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Travma Mağdurlarına Yönelik Grup Müdahaleleri

Year 2022, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 143 - 151, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.939012

Abstract

Travmatik deneyimlerin yaşanma sıklığının artması, travma mağduru kişi sayısında artışa neden olmaktadır. Görülen bu artış, psikolojik destek sürecini de beraberinde getirmektedir. Travmatik deneyimlere maruz kaldıktan kısa bir süre sonra ise birçok bireyin travma sonrası stres bozukluğu (TSSB) yaşadığı gözlenmektedir. Travmatik deneyimler ve TSSB ile başa çıkma konusunda travma mağdurlarına hem bireysel hem de grupla psikolojik müdahaleler uygulanabilmektedir. Grupla uygulanan müdahalelerin çeşitli avantajları düşünüldüğünde ise son yıllarda tercih edilen yaklaşımlardan biri olduğu görülmektedir. Bu derleme makalesi ile alanyazında son yıllarda ön plana çıkan travma mağdurlarına uygulanan grup müdahaleleri ve bu müdahalelerin etkililiği ele alınmak istenmiştir.

References

  • Adler-Tapia R, Settle C (2008) EMDR and The Art of Psychotherapy with Children. New York, Springer Publishing Company.
  • Adúriz ME, Knopfler C, Bluthgen C (2009) Helping child flood victims using group EMDR intervention in Argentina: Treatment outcome and gender differences. International Journal of Stress Management, 16: 138-153.
  • American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Text revision (DSM-V-TR). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Aykut S, Soner Aykut S (2020) Kovid-19 pandemisi ve travma sonrası stres bozukluğu temelinde sosyal hizmetin önemi. Toplumsal Politika Dergisi, 1: 56-66.
  • Beer R (2018) Efficacy of EMDR therapy for children with PTSD: A review of the literature. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 12: 177-195.
  • Belsher B, Beech E, Evatt D, Rosen CS, Liu X, Otto J, Schnurr PP (2017) Present-Centered Therapy (PCT) for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Adults. New York, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Bisson J, Roberts NP, Andrew M, Cooper R, Lewis C (2013) Psychological Therapies for Chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Adults. New York, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Bisson J, Roberts NP, Lewis C (2015) Post-traumatic stress disorder. BMJ Journals, 351: 1-7.
  • Cavera RS (2014) Cognitive behavioral-based group therapy for post-traumatic stress symptoms following a natural disaster (Doctoral thesis). Hempstead, Hofstra University.
  • Classen C, Butler LD, Koopman C, Miller E, DiMiceli S, Giese-Davis J, Fobair P, Carlson RW, Kraemer HC, Spiegel D (2001) Supportive-expressive group therapy and distress in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Arc Gen Psychiatry, 58: 494-501.
  • Cohen JA, (1998) Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37: 4-26.
  • Collins S, Long A (2003) Working with the psychological effects of trauma: Consequences for mental health-care workers. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 10: 417-424.
  • Courtois CA, Ford JD (2009) Treating Complex Traumatic Stress Disorders: An Evidenced- Based Guide. New York, Guilford Press.
  • Dorrepaal E, Thomaes K, Smit JH, Veltman DJ, Hoogendoorn AW, van Balkom AJLM, Draijer N (2013) Treatment compliance and effectiveness in complex PTSD patients with comorbid personality disorder undergoing stabilizing cognitive behavioral group treatment: A preliminary study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 4: 1-7.
  • Ehlers A, Clark DV (2003) Early psychological interventions for adult survivors of trauma: A review. Society of Biological Psychiatry. 53: 817-826.
  • Fernandez I (2007) EMDR as treatment of post-traumatic reactions: A field study of child victims of an earthquake. Educational and Child Psychology, 24: 65-72.
  • Foy DW, Glynn SM, Schnurr PP, Jankowski MK, Wattenberg MS, Weiss DS, Marmar CR, Gusman FD (2000) Group therapy. In Effective Treatments for PTSD: Practice Guidelines From the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. (Eds EB Foa, TM Keane, MJ Friedman): 155-175, 336-338. New York, Guilford Press.
  • Foy DW, Eriksson CB, Trice GA (2001) Introduction to group interventions for trauma survivors. Group Dynamics: Theory Research and Practice, 5: 246-251.
  • Foy DW, Unger WS, Wattenberg MS (2005) An overview of evidence-based group approaches to trauma with adults. In Group Interventions for Treatment of Psychological Trauma. (Eds B Buchele, H Spitz): 116-166. New York, American Group Psychotherapy Association.
  • Forneris CA, Gartlehner G, Brownley KA, Gaynes BN, Sonis J, Coker-Schwimmer E, Jonas DE, Greenblatt A, Wilkins TA, Woodell CL, Lohr KN, Phil M (2013) Interventions to prevent post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 44: 635-650.
  • Garland C (2010) The Groups Book: Psychoanalytic Group Therapy Principles and Practice. London, Clinical Vignettes Karnac Books.
  • Gomez AM (2013) EMDR Therapy and Adjunct Approaches With Children: Complex Trauma Attachment and Dissociation. New York, Springer Publishing Company.
  • Gonzalez-Vazquez AI, Rodriguez-Lago L, Seoane-Pillado MT, Fernández I, García-Guerrero F, Santed-Germán MA (2018) The progressive approach to EMDR group therapy for complex trauma and dissociation: A case-control study. Frontiers in Psychology, 8: 1-8.
  • Greenwald R, Rubin A (1999) Assessment of posttraumatic symptoms in children. Development and preliminary validation of parent and child scales. Research on Social Work Practice, 9: 61–75.
  • Haselden M (2014) Üniversite öğrencilerinde travma sonrası büyümeyi yordayan çeşitli değişkenlerin Türk ve Amerikan kültürlerinde incelenmesi: Bir model önerisi (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Ankara, Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
  • Hunt MG, Rosenheck RA (2011) Psychotherapy in mental health clinics of the Department of Veterans affairs. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67: 561-573.
  • Jarero I, Artigas L, Hartung J (2006) EMDR integrative group treatment protocol: A post-disaster trauma intervention for children and adults. Traumatology, 12: 121-129.
  • Jarero I, Artigas L (2009) EMDR integrative group treatment protocol. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3: 287-288.
  • Jarero I, Artigas L (2010) The EMDR integrative group treatment protocol: Application with adults during ongoing geopolitical crisis. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4: 148-155.
  • Jarero I, Artigas L, AMAMECRISIS co-founders (2012) The EMDR integrative group treatment protocol: EMDR group treatment for early intervention following critical incidents. Revue Européenne de Psychologie Appliquée, 62: 219-222.
  • Jarero I, Artigas L, Luber M (2011) The EMDR protocol for recent critical incidents: Application in a disaster mental health continuum of care context. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5: 82-94.
  • Jarero I, Roque-López S, Gómez J (2013) The provision of an EMDR-based multicomponent trauma treatment with child victims of severe interpersonal trauma. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 7: 17-28.
  • Jones AB, Stewart JL (2007) Group cognitive-behavior therapy to address: Post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. In Cognitive-Behavior Group Therapy with Children and Adolescents: Specific Settings and Presenting Problems. (Eds RW Christner, JL Stewart, A Freeman): 223-240. New York, Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
  • Kahn GB, Aronson S (2007) Group treatment for traumatized adolescents: Special considerations. Group, 31: 281-292.
  • Kaminer D, Eagle G (2010) Traumatic Stress in South Africa. Johannesburg, Wits University Press.
  • Karatzias T, Ferguson S, Gullone A, Cosgrove K (2016) Group psychotherapy for female adult survivors of interpersonal psychological trauma: A preliminary study in Scotland. Journal of Mental Health, 25: 512-519.
  • Keyser J, Seelaus K, Kahn G (2000) Children of trauma and loss. In Group Psychotherapy for Psychological Trauma. (Eds RH Klein, V Schermer): 209-238. New York, Guilford Press.
  • Klein RH, Schermer VL (2000) Introduction and overview: Creating a healing matrix. Group Psychotherapy for Psychological Trauma. (Eds RH Klein, V Schermer): 3-46. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Lovett J (1999) Small Wonders. New York, Free Press.
  • Luber M (2009) EMDR and early interventions for groups. In Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Scripted Protocols: Basic and Special Situations. (Ed. M Luber): 277-278. New York, Springer.
  • McDonagh A, Friedman M, McHugo G, Ford J, Sengupta A, Mueser K, Demment CC, Fournier D, Schnurr PP, Descamps M (2005) Randomized trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,73: 515-524.
  • Morey MC, Blair CK, Sloane R, Cohen HJ, Snyder DC, Demark-Wahnefried W. (2015) Group trajectory analysis helps to identify older cancer survivors who benefit from distance-based lifestyle interventions. Cancer, 121: 4433-4440.
  • Reeker J, Ensing D, Elliott R (1997). A metaanalytic investigation of group treatment outcomes for sexually abused children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 21: 669-680.
  • Rubenfeld S (2005) Relational perspectives regarding countertransference in group and trauma. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 55: 115-135.
  • Rutan SJ, Stone, WN, Shay JJ (2007) Psychodynamic Group Psychotherapy, 4nd ed. New York, The Guilford Press.
  • Okun BF (2005) Human diversity. In Family Therapy Review. (Ed RH Coombs): 41-65. New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
  • Schnurr PP, Friedman MJ, Foy, DW, Shea MT, Hsieh FY, Lavori PW, Glynn SM, Wattenberg M, Bernardy NC (2003) Randomized trial of trauma-focused group therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: Results from a department of veterans affairs cooperative study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60: 481-489.
  • Shapiro F (2001) Eye Movements Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols, and Procedures, 2nd ed. Guilford Press, New York.
  • Shapiro E (2009) EMDR treatment of recent trauma. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3: 141-151.
  • Sloan DM, Bovin MJ, Schnurr PP (2012) Review of group treatment for PTSD. The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 49: 689-702.
  • Sloan DM, Beck JG, Sawyer TG, Steven N (2017) APA handbook of trauma psychology: Trauma practice. In APA Handbooks in Psychology. (Ed SN Gold): 467-482. Washington, American Psychological Association.
  • Swinden C (2018) The child-centered EMDR approach: A case study investigating a young girl’s treatment for sexual abuse. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 12: 282-296.
  • Tokgünaydın S, Sütçü S (2016) Travma sonrası stres bozukluğunun tedavisinde bilişsel davranışçı grup terapisinin etkililiği: Sistematik bir gözden geçirme. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 8: 95-107. Üzar Özçetin YS, Hiçdurmaz D (2020) Kanser deneyiminde psikolojik sağlamlık ve travma sonrası büyümeyi artırıcı yapılandırılmış grupla güçlendirme programı. Koç Üniversitesi Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi, 17: 51-58.
  • Yalom ID (1995) The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy. New York, Basic Books.

Group Interventions for Trauma Victims

Year 2022, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 143 - 151, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.939012

Abstract

The increase in the frequency of experiencing traumatic experiences causes an increase in the number of trauma victims. This increase is accompanied by the psychological support process. Many individuals experience post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) shortly after exposure to traumatic experiences. Both individual and group psychological interventions can be applied to trauma victims in coping with traumatic experiences and PTSD. Considering the various advantages of group interventions, it is one of the preferred approaches in recent years. With this review article, group interventions applied to trauma victims and the effectiveness of these interventions, which have come to the fore in the literature in recent years, are discussed.

References

  • Adler-Tapia R, Settle C (2008) EMDR and The Art of Psychotherapy with Children. New York, Springer Publishing Company.
  • Adúriz ME, Knopfler C, Bluthgen C (2009) Helping child flood victims using group EMDR intervention in Argentina: Treatment outcome and gender differences. International Journal of Stress Management, 16: 138-153.
  • American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Text revision (DSM-V-TR). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Aykut S, Soner Aykut S (2020) Kovid-19 pandemisi ve travma sonrası stres bozukluğu temelinde sosyal hizmetin önemi. Toplumsal Politika Dergisi, 1: 56-66.
  • Beer R (2018) Efficacy of EMDR therapy for children with PTSD: A review of the literature. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 12: 177-195.
  • Belsher B, Beech E, Evatt D, Rosen CS, Liu X, Otto J, Schnurr PP (2017) Present-Centered Therapy (PCT) for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Adults. New York, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Bisson J, Roberts NP, Andrew M, Cooper R, Lewis C (2013) Psychological Therapies for Chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Adults. New York, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Bisson J, Roberts NP, Lewis C (2015) Post-traumatic stress disorder. BMJ Journals, 351: 1-7.
  • Cavera RS (2014) Cognitive behavioral-based group therapy for post-traumatic stress symptoms following a natural disaster (Doctoral thesis). Hempstead, Hofstra University.
  • Classen C, Butler LD, Koopman C, Miller E, DiMiceli S, Giese-Davis J, Fobair P, Carlson RW, Kraemer HC, Spiegel D (2001) Supportive-expressive group therapy and distress in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Arc Gen Psychiatry, 58: 494-501.
  • Cohen JA, (1998) Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37: 4-26.
  • Collins S, Long A (2003) Working with the psychological effects of trauma: Consequences for mental health-care workers. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 10: 417-424.
  • Courtois CA, Ford JD (2009) Treating Complex Traumatic Stress Disorders: An Evidenced- Based Guide. New York, Guilford Press.
  • Dorrepaal E, Thomaes K, Smit JH, Veltman DJ, Hoogendoorn AW, van Balkom AJLM, Draijer N (2013) Treatment compliance and effectiveness in complex PTSD patients with comorbid personality disorder undergoing stabilizing cognitive behavioral group treatment: A preliminary study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 4: 1-7.
  • Ehlers A, Clark DV (2003) Early psychological interventions for adult survivors of trauma: A review. Society of Biological Psychiatry. 53: 817-826.
  • Fernandez I (2007) EMDR as treatment of post-traumatic reactions: A field study of child victims of an earthquake. Educational and Child Psychology, 24: 65-72.
  • Foy DW, Glynn SM, Schnurr PP, Jankowski MK, Wattenberg MS, Weiss DS, Marmar CR, Gusman FD (2000) Group therapy. In Effective Treatments for PTSD: Practice Guidelines From the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. (Eds EB Foa, TM Keane, MJ Friedman): 155-175, 336-338. New York, Guilford Press.
  • Foy DW, Eriksson CB, Trice GA (2001) Introduction to group interventions for trauma survivors. Group Dynamics: Theory Research and Practice, 5: 246-251.
  • Foy DW, Unger WS, Wattenberg MS (2005) An overview of evidence-based group approaches to trauma with adults. In Group Interventions for Treatment of Psychological Trauma. (Eds B Buchele, H Spitz): 116-166. New York, American Group Psychotherapy Association.
  • Forneris CA, Gartlehner G, Brownley KA, Gaynes BN, Sonis J, Coker-Schwimmer E, Jonas DE, Greenblatt A, Wilkins TA, Woodell CL, Lohr KN, Phil M (2013) Interventions to prevent post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 44: 635-650.
  • Garland C (2010) The Groups Book: Psychoanalytic Group Therapy Principles and Practice. London, Clinical Vignettes Karnac Books.
  • Gomez AM (2013) EMDR Therapy and Adjunct Approaches With Children: Complex Trauma Attachment and Dissociation. New York, Springer Publishing Company.
  • Gonzalez-Vazquez AI, Rodriguez-Lago L, Seoane-Pillado MT, Fernández I, García-Guerrero F, Santed-Germán MA (2018) The progressive approach to EMDR group therapy for complex trauma and dissociation: A case-control study. Frontiers in Psychology, 8: 1-8.
  • Greenwald R, Rubin A (1999) Assessment of posttraumatic symptoms in children. Development and preliminary validation of parent and child scales. Research on Social Work Practice, 9: 61–75.
  • Haselden M (2014) Üniversite öğrencilerinde travma sonrası büyümeyi yordayan çeşitli değişkenlerin Türk ve Amerikan kültürlerinde incelenmesi: Bir model önerisi (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Ankara, Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
  • Hunt MG, Rosenheck RA (2011) Psychotherapy in mental health clinics of the Department of Veterans affairs. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67: 561-573.
  • Jarero I, Artigas L, Hartung J (2006) EMDR integrative group treatment protocol: A post-disaster trauma intervention for children and adults. Traumatology, 12: 121-129.
  • Jarero I, Artigas L (2009) EMDR integrative group treatment protocol. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3: 287-288.
  • Jarero I, Artigas L (2010) The EMDR integrative group treatment protocol: Application with adults during ongoing geopolitical crisis. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4: 148-155.
  • Jarero I, Artigas L, AMAMECRISIS co-founders (2012) The EMDR integrative group treatment protocol: EMDR group treatment for early intervention following critical incidents. Revue Européenne de Psychologie Appliquée, 62: 219-222.
  • Jarero I, Artigas L, Luber M (2011) The EMDR protocol for recent critical incidents: Application in a disaster mental health continuum of care context. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5: 82-94.
  • Jarero I, Roque-López S, Gómez J (2013) The provision of an EMDR-based multicomponent trauma treatment with child victims of severe interpersonal trauma. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 7: 17-28.
  • Jones AB, Stewart JL (2007) Group cognitive-behavior therapy to address: Post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. In Cognitive-Behavior Group Therapy with Children and Adolescents: Specific Settings and Presenting Problems. (Eds RW Christner, JL Stewart, A Freeman): 223-240. New York, Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
  • Kahn GB, Aronson S (2007) Group treatment for traumatized adolescents: Special considerations. Group, 31: 281-292.
  • Kaminer D, Eagle G (2010) Traumatic Stress in South Africa. Johannesburg, Wits University Press.
  • Karatzias T, Ferguson S, Gullone A, Cosgrove K (2016) Group psychotherapy for female adult survivors of interpersonal psychological trauma: A preliminary study in Scotland. Journal of Mental Health, 25: 512-519.
  • Keyser J, Seelaus K, Kahn G (2000) Children of trauma and loss. In Group Psychotherapy for Psychological Trauma. (Eds RH Klein, V Schermer): 209-238. New York, Guilford Press.
  • Klein RH, Schermer VL (2000) Introduction and overview: Creating a healing matrix. Group Psychotherapy for Psychological Trauma. (Eds RH Klein, V Schermer): 3-46. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Lovett J (1999) Small Wonders. New York, Free Press.
  • Luber M (2009) EMDR and early interventions for groups. In Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Scripted Protocols: Basic and Special Situations. (Ed. M Luber): 277-278. New York, Springer.
  • McDonagh A, Friedman M, McHugo G, Ford J, Sengupta A, Mueser K, Demment CC, Fournier D, Schnurr PP, Descamps M (2005) Randomized trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,73: 515-524.
  • Morey MC, Blair CK, Sloane R, Cohen HJ, Snyder DC, Demark-Wahnefried W. (2015) Group trajectory analysis helps to identify older cancer survivors who benefit from distance-based lifestyle interventions. Cancer, 121: 4433-4440.
  • Reeker J, Ensing D, Elliott R (1997). A metaanalytic investigation of group treatment outcomes for sexually abused children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 21: 669-680.
  • Rubenfeld S (2005) Relational perspectives regarding countertransference in group and trauma. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 55: 115-135.
  • Rutan SJ, Stone, WN, Shay JJ (2007) Psychodynamic Group Psychotherapy, 4nd ed. New York, The Guilford Press.
  • Okun BF (2005) Human diversity. In Family Therapy Review. (Ed RH Coombs): 41-65. New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
  • Schnurr PP, Friedman MJ, Foy, DW, Shea MT, Hsieh FY, Lavori PW, Glynn SM, Wattenberg M, Bernardy NC (2003) Randomized trial of trauma-focused group therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: Results from a department of veterans affairs cooperative study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60: 481-489.
  • Shapiro F (2001) Eye Movements Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols, and Procedures, 2nd ed. Guilford Press, New York.
  • Shapiro E (2009) EMDR treatment of recent trauma. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3: 141-151.
  • Sloan DM, Bovin MJ, Schnurr PP (2012) Review of group treatment for PTSD. The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 49: 689-702.
  • Sloan DM, Beck JG, Sawyer TG, Steven N (2017) APA handbook of trauma psychology: Trauma practice. In APA Handbooks in Psychology. (Ed SN Gold): 467-482. Washington, American Psychological Association.
  • Swinden C (2018) The child-centered EMDR approach: A case study investigating a young girl’s treatment for sexual abuse. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 12: 282-296.
  • Tokgünaydın S, Sütçü S (2016) Travma sonrası stres bozukluğunun tedavisinde bilişsel davranışçı grup terapisinin etkililiği: Sistematik bir gözden geçirme. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 8: 95-107. Üzar Özçetin YS, Hiçdurmaz D (2020) Kanser deneyiminde psikolojik sağlamlık ve travma sonrası büyümeyi artırıcı yapılandırılmış grupla güçlendirme programı. Koç Üniversitesi Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi, 17: 51-58.
  • Yalom ID (1995) The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy. New York, Basic Books.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Review
Authors

Gözde Çamaş 0000-0003-4861-5736

Ayşegül Anayurt 0000-0001-7826-942X

Publication Date June 30, 2022
Acceptance Date September 3, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 14 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA Çamaş G, Anayurt A. Travma Mağdurlarına Yönelik Grup Müdahaleleri. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry. June 2022;14(2):143-151. doi:10.18863/pgy.939012

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