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Adapting Behavioral Patterns of Tourists To The Covid-19 Process: Who Are Acceptors, Opponents And Submissives

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 263 - 280, 30.12.2023

Derya Çetinoğlu Ece Konaklıoğlu Selma Meydan Uygur

https://doi.org/10.38015/sbyy.1306873

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to analyze how tourists react to the process during health crisis periods and to what extent they adapt themselves to the pandemic. Therefore, the mixed method approach was used to address the research problem. Firstly, the observation technique was used as the data collection tool in the qualitative step of the study, and then a scale was developed in accordance with the data acquired from the qualitative part. In the qualitative stage of the study, 3 different types of tourist adaptation emerged, including “Acceptors, Submissives and Opponents”. In the second stage of the research, a 5-point Likert-type scale consisting of 26 items was developed to measure 3 types of compliance patterns. The results of the research indicate that the scale can be used in different application areas although the research focused on the COVID-19 pandemic, and that the reactions of the tourists to the procedures applied during the pandemic may differ from each other although it has emerged as a universal problem. Lastly, the different tourist behaviors emerging during the COVID-19 pandemic are highly important for tourist enterprises to develop various applications for tourists and to consider how they can adapt to this process.

Keywords

Tourist behavior covid-19 pandemics mixed method research diaries behavioral pattern

References

  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179-211
  • Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological bulletin, 84(5), 888
  • Ayaz, N., & Gökmen, F. (2020). A Research on tourist typology and information search behavior, Journal of Turkish Tourism Research, 4(2), 1060-1076.
  • Bourgoin, A., & Harvey, J, F. (2018). Professional image under threat: dealing with learning– credibility tension, Human Relations, 71(12), 1611-1639. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726718756168
  • Cai, J. (2003). Pay attention to the influences of SARS on the psychological changes of tourists. In G. Zhang & X. Wei (Eds.), Tourism in China: The impact of Sars and comprehensive revitalization (pp. 173-177), Social Sciences Academic Press.
  • Ceti, B., & Unlüönen, K. (2019). Evaluation of the impact of crises caused by pandemic diseases on the tourism sector. AHBVU Tourism Faculty Journal, 22(2), 109-128.
  • Cohen, E. (1972). Toward a sociology of international tourism. Social Research Political Economics, 39(1), 164-182.
  • Cöllü, F, E. & Öztürk, E, Y. (2006). Measurement methods of beliefs, attitudes and attitudes in organizations and application examples. evaluation of these methods. Selçuk University Journal of Social Sciences Vocational School, 9(1-2), 373-404.
  • Corbin J., & Strauss A. (2014). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Sage.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. Sage.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2015). A concise introduction to mixed methods research. Sage.
  • Decrop, A., & Snelders, D. (2005). A grounded typology of vacation decision making. Tourism Management, 26(2), 121–132.
  • Ferguson, F., & Takane, Y. (1989). Statistical analysis in psychology and education. McGraw-Hill.
  • Frith, C., & Frith, U. (2005). Theory of mind. Current Biology, 15(17), R644-R645.
  • Fu, Y. K. (2020). The impact and recovering strategies of the Covid-19 pandemic: lessons from Taiwan’s hospitality industry. Cogent Social Sciences, 6(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2020.1829806
  • Fuchs, G., & Reichel, A. (2011). An exploratory inquiry into destination risk perceptions and risk reduction strategies of first time vs. repeat visitors to a highly volatile destination. Tourism Management, 32(2), 266-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.01.012
  • Goodwin, H. (2020). Latest developments in responsible tourism. Responsible tourism partnership. https://responsibletourismpartnership.org/2020/04/12/latest-developments-inresponsible-tourism.
  • Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, M.C. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of Covid-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(1), 1-20.
  • Greene, C. J. (2007). Mixed method in social inquiry. Wiley Publishers.
  • Güler, A., Halıcıoglu, B.M., & Tasgın, S. (2015). Qualitative research in social sciences. Seçkin Publishing.
  • Hajibaba, H., Gretzel, U., Leisch, F., & Dolnicar, S. (2015). Crisis-resistant tourists. Annals of Tourism Research, 53, 46–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2015.04.001.
  • Karl, M., Reintinger, C., & Schmude, J. (2015). Reject or select: mapping destination choice. Annals of Tourism Research, 54, 48-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2015.06.003
  • Kenny, D. A., Kaniskan, B., & McCoach, D. B. (2015). The performance of RMSEA in models with small degrees of freedom. Sociological Methods and Research, 44(3), 486-507.
  • Khan, A.A. (2020). Covid-19 effects of the pandemic on tourism: the example of Safranbolu heritage city. Journal of Business and Economic Studies, 8(2), 28-37.
  • Khandelwal, S., & Rudola, M. (2020). Marketing efforts in the era of hyper-personalisation.
  • Kozak, M., Crotts, J., & Law, R. (2007). The impact of the perception of risk on international travelers. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9(4), 233-242.
  • Law, R. (2006). The perceived impact of risks on travel decisions. International Journal of Tourism Research, 8(4), 289-300. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.576
  • Lepp, A., & Gibson, H. (2003). Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(3), 606-624. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(03)00024-0
  • Loannides, D., & Gyimothy, S. (2020). The Covid-19 crisis as an opportunity for escaping the unsustainable global tourism path. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 624-632.
  • Lowry, L. L. (2017). The sage international encyclopedia of travel and tourism. Wiley Publishers.https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483368924
  • Luo, J. M., & Lam, C. F. (2020). Travel anxiety, risk attitude and travel intentions towards “travel bubble” destinations in Hong Kong: Effect of the fear of Covid-19. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 17(21), 7859.
  • Lupton, D., & Willis, K. (2021). The Covid-19 crisis: Social perspectives. Routledge.
  • McKercher, B., & Hui, E.L.L. (2003). Terrorism, economic uncertainty and outbound travel from Hong Kong. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 15(2–3), 99-115.
  • Plog, S. C. (1974). Why destination areas rise and fall in popularity. The Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 14(4), 55-58.
  • Sharma, A., & Nicolau, L. J. (2020). An open market valuation of the effects of Covid-19 on the travel and tourism industry. Annals of Tourism Research, 83, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102990
  • Swaikoski, D., (2020). Leisure in the time of coronavirus: indigenous tourism in Canada and the impacts of Covid-19. World Leisure Journal, 62(4), 311-314.
  • Tabachnick B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Allyn and Bacon.
  • Tang, T. C., & Wong, K. N., (2009). The Sars pandemic and international visitor arrivals to Cambodia: Is the impact permanent or transitory?. Tourism Economics, 15(4), 883-890. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000009789955206
  • UNWTO (2020). Tourism highlights edition 2020. https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/epdf/10.18111/9789284421152.
  • Wachyuni, S. S., & Kusumaningrum, D. A. (2020). The effect of Covid-19 pandemic: how are the future tourist behavior? Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science, 33(4), 67-76.
  • Zenker, S., & Kock, F. (2020). The coronavirus pandemic – a critical discussion of a tourism research agenda. Tourism Management, 81, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104164
  • Zogal, V., & Emekli, G. (2020). Changing meaning of second home in covid- 19 outbreak process in Turkey. International Journal of Geography and Geography Education, 42, 168-181.

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 263 - 280, 30.12.2023

Derya Çetinoğlu Ece Konaklıoğlu Selma Meydan Uygur

https://doi.org/10.38015/sbyy.1306873

Abstract

Keywords

Tourist behavior covid-19 pandemics mixed method research diaries behavioral pattern

References

  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179-211
  • Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological bulletin, 84(5), 888
  • Ayaz, N., & Gökmen, F. (2020). A Research on tourist typology and information search behavior, Journal of Turkish Tourism Research, 4(2), 1060-1076.
  • Bourgoin, A., & Harvey, J, F. (2018). Professional image under threat: dealing with learning– credibility tension, Human Relations, 71(12), 1611-1639. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726718756168
  • Cai, J. (2003). Pay attention to the influences of SARS on the psychological changes of tourists. In G. Zhang & X. Wei (Eds.), Tourism in China: The impact of Sars and comprehensive revitalization (pp. 173-177), Social Sciences Academic Press.
  • Ceti, B., & Unlüönen, K. (2019). Evaluation of the impact of crises caused by pandemic diseases on the tourism sector. AHBVU Tourism Faculty Journal, 22(2), 109-128.
  • Cohen, E. (1972). Toward a sociology of international tourism. Social Research Political Economics, 39(1), 164-182.
  • Cöllü, F, E. & Öztürk, E, Y. (2006). Measurement methods of beliefs, attitudes and attitudes in organizations and application examples. evaluation of these methods. Selçuk University Journal of Social Sciences Vocational School, 9(1-2), 373-404.
  • Corbin J., & Strauss A. (2014). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Sage.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. Sage.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2015). A concise introduction to mixed methods research. Sage.
  • Decrop, A., & Snelders, D. (2005). A grounded typology of vacation decision making. Tourism Management, 26(2), 121–132.
  • Ferguson, F., & Takane, Y. (1989). Statistical analysis in psychology and education. McGraw-Hill.
  • Frith, C., & Frith, U. (2005). Theory of mind. Current Biology, 15(17), R644-R645.
  • Fu, Y. K. (2020). The impact and recovering strategies of the Covid-19 pandemic: lessons from Taiwan’s hospitality industry. Cogent Social Sciences, 6(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2020.1829806
  • Fuchs, G., & Reichel, A. (2011). An exploratory inquiry into destination risk perceptions and risk reduction strategies of first time vs. repeat visitors to a highly volatile destination. Tourism Management, 32(2), 266-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.01.012
  • Goodwin, H. (2020). Latest developments in responsible tourism. Responsible tourism partnership. https://responsibletourismpartnership.org/2020/04/12/latest-developments-inresponsible-tourism.
  • Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, M.C. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of Covid-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(1), 1-20.
  • Greene, C. J. (2007). Mixed method in social inquiry. Wiley Publishers.
  • Güler, A., Halıcıoglu, B.M., & Tasgın, S. (2015). Qualitative research in social sciences. Seçkin Publishing.
  • Hajibaba, H., Gretzel, U., Leisch, F., & Dolnicar, S. (2015). Crisis-resistant tourists. Annals of Tourism Research, 53, 46–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2015.04.001.
  • Karl, M., Reintinger, C., & Schmude, J. (2015). Reject or select: mapping destination choice. Annals of Tourism Research, 54, 48-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2015.06.003
  • Kenny, D. A., Kaniskan, B., & McCoach, D. B. (2015). The performance of RMSEA in models with small degrees of freedom. Sociological Methods and Research, 44(3), 486-507.
  • Khan, A.A. (2020). Covid-19 effects of the pandemic on tourism: the example of Safranbolu heritage city. Journal of Business and Economic Studies, 8(2), 28-37.
  • Khandelwal, S., & Rudola, M. (2020). Marketing efforts in the era of hyper-personalisation.
  • Kozak, M., Crotts, J., & Law, R. (2007). The impact of the perception of risk on international travelers. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9(4), 233-242.
  • Law, R. (2006). The perceived impact of risks on travel decisions. International Journal of Tourism Research, 8(4), 289-300. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.576
  • Lepp, A., & Gibson, H. (2003). Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(3), 606-624. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(03)00024-0
  • Loannides, D., & Gyimothy, S. (2020). The Covid-19 crisis as an opportunity for escaping the unsustainable global tourism path. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 624-632.
  • Lowry, L. L. (2017). The sage international encyclopedia of travel and tourism. Wiley Publishers.https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483368924
  • Luo, J. M., & Lam, C. F. (2020). Travel anxiety, risk attitude and travel intentions towards “travel bubble” destinations in Hong Kong: Effect of the fear of Covid-19. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 17(21), 7859.
  • Lupton, D., & Willis, K. (2021). The Covid-19 crisis: Social perspectives. Routledge.
  • McKercher, B., & Hui, E.L.L. (2003). Terrorism, economic uncertainty and outbound travel from Hong Kong. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 15(2–3), 99-115.
  • Plog, S. C. (1974). Why destination areas rise and fall in popularity. The Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 14(4), 55-58.
  • Sharma, A., & Nicolau, L. J. (2020). An open market valuation of the effects of Covid-19 on the travel and tourism industry. Annals of Tourism Research, 83, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102990
  • Swaikoski, D., (2020). Leisure in the time of coronavirus: indigenous tourism in Canada and the impacts of Covid-19. World Leisure Journal, 62(4), 311-314.
  • Tabachnick B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Allyn and Bacon.
  • Tang, T. C., & Wong, K. N., (2009). The Sars pandemic and international visitor arrivals to Cambodia: Is the impact permanent or transitory?. Tourism Economics, 15(4), 883-890. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000009789955206
  • UNWTO (2020). Tourism highlights edition 2020. https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/epdf/10.18111/9789284421152.
  • Wachyuni, S. S., & Kusumaningrum, D. A. (2020). The effect of Covid-19 pandemic: how are the future tourist behavior? Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science, 33(4), 67-76.
  • Zenker, S., & Kock, F. (2020). The coronavirus pandemic – a critical discussion of a tourism research agenda. Tourism Management, 81, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104164
  • Zogal, V., & Emekli, G. (2020). Changing meaning of second home in covid- 19 outbreak process in Turkey. International Journal of Geography and Geography Education, 42, 168-181.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Special Education and Disabled Education
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Derya Çetinoğlu 0000-0001-7903-987X

Ece Konaklıoğlu 0000-0001-9326-1610

Selma Meydan Uygur 0000-0001-7665-1131

Publication Date December 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çetinoğlu, D., Konaklıoğlu, E., & Meydan Uygur, S. (2023). Adapting Behavioral Patterns of Tourists To The Covid-19 Process: Who Are Acceptors, Opponents And Submissives. International Journal of New Approaches in Social Studies, 7(2), 263-280. https://doi.org/10.38015/sbyy.1306873
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