology, 14(2), 3- 26.
  • Eryansyah, E., Petrus, I., Indrawati, S., & Ernalida, A. (2020). Pre-service EFL teachers’ Digital Literacy and factors affecting Digital Literacy development.Indonesian Research Journal in Education, 4(2), 402-412.
  • Eshet-Alkalai, Y. (2004). Digital literacy: A conceptual framework for survival skills in the digital era. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 13(1), 93-106.
  • Fitriah, F. (2017). The role of technology in teachers’ creativity development in English teaching practices, TEFLINJournal, 29, (2), 177-193.
  • Fluck, A. & Dowden, T. (2013). On the cusp of change: examining pre‐service teachers' beliefs about ICT and envisioning the digital classroom of the future. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 29(1), 43-52.
  • Gee, J. P. (1990). Social linguistics and literacies: Ideology in discourses.Routledge.
  • Gilster, P. (1997).Digital literacy.John Wiley.
  • Hedayati, H., & Marandi, S. S. (2014). Iranian EFL teachers’ perceptions of the difficulties of implementing CALL, RECALL, 26(3), 298- 314.
  • Karabacak, Z. İ., & Sezgin, A. A. (2019). Türkiye’ de dijital dönüşüm ve dijital okuryazarlık. Türk İdare Dergisi, 91(488), 319-343.
  • Karakoyun, F., & Lindberg, O. J. (2020). Preservice teachers’ views about the twenty-first century skills: A qualitative survey study in Turkey and Sweden. Education and Information Technologies, 25, 2353–2369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10148-w
  • Karasar, N. (2005). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Liza, K., & Andriyanti, E. (2020).Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 14(1), 74-79.
  • Martin, A. (2008). Digital Literacy and the digital society. In C. Lankshear, & M. Knobel (Eds.), Digital Literacies: Concepts, policies and practices (pp. 151- 174). Peter Lang.
  • McDougall, J., Brites, M-J., Coutoc, M-J., & Lucas, C. (2019).Digital literacy, fake news and education.Culture and Education, 31(2), 203-212.
  • Ng, W. (2012). Can we teach digital natives digital literacy?. Computers & Education, 59(3), 1065-1078.
  • Özerbaş, M. A., & Kuralbayeva, A. (2018). Türkiye ve Kazakistan öğretmen adaylarının dijital okuryazarlık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. MSKU Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 16-25.
  • Özoğlu, C., & Kaya, E. (2021). Z kuşağı öğretmen adaylarının yaşam boyu öğrenmeleri ve dijital okuryazarlıkları arasındaki ilişki.Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International, 11(1), 415-437. DOI: 10.18039/ajesi.824040
  • Paker, T. & Doğan, N. (2021). Using Edmodo as a social platform to teach EFL writing for preparatory school students. Journal of Language Education and Research, 7(1), 17-33.
  • Pérez-Escoda, A., García-Ruiz, R., & Aguaded, I. (2019). Dimensions of digital literacy based on five models of development. Culture and Education, 31(2), 232-266.
  • Pool, C. R. (1997). A new digital literacy a conversation with Paul Gilster.Educational Leadership, 55(3), 6-11.
  • Prensky, M. (2001).Digital natives, digital immigrants.On the Horizon, 9(5), 1-6.
  • Sarıçoban, A., Tosuncuoğlu, İ. & Kırmızı, Ö. (2019). A technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) assessment of pre-service EFL teachers learning to teach English as a foreign language, Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 15(3), 1122-1138.
  • Santisteban, A., Díez-Bedmar, M. C., & Castellví, J. (2020).Critical digital literacy of future teachers in the Twitter Age.Culture and Education, 32(2), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/11356405.2020.1741875
  • Shenton, A. K. (2009). Information literacy and scholarly investigation: a British perspective. IFLA journal, 35(3), 226-231.
  • Solmaz, O. (2020). Examining the collaborative reading experiences of English language learners for online second language socialization, The Reading Matrix, 20(1), 20-35.
  • Street, B. V. (1984). Literacy in theory and practice.Cambridge University Press.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson.
  • Üstündağ, M. T., Güneş, E. & Bahçivan, E. (2017).Turkish adaptation of digital literacy scale and investigating pre-service science teachers’ digital literacy.Journal of Education and Future, 12, 19-29.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2008).Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (Seventh edition). Seçkin Publishing.
  • Zehir-Topkaya, E. (2010). Pre-service English language teachers’ perceptions of computer self-efficacy and general self-efficacy. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, (9)1, 143-156.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Other Fields of Education
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Cihat Atar 0000-0002-5879-3432

Hakkı Bağcı 0000-0002-6211-9694

Early Pub Date June 22, 2023
Publication Date June 30, 2023
Acceptance Date June 1, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Atar, C., & Bağcı, H. (2023). Pre-service English Language Teachers’ 21st Century Skills: A Mixed-methods Study on Digital Literacy. Journal of Teacher Education and Lifelong Learning, 5(1), 245-258. https://doi.org/10.51535/tell.1254377

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