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Historia Kavramı ve Antikitede Efsaneye Dayalı Tarih Anlayışı

Year 2023, Issue: 12, 1366 - 1382, 26.09.2023

Aydın Efe Ahmet Gözlü

https://doi.org/10.51531/korkutataturkiyat.1318505

Abstract

Historia yani tarih teriminin ve gerçek manada tarih yazımının kökenleri Antik Yunan’a uzanmaktadır. Antik Yunan’da çoğunlukla Herodotos ile başlatılan ve yazılı belgelere dayanan tarih anlayışından önce efsane geleneğine bağlı bir tarih anlatımı görülmekteydi. Efsaneye bağlı tarih geleneği yazının olmadığı ve sözlü anlatıların yaygın olduğu erken dönemlerde ortaya çıkmıştır. Tarihsel bir referans olarak da değerlendirilebilen efsanevi geleneğin en önemli temsilcisi mitlerdir. Mit ya da mitoslar, insanın evrene ve ilahi olana düzen atfetme çabalarının ilk örnekleridir. Çoğunlukla bir anlam arayışının ürünü olan mitler evrenin oluşumu, tanrıların kökeni ve tabiat olaylarının anlamlandırılması çabasından doğmuştur. İnsanlığın en eski anlatıları olan mitler yalnızca kurgu veya fantastik bir öykü olarak görülmemelidir. Çünkü tarih yazımı mitten doğmuştur ve mitler tarihi bir değeri olan en eski kaynaklardır. Antik Yunan’da efsaneye dayalı tarih anlayışının en önemli temsilcileri Homeros, Hesiodos ve Pindaros’tur. Homeros ve Hesiodos tarihsel ve kültürel gerçekleri mitik bir perspektifle ele alan en önemli düşünürlerdir. Pindaros ise bilimsel tarihe geçiş sürecinin bir ön hazırlayıcısı olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu geçiş sürecini tamamlayan ve efsane kökenli tarih geleneğini tamamıyla değiştirenler ise Heredotos ve Thukydides’tir.

Keywords

Antik Yunan Historia Homeros Hesiodos Pindaros.

Supporting Institution

Destekleyen kurum yoktur.

References

  • Bekoff, M. ve Jamieson, D. (Ed.). (1996). Readings in Animal Cognition, Cambridge: MA & MIT Press.
  • Byrskog, S. (2002). Story As History History As Story The Gospel Tradition in the Context of Ancient Oral History. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers.
  • Cairns, E. E. (1979). God and Man in Time: A Christian Approach to Historiography. Michigan: Baker Book House.
  • Chase, R. (1969). Quest for Myth. New York: Greenwood Published.
  • Claus, P. ve Marriott, J. (2017). History: An Introduction to Theory, Method and Practice. New York: Routledge Published.
  • Collingwood, R. G. (1969). The Idea of History. London: Oxford University Press.
  • Croce, B. (1921). History its Theory and Practice, [(trans.) Douglas Ainslie]. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company Published.
  • Csapo, E. ve Miller, M. (1998). Democracy, Empire and Art: Toward a Politics of Time and Narrative [(Ed.) D. Boedeker-K. Raaflaub]. Democracy, Empire and the Arts in Fifth-Century Athens, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Dover, K. J. (1980). Ancient Greek Literature. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Edmunds, L. (1990). Approaches to Greek Myth. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Eliade, M. (1954). Cosmos and History: The Myth of Eternal Return [(trans.) Willard R. Trask]. New York: Harper Torchbooks Published.
  • Fehl, N. E. (1964). History and Society. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Published.
  • Finley, M. I. (1987). The Use and Abuse of History. Harmondsworth: Penguin Published.
  • Ford, L. A. (1992). Homer: The Poetry of the Past. New York and London: Cornell University Press.
  • Fowler, R. (2000). Early Greek Mythography. Vol. I: Text and Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Gözlü, A. (2021). Grek Mitolojisinde Evrenin Tanrıları Yaratma Süreci. ÇAKÜ Karatekin Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(2), 168-186.
  • Gözlü, A. (2018). Klasik Mit Dizgesinde Hayali İnsan Grupları ve Coğrafi Mekânlar. Journal of History Studies, 10 (7), 127-138.
  • Gözlü, A. (2022). Klasik Mitolojide Eskatolojik İnsanın Trajedisi [ (ed.) Aydın Efe-Neval Akça Berk]. Tarih Araştırmaları V, Ankara: Akademisyen Kitabevi.
  • Gracia, J. J. E. (1992). Philosophy and its History: Issues in Philosophical Historiography. New York: Albany State University of Press.
  • Grethlein, J. (2012). Homer and Heroic History [(Ed.)John Marincola-Lloyd Llewellyn Jones -Calum Maciver]. Greek Notions of the past in the Archaic and Classical eras, Edinburgh Leventis Studies 6, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Haarmann, H. (2015). Myth as Source of Knowledge in Early Western Thought: The Quest for Historiography, Science and Philosophy in Greek Antiquity. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag Published.
  • Hainsworth, B. (2000). The Iliad: A Commentary. Volume HI: books 9-12, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hansen, W. F. (2005). Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans. USA: Oxford University Press.
  • Harrison, T. (2000). Divinity and History: the Religion of Herodotus. New York: Clarendon Press.
  • Hartog, F. (2000). The Invention of History: The Pre-History of a Concept from Homer to Herodotus. History and Theory Studies, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 384-395.
  • Henige, D. P. (1982). Oral Historiography. New York: Longman Published.
  • Hesiodos. (2019). Theogonia- İşler ve Günler [(çev.) Azra Erhat- Sabahattin Eyüboğlu]. İstanbul: İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Hockett, H. C. (1955). Critical Method in Historical Research and Writing. New York: The Macmillan Company Published.
  • Homeros. (2019). İlyada [(çev.) Azra Erhat-A. Kadir]. İstanbul: İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Homeros. (2016). Odysseia [(çev.] Azra Erhat-A. Kadir]. İstanbul: İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Hornblower, S. (2004). Thucydides and Pindar Historical Narrative and the World of Epinikian Poetry. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Huxley, G. L. (1969). Greek Epic Poetry from Eumelos to Panyassis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Kirk, G. S. -F. B. A. (1962). The Songs of Homer. Cambridge: Cambridge at the University Press.
  • Kirk, G. S.(1970). Myth: Its Meaning and Functions in Ancient and Other Cultures. London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kirk, G. S. (1976). Homer and the Oral Tradition. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kurke, L. (1991). The Traffic in Praise: Pindar and the Poetics of Social Economy, Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Lamberton, R. (1989). Homer The Theologian: Neoplatonist Allegorical Reading and the Growth of the Epic Tradition. London: University of California Press.
  • Lowery, Z. (ed.). (2015). Historiography. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing.
  • Momigliano, A. (1977). Essays in Ancient and Modern Historiogaphy. Oxford: Wesleyan University Press.
  • Nagy, G. (1990). Pindar’s Homer: The Lyrics Possession of an Epic Past. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Nicolai, R. (2007). The Place of History in the Ancient World [(Ed.) John Marincola]. A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography, Vol. I, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Özlem, D. (2017). Tarih Felsefesi. İstanbul: Notos Kitap.
  • Pavlou, M. (2012). Pindar and the Reconstruction of the Past [(Ed.)John Marincola-Lloyd Llewellyn Jones -Calum Maciver]. Greek Notions of the past in the Archaic and Classical eras, Edinburgh Leventis Studies 6, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Peppmüller, R. (1896). Hesiodos. Deutsche Übertbagen und Mıt Einleitdnoen und MIT Anmerkungen Versehen, Germany: Verlag Der Buchil-indll Waisenhauses
  • Pindaros. (2015). Bütün Zafer Şarkıları [(çev.) Erman Gören]. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Said, S. (2007). Myth and Historiography [(ed.)John Marincola]. A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography Vol. I, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Scanlon, T. F. (2015). Greek Historiography. London: Wiley Blackwell Published.
  • Sikes, E.E.- M.A. (1914). The Anthropology of The Greeks. London: David Nutt Published.
  • Starr, C.G. (1967). Pindar and The Greek Historical Spirit. Hermes Studies, 95(4), 393-403.
  • Thukydides. (2017). Peloponnessos Savaşları [(çev.)Furkan Akderin]. İstanbul: Belge Yayınları.
  • Vansina, J. (1961). Oral Tradition: A Study in Historical Methodology. Chicago: Aldine Publishing.
  • Vansina, J. (1985). Oral Tradition as History, USA: University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Verity, A. (2007). Pindar: The Complete Odes. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Yılmazcan, D. (2020). Antik Yunan’da Toplumsal Cinsiyetin İnşası. Ankara: Akademisyen Kitabevi.
  • Yılmazcan, D. (2022). Eski Yunan Tarihi ve Uygarlığı. Adana: Karahan Kitabevi.
  • Görseller için ilgili web siteleri
  • Görsel 1: https://tr.pinterest.com/pin/80924124534478228/ [Erişim tarihi: 01/01/2023].
  • Görsel 2: https://livingpoets.dur.ac.uk/w/The_Monnus-Mosaic_Hesiod [Erişim tarihi: 01/01/2023].
  • Görsel 3: https://tr.pinterest.com/pin/37858453094985183/ [Erişim tarihi: 01/01/2023].

The Concept of Historia and the Legend-Based Understanding of History in Antiquity

Year 2023, Issue: 12, 1366 - 1382, 26.09.2023

Aydın Efe Ahmet Gözlü

https://doi.org/10.51531/korkutataturkiyat.1318505

Abstract

The origins of the term Historia, that is, historiography in the real sense, go back to Ancient Greece. In ancient Greece, before the understanding of history, which was started with Herodotus and based on written documents, there was a historical narrative based on the tradition of legend. The tradition of history based on the legend emerged in the early periods when there was no writing and oral narratives were common. The most important representative of the legendary tradition, which can also be considered as a historical reference, is myths. Myth or mythos are the first examples of man’s efforts to ascribe order to the universe and the divine. Myths, which are mostly the product of a search for meaning, have emerged from the formation of the universe, the origin of the gods and the effort to make sense of natural events. Myths, the oldest narratives of humanity, should not be viewed as mere fiction or fantasy. Because historiography was born from myth, and myths are the oldest sources with historical value. The most important representatives of the myth-based understanding of history in ancient Greece are Homer, Hesiod and Pindaros. Homer and Hesiod are the most important thinkers who deal with historical and cultural facts with a mythical perspective. Pindaros, on the other hand, is accepted as a precursor of the transition to scientific history. It is Herodotus and Thucydides who completed this transitional period and completely changed the myth-based history tradition.

Keywords

Ancient Greece Historia Homer Hesiod Pindaros.

References

  • Bekoff, M. ve Jamieson, D. (Ed.). (1996). Readings in Animal Cognition, Cambridge: MA & MIT Press.
  • Byrskog, S. (2002). Story As History History As Story The Gospel Tradition in the Context of Ancient Oral History. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers.
  • Cairns, E. E. (1979). God and Man in Time: A Christian Approach to Historiography. Michigan: Baker Book House.
  • Chase, R. (1969). Quest for Myth. New York: Greenwood Published.
  • Claus, P. ve Marriott, J. (2017). History: An Introduction to Theory, Method and Practice. New York: Routledge Published.
  • Collingwood, R. G. (1969). The Idea of History. London: Oxford University Press.
  • Croce, B. (1921). History its Theory and Practice, [(trans.) Douglas Ainslie]. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company Published.
  • Csapo, E. ve Miller, M. (1998). Democracy, Empire and Art: Toward a Politics of Time and Narrative [(Ed.) D. Boedeker-K. Raaflaub]. Democracy, Empire and the Arts in Fifth-Century Athens, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Dover, K. J. (1980). Ancient Greek Literature. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Edmunds, L. (1990). Approaches to Greek Myth. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Eliade, M. (1954). Cosmos and History: The Myth of Eternal Return [(trans.) Willard R. Trask]. New York: Harper Torchbooks Published.
  • Fehl, N. E. (1964). History and Society. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Published.
  • Finley, M. I. (1987). The Use and Abuse of History. Harmondsworth: Penguin Published.
  • Ford, L. A. (1992). Homer: The Poetry of the Past. New York and London: Cornell University Press.
  • Fowler, R. (2000). Early Greek Mythography. Vol. I: Text and Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Gözlü, A. (2021). Grek Mitolojisinde Evrenin Tanrıları Yaratma Süreci. ÇAKÜ Karatekin Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(2), 168-186.
  • Gözlü, A. (2018). Klasik Mit Dizgesinde Hayali İnsan Grupları ve Coğrafi Mekânlar. Journal of History Studies, 10 (7), 127-138.
  • Gözlü, A. (2022). Klasik Mitolojide Eskatolojik İnsanın Trajedisi [ (ed.) Aydın Efe-Neval Akça Berk]. Tarih Araştırmaları V, Ankara: Akademisyen Kitabevi.
  • Gracia, J. J. E. (1992). Philosophy and its History: Issues in Philosophical Historiography. New York: Albany State University of Press.
  • Grethlein, J. (2012). Homer and Heroic History [(Ed.)John Marincola-Lloyd Llewellyn Jones -Calum Maciver]. Greek Notions of the past in the Archaic and Classical eras, Edinburgh Leventis Studies 6, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Haarmann, H. (2015). Myth as Source of Knowledge in Early Western Thought: The Quest for Historiography, Science and Philosophy in Greek Antiquity. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag Published.
  • Hainsworth, B. (2000). The Iliad: A Commentary. Volume HI: books 9-12, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hansen, W. F. (2005). Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans. USA: Oxford University Press.
  • Harrison, T. (2000). Divinity and History: the Religion of Herodotus. New York: Clarendon Press.
  • Hartog, F. (2000). The Invention of History: The Pre-History of a Concept from Homer to Herodotus. History and Theory Studies, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 384-395.
  • Henige, D. P. (1982). Oral Historiography. New York: Longman Published.
  • Hesiodos. (2019). Theogonia- İşler ve Günler [(çev.) Azra Erhat- Sabahattin Eyüboğlu]. İstanbul: İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Hockett, H. C. (1955). Critical Method in Historical Research and Writing. New York: The Macmillan Company Published.
  • Homeros. (2019). İlyada [(çev.) Azra Erhat-A. Kadir]. İstanbul: İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Homeros. (2016). Odysseia [(çev.] Azra Erhat-A. Kadir]. İstanbul: İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Hornblower, S. (2004). Thucydides and Pindar Historical Narrative and the World of Epinikian Poetry. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Huxley, G. L. (1969). Greek Epic Poetry from Eumelos to Panyassis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Kirk, G. S. -F. B. A. (1962). The Songs of Homer. Cambridge: Cambridge at the University Press.
  • Kirk, G. S.(1970). Myth: Its Meaning and Functions in Ancient and Other Cultures. London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kirk, G. S. (1976). Homer and the Oral Tradition. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kurke, L. (1991). The Traffic in Praise: Pindar and the Poetics of Social Economy, Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Lamberton, R. (1989). Homer The Theologian: Neoplatonist Allegorical Reading and the Growth of the Epic Tradition. London: University of California Press.
  • Lowery, Z. (ed.). (2015). Historiography. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing.
  • Momigliano, A. (1977). Essays in Ancient and Modern Historiogaphy. Oxford: Wesleyan University Press.
  • Nagy, G. (1990). Pindar’s Homer: The Lyrics Possession of an Epic Past. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Nicolai, R. (2007). The Place of History in the Ancient World [(Ed.) John Marincola]. A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography, Vol. I, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Özlem, D. (2017). Tarih Felsefesi. İstanbul: Notos Kitap.
  • Pavlou, M. (2012). Pindar and the Reconstruction of the Past [(Ed.)John Marincola-Lloyd Llewellyn Jones -Calum Maciver]. Greek Notions of the past in the Archaic and Classical eras, Edinburgh Leventis Studies 6, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Peppmüller, R. (1896). Hesiodos. Deutsche Übertbagen und Mıt Einleitdnoen und MIT Anmerkungen Versehen, Germany: Verlag Der Buchil-indll Waisenhauses
  • Pindaros. (2015). Bütün Zafer Şarkıları [(çev.) Erman Gören]. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Said, S. (2007). Myth and Historiography [(ed.)John Marincola]. A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography Vol. I, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Scanlon, T. F. (2015). Greek Historiography. London: Wiley Blackwell Published.
  • Sikes, E.E.- M.A. (1914). The Anthropology of The Greeks. London: David Nutt Published.
  • Starr, C.G. (1967). Pindar and The Greek Historical Spirit. Hermes Studies, 95(4), 393-403.
  • Thukydides. (2017). Peloponnessos Savaşları [(çev.)Furkan Akderin]. İstanbul: Belge Yayınları.
  • Vansina, J. (1961). Oral Tradition: A Study in Historical Methodology. Chicago: Aldine Publishing.
  • Vansina, J. (1985). Oral Tradition as History, USA: University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Verity, A. (2007). Pindar: The Complete Odes. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Yılmazcan, D. (2020). Antik Yunan’da Toplumsal Cinsiyetin İnşası. Ankara: Akademisyen Kitabevi.
  • Yılmazcan, D. (2022). Eski Yunan Tarihi ve Uygarlığı. Adana: Karahan Kitabevi.
  • Görseller için ilgili web siteleri
  • Görsel 1: https://tr.pinterest.com/pin/80924124534478228/ [Erişim tarihi: 01/01/2023].
  • Görsel 2: https://livingpoets.dur.ac.uk/w/The_Monnus-Mosaic_Hesiod [Erişim tarihi: 01/01/2023].
  • Görsel 3: https://tr.pinterest.com/pin/37858453094985183/ [Erişim tarihi: 01/01/2023].
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Ancient History (Other)
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Aydın Efe 0000-0001-6178-9904

Ahmet Gözlü 0000-0001-7146-3932

Publication Date September 26, 2023
Submission Date June 22, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 12

Cite

APA Efe, A., & Gözlü, A. (2023). Historia Kavramı ve Antikitede Efsaneye Dayalı Tarih Anlayışı. Korkut Ata Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi(12), 1366-1382. https://doi.org/10.51531/korkutataturkiyat.1318505
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