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Duygu Düzenleme ile Erken Dönem Uyumsuz Şemalar, Bilişsel Esneklik ve Ruminasyon Arasındaki İlişkilerin İncelenmesi

Year 2021, Volume: 29 Issue: 4, 194 - 204, 30.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.818048

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın temel amacı; duygu düzenleme (bilişsel yeniden değerlendirme ve bastırma alt boyutları), erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar, bilişsel esneklik (alternatifler ve kontrol alt boyutları) ve ruminasyon (saplantılı ve derin düşünme alt boyutları) değişkenleri ile oluşturulan yapısal modelin geçerliğinin incelenmesidir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu; 454 (%63.2 kadın, %36.8 erkek) üniversite öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Modelin geçerliği yapısal eşitlik modellemesi analizi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada veriler; Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Duygu Düzenleme Ölçeği, Young Şema Ölçeği Kısa Form-3, Bilişsel Esneklik Envanteri ve Ruminasyon Ölçeği Kısa Formu ile elde edilmiştir. Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi sonucunda; erken dönem uyumsuz şemaların bilişsel esnekliğin alt boyutlarını yordadığı, bilişsel esnekliğin alt boyutlarının ruminasyonun alt boyutlarını yordadığı, ruminasyonun saplantılı düşünme alt boyutunun duygu düzenlemenin alt boyutları olan bilişsel yeniden değerlendirme ve bastırmayı yordadığı, ruminasyonun alt boyutu olan derin düşünmenin ise bilişsel yeniden değerlendirmeyi yordadığı ancak bastırmayı yordamadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bulgular erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar etkin hale geldiğinde; bilişsel esnek olma düzeyinin azaldığına, ruminatif düşüncelerin arttığına ve ruminatif düşüncelerin artmasının duyguların düzenlenememesine neden olabileceğine işaret etmektedir. Bireylerin; bilişsel esneklik düzeylerini arttırma, etkili duygu düzenleme stratejilerini kullanma ve ruminatif düşünceyle baş edebilmeleri amacıyla psikoeğitim programları geliştirilebilir.

References

  • Anderson, P. (2002). Assessment and development of executive function (EF) during childhood. Child Neuropsychology, 8(2), 71-82.
  • Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Causes and treatment. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Bilgin, M. (2009). Bilişsel esnekliği yordayan bazı değişkenler. Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(3), 142-157.
  • Bringle, M. L. (1996). “I just can’t stop thinking about it”: Depression, rumination, and forgiveness. Word & World, 16(3), 340-346.
  • Bugay, A., & Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2015). Eşli Ruminasyon Ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5(43), 106-114.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2011). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. (15. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Calkins, S. D. (2010). Commentary: Conceptual and methodological challenges to the study of emotion regulation and psychopathology. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assesment, 32, 92–95.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. (4.Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Daches, S., & Mor, N. (2015). Brooding moderates the link between reappraisal and inhibition of negative information. Cognition and Emotion, 29(5), 923-934.
  • Davis, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). Cognitive inflexibility among ruminators and nonruminators. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24(6), 699-711.
  • Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S. (2010). The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34, 241-253.
  • Dieler, A. C., Herrmann, M. J., & Fallgatter, A. J. (2014). Voluntary suppression of thoughts is influenced by anxious and ruminative tendencies in healthy volunteers. Memory, 22(3), 184-193.
  • Dreisbach, G., & Goschke, T. (2004). How positive affect modulates cognitive control: Reduced perseveration at the cost of increased distractibility. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 30(2), 343-353.
  • Ehring, T., & Ehlers, A. (2014). Does rumination mediate the relationship between emotion regulation ability and posttraumatic stress disorder. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5, 1-8.
  • Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Murphy, B. C. (1996). Parents' reactions to children's negative emotions: Relations to children's social competence and comforting behavior. Child Development, 67, 2227-2247.
  • Erdur-Baker, Ö., & Bugay, A. (2012). The Turkish Version of the Ruminative Response Scale: An examination of its reliability and validity. The International Journal of Educational and Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 1-16.
  • Field, T. (1994). The effects of mother's physical and emotional unavailability on emotion regulation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3), 208-227.
  • Genet, J. J., Malooly, A. M., & Siemer, M. (2013). Flexibility is not always adaptive: Affective flexibility and inflexibility predict rumination use in everyday life. Cognition and Emotion, 27(4), 685-695.
  • Greenberg, M. T., Kusche, C. A., & Speltz, M. (1991). Emotional regulation, self-control and psychopathology: The role of relationships in early childhood. D. Cicchetti ve S. Toth (Ed.), Internalizing and externalizing expressions of dysfunction. Rochester Symposium on developmental psychopathology (2.Baskı) içinde (21-55). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299. Gross, J. J. (1999). Emotion and Emotion Regulation. L. A. Pervin., & O. P. John, (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2.Baskı) içinde (525-552). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39, 281-291.
  • Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362.
  • Gülüm, İ. V., & Dağ, İ. (2012). Tekrarlayıcı Düşünme Ölçeği ve Bilişsel Esneklik Envanterinin Türkçeye uyarlanması, geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 13, 216-223.
  • Gündüz, B. (2013). Bağlanma stilleri, akılcı olmayan inançlar ve psikolojik belirtilerin bilişsel esnekliği yordamadaki katkıları. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 13(4), 2071-2085.
  • Kapçı, E. G., & Hamamcı, Z. (2010). Aile işlevi ile psikolojik belirtiler arasındaki ilişki: Erken dönem uyum bozucu şemaların aracı rolü. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 13, 127-136.
  • Karasar, N. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. (18. Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kloo, D., Perner, J., Aichhorn, M., & Schmidhuber, N. (2010). Perspective taking and cognitive flexibility in the Dimensional Change Card Sorting (DCCS) task. Cognitive Development, 25(3), 208-217.
  • Koesten, J., Schrodt, P., & Ford, D. J. (2009). Cognitive flexibility as a mediator of family communication environments and young adults' well-being. Health Communication, 24(1), 82-94.
  • Leahy, R. L. (2002). A model of emotional schemas. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 9, 177-190.
  • Leahy, R. L., Tirch, D., & Napolitano, L. A. (2011). Emotion regulation in psychotherapy: A practitioner’s guide (1.Baskı). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Martin, D. J., Oren, Z., & Boone, K. (1991). Major depressives’ and dysthymics’ performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47, 684-690.
  • Martin, M. M., & Rubin, R. B. (1995). A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological Reports, 76, 623-626.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: the 1989 loma prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(1), 115-121.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S. ve Jackson, B. (2001). Mediators of the gender difference in rumination. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25, 37-47.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400-424.
  • Owens, M., & Derakshan, N. (2013). The effects of dysphoria and rumination on cognitive flexibility and task selection. Acta Psychologica, 142, 323-331.
  • Soygüt, G., Karaosmanoğlu A., & Çakır, Z. (2009). Erken dönem uyumsuz şemaların değerlendirilmesi: Young Şema Ölçeği Kısa Form-3'ün psikometrik özelliklerine ilişkin bir inceleme. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 20(1), 75-84.
  • Sungur, M. Z. (1994). Kognitif Görüş Bağlamında Depresyon ve Antisipasyon. 3P-Psikiyatri, Psikoloji ve Psikofarmakoloji Dergisi, 2(Ek-4), 15-23.
  • Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(3), 247-259.
  • Tuğrul, C. (1999). Duygusal zeka. Klinik Psikiyatri, 1, 12-20.
  • Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Young, J. E., Rygh, J. L., Weinberger, A. D., & Beck, A. T. (2008). Cognitive therapy for depression. In D. H. Barlow (Ed.), Clinical handbook of psychological disorders içinde (250-305). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Yurtsever, G. (2004). Emotional regulation strategies and negotiaiton. Psychological Reports, 95, 780-786.

Investigation of Relations between Emotion Regulation, Early Maladaptive Schemas, Cognitive Flexibility, and Rumination

Year 2021, Volume: 29 Issue: 4, 194 - 204, 30.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.818048

Abstract

Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of the structural model that is composed of the emotion regulation, early maladaptive schemas, cognitive flexibility and rumination.
Design/Methodology/Approach: This study was carried out with 454 students (%63.2 female, %36.8 male). The data used in this study was adopted from Personal Information Form, Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form 3, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Cognitive Flexibility Inventory and short form of Rumination Scale.
Findings: As a result of the structural equation modelling; the participants' early maladaptive schemas were significant predictors of cognitive flexibility's sub dimensions. Cognitive flexibility's sub dimensions predicted the rumination's sub dimensions, rumination's brooding sub dimension were found significant predictor of expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal which are sub dimensions of emotion regulation and also rumination's reflection sub dimension predicted the cognitive reappraisal but not expressive suppression.
Highlights: When early maladaptive schemas are active, cognitive flexibility level decreases. Therefore, ruminative thoughts increase and these thoughts are unable to regulate emotions. Psychoeducation programs can be developed in order to increase cognitive flexibility levels, use effective emotion regulation strategies and cope with ruminative thinking.

References

  • Anderson, P. (2002). Assessment and development of executive function (EF) during childhood. Child Neuropsychology, 8(2), 71-82.
  • Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Causes and treatment. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Bilgin, M. (2009). Bilişsel esnekliği yordayan bazı değişkenler. Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(3), 142-157.
  • Bringle, M. L. (1996). “I just can’t stop thinking about it”: Depression, rumination, and forgiveness. Word & World, 16(3), 340-346.
  • Bugay, A., & Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2015). Eşli Ruminasyon Ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5(43), 106-114.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2011). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. (15. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Calkins, S. D. (2010). Commentary: Conceptual and methodological challenges to the study of emotion regulation and psychopathology. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assesment, 32, 92–95.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. (4.Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Daches, S., & Mor, N. (2015). Brooding moderates the link between reappraisal and inhibition of negative information. Cognition and Emotion, 29(5), 923-934.
  • Davis, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). Cognitive inflexibility among ruminators and nonruminators. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24(6), 699-711.
  • Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S. (2010). The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34, 241-253.
  • Dieler, A. C., Herrmann, M. J., & Fallgatter, A. J. (2014). Voluntary suppression of thoughts is influenced by anxious and ruminative tendencies in healthy volunteers. Memory, 22(3), 184-193.
  • Dreisbach, G., & Goschke, T. (2004). How positive affect modulates cognitive control: Reduced perseveration at the cost of increased distractibility. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 30(2), 343-353.
  • Ehring, T., & Ehlers, A. (2014). Does rumination mediate the relationship between emotion regulation ability and posttraumatic stress disorder. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5, 1-8.
  • Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Murphy, B. C. (1996). Parents' reactions to children's negative emotions: Relations to children's social competence and comforting behavior. Child Development, 67, 2227-2247.
  • Erdur-Baker, Ö., & Bugay, A. (2012). The Turkish Version of the Ruminative Response Scale: An examination of its reliability and validity. The International Journal of Educational and Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 1-16.
  • Field, T. (1994). The effects of mother's physical and emotional unavailability on emotion regulation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3), 208-227.
  • Genet, J. J., Malooly, A. M., & Siemer, M. (2013). Flexibility is not always adaptive: Affective flexibility and inflexibility predict rumination use in everyday life. Cognition and Emotion, 27(4), 685-695.
  • Greenberg, M. T., Kusche, C. A., & Speltz, M. (1991). Emotional regulation, self-control and psychopathology: The role of relationships in early childhood. D. Cicchetti ve S. Toth (Ed.), Internalizing and externalizing expressions of dysfunction. Rochester Symposium on developmental psychopathology (2.Baskı) içinde (21-55). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299. Gross, J. J. (1999). Emotion and Emotion Regulation. L. A. Pervin., & O. P. John, (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2.Baskı) içinde (525-552). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39, 281-291.
  • Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362.
  • Gülüm, İ. V., & Dağ, İ. (2012). Tekrarlayıcı Düşünme Ölçeği ve Bilişsel Esneklik Envanterinin Türkçeye uyarlanması, geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 13, 216-223.
  • Gündüz, B. (2013). Bağlanma stilleri, akılcı olmayan inançlar ve psikolojik belirtilerin bilişsel esnekliği yordamadaki katkıları. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 13(4), 2071-2085.
  • Kapçı, E. G., & Hamamcı, Z. (2010). Aile işlevi ile psikolojik belirtiler arasındaki ilişki: Erken dönem uyum bozucu şemaların aracı rolü. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 13, 127-136.
  • Karasar, N. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. (18. Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kloo, D., Perner, J., Aichhorn, M., & Schmidhuber, N. (2010). Perspective taking and cognitive flexibility in the Dimensional Change Card Sorting (DCCS) task. Cognitive Development, 25(3), 208-217.
  • Koesten, J., Schrodt, P., & Ford, D. J. (2009). Cognitive flexibility as a mediator of family communication environments and young adults' well-being. Health Communication, 24(1), 82-94.
  • Leahy, R. L. (2002). A model of emotional schemas. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 9, 177-190.
  • Leahy, R. L., Tirch, D., & Napolitano, L. A. (2011). Emotion regulation in psychotherapy: A practitioner’s guide (1.Baskı). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Martin, D. J., Oren, Z., & Boone, K. (1991). Major depressives’ and dysthymics’ performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47, 684-690.
  • Martin, M. M., & Rubin, R. B. (1995). A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological Reports, 76, 623-626.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: the 1989 loma prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(1), 115-121.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S. ve Jackson, B. (2001). Mediators of the gender difference in rumination. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25, 37-47.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400-424.
  • Owens, M., & Derakshan, N. (2013). The effects of dysphoria and rumination on cognitive flexibility and task selection. Acta Psychologica, 142, 323-331.
  • Soygüt, G., Karaosmanoğlu A., & Çakır, Z. (2009). Erken dönem uyumsuz şemaların değerlendirilmesi: Young Şema Ölçeği Kısa Form-3'ün psikometrik özelliklerine ilişkin bir inceleme. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 20(1), 75-84.
  • Sungur, M. Z. (1994). Kognitif Görüş Bağlamında Depresyon ve Antisipasyon. 3P-Psikiyatri, Psikoloji ve Psikofarmakoloji Dergisi, 2(Ek-4), 15-23.
  • Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(3), 247-259.
  • Tuğrul, C. (1999). Duygusal zeka. Klinik Psikiyatri, 1, 12-20.
  • Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Young, J. E., Rygh, J. L., Weinberger, A. D., & Beck, A. T. (2008). Cognitive therapy for depression. In D. H. Barlow (Ed.), Clinical handbook of psychological disorders içinde (250-305). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Yurtsever, G. (2004). Emotional regulation strategies and negotiaiton. Psychological Reports, 95, 780-786.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Studies on Education
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ayşegül Anayurt 0000-0001-7826-942X

İlhan Yalçın 0000-0002-6407-9606

Publication Date November 30, 2021
Acceptance Date March 29, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 29 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Anayurt, A., & Yalçın, İ. (2021). Investigation of Relations between Emotion Regulation, Early Maladaptive Schemas, Cognitive Flexibility, and Rumination. Kastamonu Education Journal, 29(4), 194-204. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.818048

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