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Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Algılanan Sosyal Desteğin Affetmeye Etkisi: Bilişsel Esnekliğin Aracı Rolü ile Cinsiyetin Düzenleyici Rolünün İncelenmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 192 - 200, 26.09.2023

Neslihan Nur Pehlivan Hamit Coşkun

https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.23.3.01

Abstract

Mevcut literatürün sosyal destekten affetmeye giden yolu inceleyen çalışmalara yer vermesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışma, üniversite öğrencilerinde sosyal destek ve affetme arasında bir aracı olarak bilişsel esnekliği ve bu ilişkinin bir moderatörü olarak cinsiyeti incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Veriler, kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilen ve ölçekleri gönüllü olarak dolduran 204 (%84) kadın ve 39 (%16) erkek olmak üzere 243 öğrenciden çevrimiçi olarak toplanmıştır. Bilişsel esnekliğin, aracı rolü anlamlı olup bu aracılık etkisine cinsiyet düzenlemektedir. Sosyal destek ve affetme arasındaki ilişkide, erkek katılımcılar algıladıkları sosyal destek arttıkça daha çok affederler; kadın katılımcıların affetmesini ise algıladıkları sosyal destek düzeyi etkilememektedir. Literatür ışığında bu bulgular ele alınmıştır.

Keywords

Sosyal destek bilişsel esneklik affetme cinsiyet

References

  • Akbarvand, T., Mirhashemi, M., & Bashardoost, S. (2021). Investigating the Structural Relationships of Covid-19 Disease Anxiety Based on Cognitive Flexibility with the Mediating Role of Perceived Social Support in Students. Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, 21(3), 295-308. https://doi.org/10.52547/jarums.21.3.295
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behaviour change, Psychological Review. 84(2), 191-215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
  • Bayın, Ü., & Kaya, M. (2021). Forgiveness and perceived social support in teenagers. Education Quarterly Reviews, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/3wk8e
  • Bayoğlu, A. S. & Purutçuoğlu, E. (2010). Yetiştirme yurdunda kalan ergenlerin gelecek beklentileri ve sosyal destek algıları. Kriz Dergisi, 18(1), 27-39. http://doi.org/10.1501/Kriz_0000000316
  • Bilgin. M. (2009). Bilişsel esnekliği yordayan bazı değişkenler. Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(3), 142-157.
  • Bugay, A., & Demir, A. (2010). A Turkish version of the Heartland Forgiveness Scale. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1927–1931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.390
  • Buğa, A. , Özkamalı, E. , Altunkol, F., & Çekiç, A. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinin bilişsel esneklik düzeylerine göre sosyal problem çözme tarzlarının incelenmesi . Gaziantep Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi , 2 (1) , 48-58.
  • Büyükşahin Çevik, G., Yavuz, G., & Güzel Yüce, S. (2016). Ergenlerin okul yaşam kalitesi ile yaşam doyumunun problem çözme ve sosyal destekle ilişkisi: Afgan özbekleri ile yapılan bir yapısal eşitlik modeli çalışması. Journal of International Social Research, 9(43), 1406-1417.
  • Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310–357. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
  • Cohen S. (2004). Social relationships and health. Am Psychol, 59(8), 676-84. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.8.676
  • Cox, K. S. (1980). The effects of second-language study on the cognitive flexibility of freshman university students (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The Ohio State University.
  • Çakar, F.S., & Karataş, Z. (2012). Ergenlerin benlik saygısı, algıladıkları sosyal destek ve umutsuzluk düzeyleri: Bir yapısal eşitlik modeli çalışması. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 12(4), 2397-2412.
  • Demirtaş, A. S. (2007). The relationship between perceived social support, loneliness and the coping stress levels of the students attending the 8th class in elementary schools (Unpublished MA Thesis). Ankara Gazi University.
  • Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S. (2010). The cognitive flexibility ınventory: ınstrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34, 241-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4
  • Diril, A. (2011). Lise öğrencilerinin bilişsel esneklik düzeylerinin sosyodemografik değişkenler ve öfke düzeyi ile öfke ifade tarzları arasındaki ilişki açısından incelenmesi (Unpublished MA Thesis). Çukurova University.
  • Eker, D., Arkar, H., & Yaldız, H. (2001). Çok boyutlu algılanan sosyal destek ölçeğinin gözden geçirilmiş formunun faktör yapısı, geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 12(1), 17-25.
  • Ercan, L., & Alp, D. (2011). Öğretmenlerin yıldırmaya maruz kalma ile affetme düzeylerinin incelenmesi, XI. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi, 3-5 Ekim, İzmir. Erişim adresi: https://www.pegem.net/akademi/kongrebildiri_detay.aspx?id=134048
  • Enright, R. D. (1996). Counselling within the forgiveness triad: on forgiving, receiving forgiveness, and self-forgiveness. Counselling and Values, 40(2), 107-126. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007x.1996.tb00844.x
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G* Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior research methods, 41(4), 1149-1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/brm.41.4.1149
  • Flanigan, B. (1998). Exploring forgiveness. R.D. Enright & J. North (Eds.), Forgivers and the unforgivable (pp. 95-106). Univ of Wisconsin Press.
  • Green, M., DeCourville, N., & Sadava, S. (2012). Positive affect, negative affect, stress, and social support as mediators of the forgiveness-health relationship. The Journal of social psychology, 152(3), 288-307. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2011.603767
  • Gülüm, I. V., & Dağ, I. (2012). Tekrarlayıcı Düşünme Ölçeği ve Bilişsel Esneklik Envanterinin Türkçeye uyarlanması, geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği [The Turkish adaptation, validity and reliability study of the Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire and the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory]. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 13(3), 216–223.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Hodgson, L. K., & Wertheim, E. H. (2007). Does good emotion management aid forgiving? Multiple dimensions of empathy, emotion management and forgiveness of self and others. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24(6), 931–949. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407507084191
  • Katovsich, R.B. (2007). Empathy and cognitive flexibility as correlates of forgiveness (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Andrews Üniversitesi, Michigan.
  • Kaziasty, K. (2005). Social support and traumatic stress. The National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Research Quarterly, 16(2), 1-8.
  • Kemer, G., & Atik, K. (2005). Kırsal ve il merkezinde yaşayan lise öğrencilerinin umut düzeylerinin aileden algılanan sosyal destek düzeyine göre karşılaştırılması. M.Ü. 84 Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 21, 161-168.
  • Lawler, K. A., Younger, J. W., Piferi, R. L., Jobe, R. L., Edmondson, K. A., & Jones, W. H. (2005). The unique effects of forgiveness on health: An exploration of pathways. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28, 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-005-3665-2
  • Lawler-Row, K. A., & Piferi, R. L. (2006). The forgiving personality: Describing a life well lived? Personality and Individual Differences, 41(6), 1009-1020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.007
  • Lin, Y, W. (2013). The effects of cognitive flexibility and openness to change on college students’ academic performance students (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). La Sierra University, CA.
  • Martin, M. M., & Rubin, R. B. (1995). A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological Reports, 76(2), 623-626. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.2.623
  • Martin, M. M., Staggers, S. M., &Anderson, C. M. (2011). The relationships between cognitive flexibility with dogmatism, intellectual flexibility, preference for consistency and self-compassion. Communication Research Reports, 28(3), 275-280. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2011.587555
  • Meyers-Levy, J., & Loken, B. (2015). Revisiting gender differences: What we know and what lies ahead. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 25(1), 129-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2014.06.003
  • McCullough, M. E., Pargament, K. I., & Thoresen, C. E. (Eds.). (2000). Forgiveness: Theory, Research And Practice. New York: Guilford Press.
  • McLean, L., Gaul, D., & Penco, R. (2022). Perceived social support and stress: a study of 1st year students in Ireland. International journal of mental health and addiction, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00710-z Miller, A. J., Worthington, E. L., Jr., & McDaniel, M. A. (2008). Gender and forgiveness: A meta-analytic review and research agenda. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27, 843–876. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2008.27.8.843
  • Moore, A., & Malinowski, P. (2009). Meditation, mindfulness and cognitive flexibility. Consciousness and Cognition, 18, 176-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2008.12.008
  • Nasab, A. V., Tavakoli, A. M., Meymand, Z. Z., & Kamyabi, M. (2022). Students' academic well-being based on the perceived social support and cognitive flexibility: a model with mediating role of psychological hardiness. Social Determinants of Health, 8, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.22037/sdh.v8i1.37258
  • Önal, A. A., & Yalçın, I. (2017). Forgiveness of Others and Self‐Forgiveness: The Predictive Role of Cognitive Distortions, Empathy, and Rumination. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 17(68), 97-120. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2017.68.6
  • Palm, K. M., & Follette, V. M. (2011). The roles of cognitive flexibility and experiential avoidance in explaining psychological distress in survivors of interpersonal victimization. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33(1), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-010-9201-x
  • Poots, A., & Cassidy, T. (2020). Academic expectation, self-compassion, psychological capital, social support and student wellbeing. International Journal of Educational Research, 99, 101506. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-020-00409-1
  • Rye, M. S., & Pargament, K. I. (2002). Forgiveness and romantic relationships in college: Can it heal the wounded heart? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(4), 419–441. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.1153
  • Sorias O.(1988). Sosyal destek kavramı. Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(1):353-7.
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Influence of Perceived Social Support on Forgiveness in University Students: Examining The Mediator Role of Cognitive Flexibility and Moderator Role of Gender

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 192 - 200, 26.09.2023

Neslihan Nur Pehlivan Hamit Coşkun

https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.23.3.01

Abstract

The current literature needs to include studies examining the path from social support to forgiveness. This study aimed to examine cognitive flexibility as a mediator between social support and forgiveness in university students and gender as a moderator of this pathway. Data were collected through online by a sample of 243 students, 204 (84%) female and 39 (16%) male, chosen by a convenient sampling method and voluntarily filled in the scales. Cognitive flexibility was found to be a significant mediator in bootstrapped tests of indirect effects, and this mediation effect was moderated by gender. In the relationship between social support and forgiveness, male participants forgive more as their perceived social support increases; female participants forgive more regardless of their perceived social support level. In light of the literature, these findings were addressed.

Keywords

Social support cognitive flexibility forgiveness gender

References

  • Akbarvand, T., Mirhashemi, M., & Bashardoost, S. (2021). Investigating the Structural Relationships of Covid-19 Disease Anxiety Based on Cognitive Flexibility with the Mediating Role of Perceived Social Support in Students. Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, 21(3), 295-308. https://doi.org/10.52547/jarums.21.3.295
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behaviour change, Psychological Review. 84(2), 191-215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
  • Bayın, Ü., & Kaya, M. (2021). Forgiveness and perceived social support in teenagers. Education Quarterly Reviews, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/3wk8e
  • Bayoğlu, A. S. & Purutçuoğlu, E. (2010). Yetiştirme yurdunda kalan ergenlerin gelecek beklentileri ve sosyal destek algıları. Kriz Dergisi, 18(1), 27-39. http://doi.org/10.1501/Kriz_0000000316
  • Bilgin. M. (2009). Bilişsel esnekliği yordayan bazı değişkenler. Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(3), 142-157.
  • Bugay, A., & Demir, A. (2010). A Turkish version of the Heartland Forgiveness Scale. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1927–1931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.390
  • Buğa, A. , Özkamalı, E. , Altunkol, F., & Çekiç, A. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinin bilişsel esneklik düzeylerine göre sosyal problem çözme tarzlarının incelenmesi . Gaziantep Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi , 2 (1) , 48-58.
  • Büyükşahin Çevik, G., Yavuz, G., & Güzel Yüce, S. (2016). Ergenlerin okul yaşam kalitesi ile yaşam doyumunun problem çözme ve sosyal destekle ilişkisi: Afgan özbekleri ile yapılan bir yapısal eşitlik modeli çalışması. Journal of International Social Research, 9(43), 1406-1417.
  • Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310–357. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
  • Cohen S. (2004). Social relationships and health. Am Psychol, 59(8), 676-84. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.8.676
  • Cox, K. S. (1980). The effects of second-language study on the cognitive flexibility of freshman university students (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The Ohio State University.
  • Çakar, F.S., & Karataş, Z. (2012). Ergenlerin benlik saygısı, algıladıkları sosyal destek ve umutsuzluk düzeyleri: Bir yapısal eşitlik modeli çalışması. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 12(4), 2397-2412.
  • Demirtaş, A. S. (2007). The relationship between perceived social support, loneliness and the coping stress levels of the students attending the 8th class in elementary schools (Unpublished MA Thesis). Ankara Gazi University.
  • Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S. (2010). The cognitive flexibility ınventory: ınstrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34, 241-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4
  • Diril, A. (2011). Lise öğrencilerinin bilişsel esneklik düzeylerinin sosyodemografik değişkenler ve öfke düzeyi ile öfke ifade tarzları arasındaki ilişki açısından incelenmesi (Unpublished MA Thesis). Çukurova University.
  • Eker, D., Arkar, H., & Yaldız, H. (2001). Çok boyutlu algılanan sosyal destek ölçeğinin gözden geçirilmiş formunun faktör yapısı, geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 12(1), 17-25.
  • Ercan, L., & Alp, D. (2011). Öğretmenlerin yıldırmaya maruz kalma ile affetme düzeylerinin incelenmesi, XI. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi, 3-5 Ekim, İzmir. Erişim adresi: https://www.pegem.net/akademi/kongrebildiri_detay.aspx?id=134048
  • Enright, R. D. (1996). Counselling within the forgiveness triad: on forgiving, receiving forgiveness, and self-forgiveness. Counselling and Values, 40(2), 107-126. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007x.1996.tb00844.x
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G* Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior research methods, 41(4), 1149-1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/brm.41.4.1149
  • Flanigan, B. (1998). Exploring forgiveness. R.D. Enright & J. North (Eds.), Forgivers and the unforgivable (pp. 95-106). Univ of Wisconsin Press.
  • Green, M., DeCourville, N., & Sadava, S. (2012). Positive affect, negative affect, stress, and social support as mediators of the forgiveness-health relationship. The Journal of social psychology, 152(3), 288-307. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2011.603767
  • Gülüm, I. V., & Dağ, I. (2012). Tekrarlayıcı Düşünme Ölçeği ve Bilişsel Esneklik Envanterinin Türkçeye uyarlanması, geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği [The Turkish adaptation, validity and reliability study of the Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire and the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory]. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 13(3), 216–223.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Hodgson, L. K., & Wertheim, E. H. (2007). Does good emotion management aid forgiving? Multiple dimensions of empathy, emotion management and forgiveness of self and others. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24(6), 931–949. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407507084191
  • Katovsich, R.B. (2007). Empathy and cognitive flexibility as correlates of forgiveness (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Andrews Üniversitesi, Michigan.
  • Kaziasty, K. (2005). Social support and traumatic stress. The National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Research Quarterly, 16(2), 1-8.
  • Kemer, G., & Atik, K. (2005). Kırsal ve il merkezinde yaşayan lise öğrencilerinin umut düzeylerinin aileden algılanan sosyal destek düzeyine göre karşılaştırılması. M.Ü. 84 Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 21, 161-168.
  • Lawler, K. A., Younger, J. W., Piferi, R. L., Jobe, R. L., Edmondson, K. A., & Jones, W. H. (2005). The unique effects of forgiveness on health: An exploration of pathways. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28, 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-005-3665-2
  • Lawler-Row, K. A., & Piferi, R. L. (2006). The forgiving personality: Describing a life well lived? Personality and Individual Differences, 41(6), 1009-1020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.007
  • Lin, Y, W. (2013). The effects of cognitive flexibility and openness to change on college students’ academic performance students (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). La Sierra University, CA.
  • Martin, M. M., & Rubin, R. B. (1995). A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological Reports, 76(2), 623-626. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.2.623
  • Martin, M. M., Staggers, S. M., &Anderson, C. M. (2011). The relationships between cognitive flexibility with dogmatism, intellectual flexibility, preference for consistency and self-compassion. Communication Research Reports, 28(3), 275-280. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2011.587555
  • Meyers-Levy, J., & Loken, B. (2015). Revisiting gender differences: What we know and what lies ahead. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 25(1), 129-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2014.06.003
  • McCullough, M. E., Pargament, K. I., & Thoresen, C. E. (Eds.). (2000). Forgiveness: Theory, Research And Practice. New York: Guilford Press.
  • McLean, L., Gaul, D., & Penco, R. (2022). Perceived social support and stress: a study of 1st year students in Ireland. International journal of mental health and addiction, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00710-z Miller, A. J., Worthington, E. L., Jr., & McDaniel, M. A. (2008). Gender and forgiveness: A meta-analytic review and research agenda. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27, 843–876. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2008.27.8.843
  • Moore, A., & Malinowski, P. (2009). Meditation, mindfulness and cognitive flexibility. Consciousness and Cognition, 18, 176-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2008.12.008
  • Nasab, A. V., Tavakoli, A. M., Meymand, Z. Z., & Kamyabi, M. (2022). Students' academic well-being based on the perceived social support and cognitive flexibility: a model with mediating role of psychological hardiness. Social Determinants of Health, 8, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.22037/sdh.v8i1.37258
  • Önal, A. A., & Yalçın, I. (2017). Forgiveness of Others and Self‐Forgiveness: The Predictive Role of Cognitive Distortions, Empathy, and Rumination. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 17(68), 97-120. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2017.68.6
  • Palm, K. M., & Follette, V. M. (2011). The roles of cognitive flexibility and experiential avoidance in explaining psychological distress in survivors of interpersonal victimization. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33(1), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-010-9201-x
  • Poots, A., & Cassidy, T. (2020). Academic expectation, self-compassion, psychological capital, social support and student wellbeing. International Journal of Educational Research, 99, 101506. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-020-00409-1
  • Rye, M. S., & Pargament, K. I. (2002). Forgiveness and romantic relationships in college: Can it heal the wounded heart? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(4), 419–441. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.1153
  • Sorias O.(1988). Sosyal destek kavramı. Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(1):353-7.
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There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Social Psychology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Neslihan Nur Pehlivan 0000-0002-4422-9793

Hamit Coşkun 0000-0002-5509-8717

Publication Date September 26, 2023
Acceptance Date August 24, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 5 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Pehlivan, N. N., & Coşkun, H. (2023). Influence of Perceived Social Support on Forgiveness in University Students: Examining The Mediator Role of Cognitive Flexibility and Moderator Role of Gender. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri Ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 5(3), 192-200. https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.23.3.01
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