Research Article
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Fluent Reading Skills of Learners of Turkish as A Foreign Language

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 105 - 123, 30.03.2023

Haluk Güngör Halit Karatay

https://doi.org/10.17275/per.23.31.10.2

Abstract

This study utilized a “sequential descriptive pattern”, one of the mixed method designs with a view to (doing what? Please state the aim here). The qualitative data were collected through the analysis of the participants’ oral reading voice recordings. Data on oral reading prosody were collected using the “Prosodic Reading Scale” and the quantitative data on reading speed and accurate reading were collected through the analysis of oral reading recordings. Whilst Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was utilized to determine the relationship between the data that did not distribute normally, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was employed to test the relationship between the data that distributed normally. Analysis results indicated a negative, low-level, and significant relationship between the participants’ oral reading errors and reading comprehension skills. While there was a positive, weak, and nonsignificant relationship between prosodic reading scores and reading comprehension skills in the A1-level, there was a positive, low-level, and significant relationship in the C1 level. It was found that oral reading speed, prosody, and oral reading errors did not predict fluent reading skills in the A1 level, and the model established was significant, but the dependent variables did not predict reading comprehension skill in the A2 level. In B1 and C1 levels, the regression model established in both levels were significant, and the rank of importance of the variables on oral reading comprehension was found as oral reading speed and oral reading errors.

Keywords

Turkish as a foreign language reading educaiton fluent reading fluency prosody

Thanks

This article was produced from the doctoral thesis named “Fluent reading skills of learners of Turkish as a foreign language: Case study”.

References

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  • Akbulut, B. (2021). The effect of reading texts used in teaching Turkish to foreigners on the acquisition of Turkish pronunciation [The Case of Bosnia and Herzegovin]. (Unpublished master's thesis). Bartın University, Bartın.
  • Aktürk, Y. (2016). The status of learning Turkish and the problems encountered by Arab students learning Turkish as a foreign language. (Unpublished master's thesis). Erciyes University, Kayseri.
  • Akyol, H. (2006). Yeni programa uygun Türkçe öğretim yöntemleri [Turkish teaching methods suitable for the new program]. Ankara: Pegem Academy.
  • Alshirah, M. (2013). The difficulties encountered by students of Arab origin in teaching Turkish as a foreign language and suggestions for solutions. (Unpublished master thesis). Istanbul University, Istanbul.
  • Altunışık, R., Coşkun, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S. & Yıldırım, E. (2010). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri [Research methods in social sciences (6th edition)]. Istanbul: Sakarya Publishing.
  • Başaran, M. (2013). Fluent reading as an indicator of reading comprehension. Educational Sciences in Theory and Practice, 13(4), 2277-2290.
  • Baştuğ, M. & Kaman, Ş. (2013). The effect of the neurological effect method on students' fluent reading and comprehension skills. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 13(25), 291-309.
  • Baştuğ, M. & Akyol, H. (2012). The level of prediction of reading comprehension by fluent reading skills. Journal of Theoretical Educational Science, 5(4), 394-411.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak Kılıç, E., Akgün, E., Ö., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri [Scientific research methods]. Ankara: Pegem Academy.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı [Data analysis handbook for the social sciences]. Ankara: Pegem Academy.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2017). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı [Data analysis handbook for the social sciences (23rd edition)]. Ankara: Pegem Academy.
  • Creswell, J. & Plano Clark, V. (2007). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Çelebi, S. (2017). The effect of visual feedback activities on oral reading skills in teaching Turkish as a foreign language. (Unpublished PhD Thesis). Atatürk University, Erzurum.
  • Demirezen, M. (2008). The /æ/ and /ʌ/ phonemes as fossilized pronunciation errors for Turkish English language teachers and students: Undoing the fossilized pronunciation error. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 4(2), 73-82.
  • Duran, E. & Sezgin, E. (2012). The effect of guided reading method on fluent reading. Journal of Gazi Education Faculty, 32(3), 633-655.
  • Dündar, H. & Akyol, H. (2014). Case Study on Detection and Solving of Reading and Comprehension Problems. Education and Science, 39(171), 361-377.
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd edition). London: Sage Publications.
  • Fuchs, L. S., Fuchs, D., Hosp, M. K. & Jenkins, J. (2001). Oral reading fluency as an indicator of reading competence: A theoretical, empirical, and historical analysis. Scientific Studies of Reading, 5(3), 239-256.
  • Gorsuch, G. & Taguchi, E. (2008). Repeated reading for developing reading fluency and reading comprehension: The case of EFL learners in Vietnam. System, 36, 253-278.
  • İşler, E. (1996). Arapça öğretiminde Türkçeden anlam bilgisi düzeyinde yapılan olumsuz aktarım [Negative transfer from Turkish at the level of semantics in Arabic learning]. Ankara University TÖMER Language Journal, 50: 22-28.
  • Karaeloğlu, Ö. (2011). Çocuklar için anlayarak hızlı okuma [Speed reading with comprehension for children]. Istanbul: Çilek Publications.
  • Karagöz, Y. (2010). İlişki katsayıları [Relationship coefficients]. Ankara: Detay Publishing.
  • Keskin, H. K., Baştuğ, M. & Akyol, H. (2013). Reading aloud and speech prosody: A relational study. Journal of Mersin University Faculty of Education, 9(2), 168-180.
  • Le, H. V. (2014). Phrase reading: Its impact on EFL oral reading fluency and reading comprehension. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 2(11), 20-36.
  • Lems, K. (2004). Adult ESL oral reading fluency and silent reading comprehension. (Unpublished Doctoral Thesis), National-Louis University.
  • Logan, G. D. (1997). Automaticity and reading: Perspectives from the instance theory of automatization. Reading & Writing Quarterly: Overcoming Learning Difficulties, 13, 123-146.
  • Loewenthal, K. M. (2004). An introduction to psychological tests and scales (2nd edition). Psychology Press.
  • Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw Hill.
  • Özçelik, O. (2016). Acquisition of L2 Turkish prosody: The effects of purely phonological and phonosyntactic issues. In A. Gürel (Ed.), Second language acquisiton of Turkish (19-48). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Özkan, N. (2015). The effect of diction education at intermediate level (B1-B2) on teaching Turkish as a foreign language on reading aloud. (Unpublished Master's Thesis). Gazi University, Ankara.
  • Pae, H. & Sevcık, R. A. (2011). The role of verbal working memory in second language reading fluency and comprehension: A comparison of English and Korean. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 4(1), 47-65.
  • Paige, D. D., Rupley, W. H., Smith, G. S., Rasinski, T. V., Nichols, W. & Lavell, T. M. (2017). Is prosodic reading a strategy for comprehension? Journal for Educational Research Online, 9(2), 245-275.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. In M. Bütün, S.B. Demir (Eds. of translation Translation). Ankara: Pegem Academy Publishing.
  • Phakiti, A. (2006). Theoretical and pedagogical considerations in ESL/EFL teaching of strategic reading. University of Sydney Papers in TESOL, 1, 19-50.
  • Polat, H. (1998). Problems Arabs encountered while learning Turkish. (Unpublished Master's Thesis). Ankara University, Ankara.
  • Rasinski, V. T. (2006). Reading fluency instruction: Moving beyond accuracy, automaticity, and prosdoy. The Reading Teacher, 59(7), 704-706.
  • Sarıca, N. (2013). Rhymes and numbers while learning French. Turkish Studies. 8(10), 611-617.
  • Schreiber, P. A. (1980). On the acquisition of reading fluency. Journal of Reading Behavior, XII, 3, 177-186.
  • Tekin, G. (2020). Pronunciation education in teaching Turkish as a foreign language. (Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis), Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu.
  • Uçar, R. (2021). The effect of pronunciation teaching with self-listening and self-assessment model on pronunciation skills of foreign students learning Turkish. (Unpublished Master's Thesis), Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun.
  • Verhoeven, L. (2000). Components in early second language reading and spelling. Scientific Studies of Reading, 4(4), 313-330.
  • Yıldız, M. (2013). The role of reading motivation, fluent reading and reading comprehension in the academic achievement of fifth grade students. Turkish Studies, 8(4), 1461-1478.
  • Yorio, C. A. (1971). Some sources of reading problems in foreign language learners. Language Learning, 21, 107-115.

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 105 - 123, 30.03.2023

Haluk Güngör Halit Karatay

https://doi.org/10.17275/per.23.31.10.2

Abstract

References

  • Adams, M. J. (2011). What Research has to say about reading. In S.J. Samuels & A.E. Farstrup (Eds.), The relation between alphabetic basics, word recognition, word recognition, and reading. (pp. 4-24). International Reading Association.
  • Akbulut, B. (2021). The effect of reading texts used in teaching Turkish to foreigners on the acquisition of Turkish pronunciation [The Case of Bosnia and Herzegovin]. (Unpublished master's thesis). Bartın University, Bartın.
  • Aktürk, Y. (2016). The status of learning Turkish and the problems encountered by Arab students learning Turkish as a foreign language. (Unpublished master's thesis). Erciyes University, Kayseri.
  • Akyol, H. (2006). Yeni programa uygun Türkçe öğretim yöntemleri [Turkish teaching methods suitable for the new program]. Ankara: Pegem Academy.
  • Alshirah, M. (2013). The difficulties encountered by students of Arab origin in teaching Turkish as a foreign language and suggestions for solutions. (Unpublished master thesis). Istanbul University, Istanbul.
  • Altunışık, R., Coşkun, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S. & Yıldırım, E. (2010). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri [Research methods in social sciences (6th edition)]. Istanbul: Sakarya Publishing.
  • Başaran, M. (2013). Fluent reading as an indicator of reading comprehension. Educational Sciences in Theory and Practice, 13(4), 2277-2290.
  • Baştuğ, M. & Kaman, Ş. (2013). The effect of the neurological effect method on students' fluent reading and comprehension skills. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 13(25), 291-309.
  • Baştuğ, M. & Akyol, H. (2012). The level of prediction of reading comprehension by fluent reading skills. Journal of Theoretical Educational Science, 5(4), 394-411.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak Kılıç, E., Akgün, E., Ö., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri [Scientific research methods]. Ankara: Pegem Academy.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı [Data analysis handbook for the social sciences]. Ankara: Pegem Academy.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2017). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı [Data analysis handbook for the social sciences (23rd edition)]. Ankara: Pegem Academy.
  • Creswell, J. & Plano Clark, V. (2007). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Çelebi, S. (2017). The effect of visual feedback activities on oral reading skills in teaching Turkish as a foreign language. (Unpublished PhD Thesis). Atatürk University, Erzurum.
  • Demirezen, M. (2008). The /æ/ and /ʌ/ phonemes as fossilized pronunciation errors for Turkish English language teachers and students: Undoing the fossilized pronunciation error. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 4(2), 73-82.
  • Duran, E. & Sezgin, E. (2012). The effect of guided reading method on fluent reading. Journal of Gazi Education Faculty, 32(3), 633-655.
  • Dündar, H. & Akyol, H. (2014). Case Study on Detection and Solving of Reading and Comprehension Problems. Education and Science, 39(171), 361-377.
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd edition). London: Sage Publications.
  • Fuchs, L. S., Fuchs, D., Hosp, M. K. & Jenkins, J. (2001). Oral reading fluency as an indicator of reading competence: A theoretical, empirical, and historical analysis. Scientific Studies of Reading, 5(3), 239-256.
  • Gorsuch, G. & Taguchi, E. (2008). Repeated reading for developing reading fluency and reading comprehension: The case of EFL learners in Vietnam. System, 36, 253-278.
  • İşler, E. (1996). Arapça öğretiminde Türkçeden anlam bilgisi düzeyinde yapılan olumsuz aktarım [Negative transfer from Turkish at the level of semantics in Arabic learning]. Ankara University TÖMER Language Journal, 50: 22-28.
  • Karaeloğlu, Ö. (2011). Çocuklar için anlayarak hızlı okuma [Speed reading with comprehension for children]. Istanbul: Çilek Publications.
  • Karagöz, Y. (2010). İlişki katsayıları [Relationship coefficients]. Ankara: Detay Publishing.
  • Keskin, H. K., Baştuğ, M. & Akyol, H. (2013). Reading aloud and speech prosody: A relational study. Journal of Mersin University Faculty of Education, 9(2), 168-180.
  • Le, H. V. (2014). Phrase reading: Its impact on EFL oral reading fluency and reading comprehension. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 2(11), 20-36.
  • Lems, K. (2004). Adult ESL oral reading fluency and silent reading comprehension. (Unpublished Doctoral Thesis), National-Louis University.
  • Logan, G. D. (1997). Automaticity and reading: Perspectives from the instance theory of automatization. Reading & Writing Quarterly: Overcoming Learning Difficulties, 13, 123-146.
  • Loewenthal, K. M. (2004). An introduction to psychological tests and scales (2nd edition). Psychology Press.
  • Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw Hill.
  • Özçelik, O. (2016). Acquisition of L2 Turkish prosody: The effects of purely phonological and phonosyntactic issues. In A. Gürel (Ed.), Second language acquisiton of Turkish (19-48). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Özkan, N. (2015). The effect of diction education at intermediate level (B1-B2) on teaching Turkish as a foreign language on reading aloud. (Unpublished Master's Thesis). Gazi University, Ankara.
  • Pae, H. & Sevcık, R. A. (2011). The role of verbal working memory in second language reading fluency and comprehension: A comparison of English and Korean. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 4(1), 47-65.
  • Paige, D. D., Rupley, W. H., Smith, G. S., Rasinski, T. V., Nichols, W. & Lavell, T. M. (2017). Is prosodic reading a strategy for comprehension? Journal for Educational Research Online, 9(2), 245-275.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. In M. Bütün, S.B. Demir (Eds. of translation Translation). Ankara: Pegem Academy Publishing.
  • Phakiti, A. (2006). Theoretical and pedagogical considerations in ESL/EFL teaching of strategic reading. University of Sydney Papers in TESOL, 1, 19-50.
  • Polat, H. (1998). Problems Arabs encountered while learning Turkish. (Unpublished Master's Thesis). Ankara University, Ankara.
  • Rasinski, V. T. (2006). Reading fluency instruction: Moving beyond accuracy, automaticity, and prosdoy. The Reading Teacher, 59(7), 704-706.
  • Sarıca, N. (2013). Rhymes and numbers while learning French. Turkish Studies. 8(10), 611-617.
  • Schreiber, P. A. (1980). On the acquisition of reading fluency. Journal of Reading Behavior, XII, 3, 177-186.
  • Tekin, G. (2020). Pronunciation education in teaching Turkish as a foreign language. (Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis), Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu.
  • Uçar, R. (2021). The effect of pronunciation teaching with self-listening and self-assessment model on pronunciation skills of foreign students learning Turkish. (Unpublished Master's Thesis), Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun.
  • Verhoeven, L. (2000). Components in early second language reading and spelling. Scientific Studies of Reading, 4(4), 313-330.
  • Yıldız, M. (2013). The role of reading motivation, fluent reading and reading comprehension in the academic achievement of fifth grade students. Turkish Studies, 8(4), 1461-1478.
  • Yorio, C. A. (1971). Some sources of reading problems in foreign language learners. Language Learning, 21, 107-115.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Other Fields of Education
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Haluk Güngör 0000-0002-4111-4106

Halit Karatay 0000-0003-1820-0361

Publication Date March 30, 2023
Acceptance Date January 16, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Güngör, H., & Karatay, H. (2023). Fluent Reading Skills of Learners of Turkish as A Foreign Language. Participatory Educational Research, 10(2), 105-123. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.23.31.10.2
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