One-Part Geopolymer Binder Based on Boron Wastes: Effects of Calcination Temperature and NaOH Dosage on Strength and Microstructure
Abstract
Boron Enterprise Facilities are located in Kütahya-Emet, Eskişehir- Kırka and Balıkesir-Bigadiç regions in Türkiye. Waste materials containing a sum of boron (15-20%) occur during boron beneficiation with different mining procedures. Boron mine wastes are not evaluated completely in any sector. In the scope of this study, boron mine wastes from Kırka Boron Enterprise Facility were used as raw material in the production of one-part geopolymer binder by alkali fusion method. The effect of sodium hydroxide dosage (%4, %6, %8 and %10) and calcination temperature (600 °C, 650 °C and 700 °C for 4h) on compressive strength and microstructure was investigated. Test results showed that one-part geopolymer binder can be produced from boron wastes by using alkali fusion method. The highest compressive strength of 29,1 MPa was obtained by using 4% NH and calcination at 650 C for 4h. Furthermore, the formation of new crystalline phases in geopolymer binders at higher calcination temperature caused a decrease in compressive strength values. The main reaction product of the one-part geopolymer based on boron wastes is Mg and Na incorporated C-(Mg, Na)S-H structure.
Supporting Institution
Scientific and Technological Research Council of
Project Number
219M426
Thanks
The authors wish to express their gratitude and sincere appreciation to the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TUBİTAK) (Grant Nr. 219M426) for financing this research work. Additionally, the authors would like to thank Eti Mining Operations General Directorate for providing materials. Finally, I would also like to thank Ms.Ayşenur SIĞINDERE for her great assistance in the lab.
References
- [1] Bor Sektör Raporu. 2011. Eti Maden İşletmeleri Genel Müdürlüğü. Türkiye: Bor Sektör Raporu.
- [2] Özdemir, M., Öztürk, N. U. (2003). Utilization of clay wastes containing boron as cement additives. Cement and Concrete Research, 33(10): 1659-61.
- [3] Kıpçak, İ., and M. Özdemir. (2012). Recovery of boron from the clay waste of boron industry by leaching. Int. J. Chem. React. Eng., 10 (1): 1–13.
- [4] Uslu, T. Arol, A. I. (2004). Use of boron waste as an additive in red bricks. Waste Management, 24(2): 217-20.
- [5] Seiler, H. G., H. Sigel, and A. Sigel. (1988). Handbook on toxicity of inorganic compounds. New York: Marcel Dekker.
- [6] Kavas, T. (2006). Use of boron waste as a fluxing agent in production of red mud brick. Building and Environment, 41(12):1779-83.
- [7] Sevim, U. K. (2011). Colemanite ore waste concrete with low shrinkage and high split tensile strength. Materials and Structures, 44(1):187-193.
- [8] Koumpouri, D., Angelopoulos, G. N. (2016). Effect of boron waste and boric acid addition on the production of low energy belite cement. Cement and Concrete Composites, 68: 1-8.
- [9] Mutuk, T., Mesci, B. (2014). Analysis of mechanical properties of cement containing boron waste and rice husk ash using full factorial design. Journal of Cleaner Production, 69:128-132.
- [10] Över Kaman, D., Köroğlu, L., Ayas, E., Güney, Y. (2017). The effect of heat-treated boron derivative waste at 600 °C on the mechanical and microstructural properties of cement mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 154: 743-751.
- [11] Abalı, Y., Yurdusev, M. A., Zeybek, M. S., Kumanlıoǧlu, A. A. (2007). Using phosphogypsume and boron concentrator wastes in light brick production. Construction and Building Materials, 21(1): 52-6.
- [12] Liew, Y. M., Heah, C. Y., Li, L. Y., Jaya, N. A., Abdullah, M. M. A. B., Tan, S. J., Hussin, K. (2017). Formation of one-part-mixing geopolymers and geopolymer ceramics from geopolymer powder. Construction and Building Materials, 156: 9-18.
- [13] Zhang, H. Y., Liu, J. C., Wu, B. (2021). Mechanical properties and reaction mechanism of one-part geopolymer mortars. Construction and Building Materials, 273:121973.
- [14] Ye, N., Yang, J., Liang, S., Hu, Y., Hu, J., Xiao, B., Huang, Q. (2016). Synthesis and strength optimization of one-part geopolymer based on red mud. Construction and Building Materials, 111:317-25.
- [15] Abdel-Gawwad, H. A., Khalil, K. A. (2018). Application of thermal treatment on cement kiln dust and feldspar to create one-part geopolymer cement. Construction and Building Materials, 187: 231-7.
- [16] Peng, M. X., Wang, Z. H., Shen, S. H., Xiao, Q. G., Li, L. J., Tang, Y. C., Hu, L. L. (2017a). Alkali fusion of bentonite to synthesize one-part geopolymeric cements cured at elevated temperature by comparison with two-part ones. Construction and Building Materials, 130:103-112.
- [17] Ke, X., Bernal, S. A., Ye, N., Provis, J. L., Yang, J. (2015). One‐Part Geopolymers Based on Thermally Treated Red Mud/NaOH Blends. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 98(1): 5-11.
- [18] ASTM C109/C109M-20b. (2021). Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50 mm] Cube Specimens). Annual Book of ASTM Standards, USA.
Abstract
Project Number
219M426
References
- [1] Bor Sektör Raporu. 2011. Eti Maden İşletmeleri Genel Müdürlüğü. Türkiye: Bor Sektör Raporu.
- [2] Özdemir, M., Öztürk, N. U. (2003). Utilization of clay wastes containing boron as cement additives. Cement and Concrete Research, 33(10): 1659-61.
- [3] Kıpçak, İ., and M. Özdemir. (2012). Recovery of boron from the clay waste of boron industry by leaching. Int. J. Chem. React. Eng., 10 (1): 1–13.
- [4] Uslu, T. Arol, A. I. (2004). Use of boron waste as an additive in red bricks. Waste Management, 24(2): 217-20.
- [5] Seiler, H. G., H. Sigel, and A. Sigel. (1988). Handbook on toxicity of inorganic compounds. New York: Marcel Dekker.
- [6] Kavas, T. (2006). Use of boron waste as a fluxing agent in production of red mud brick. Building and Environment, 41(12):1779-83.
- [7] Sevim, U. K. (2011). Colemanite ore waste concrete with low shrinkage and high split tensile strength. Materials and Structures, 44(1):187-193.
- [8] Koumpouri, D., Angelopoulos, G. N. (2016). Effect of boron waste and boric acid addition on the production of low energy belite cement. Cement and Concrete Composites, 68: 1-8.
- [9] Mutuk, T., Mesci, B. (2014). Analysis of mechanical properties of cement containing boron waste and rice husk ash using full factorial design. Journal of Cleaner Production, 69:128-132.
- [10] Över Kaman, D., Köroğlu, L., Ayas, E., Güney, Y. (2017). The effect of heat-treated boron derivative waste at 600 °C on the mechanical and microstructural properties of cement mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 154: 743-751.
- [11] Abalı, Y., Yurdusev, M. A., Zeybek, M. S., Kumanlıoǧlu, A. A. (2007). Using phosphogypsume and boron concentrator wastes in light brick production. Construction and Building Materials, 21(1): 52-6.
- [12] Liew, Y. M., Heah, C. Y., Li, L. Y., Jaya, N. A., Abdullah, M. M. A. B., Tan, S. J., Hussin, K. (2017). Formation of one-part-mixing geopolymers and geopolymer ceramics from geopolymer powder. Construction and Building Materials, 156: 9-18.
- [13] Zhang, H. Y., Liu, J. C., Wu, B. (2021). Mechanical properties and reaction mechanism of one-part geopolymer mortars. Construction and Building Materials, 273:121973.
- [14] Ye, N., Yang, J., Liang, S., Hu, Y., Hu, J., Xiao, B., Huang, Q. (2016). Synthesis and strength optimization of one-part geopolymer based on red mud. Construction and Building Materials, 111:317-25.
- [15] Abdel-Gawwad, H. A., Khalil, K. A. (2018). Application of thermal treatment on cement kiln dust and feldspar to create one-part geopolymer cement. Construction and Building Materials, 187: 231-7.
- [16] Peng, M. X., Wang, Z. H., Shen, S. H., Xiao, Q. G., Li, L. J., Tang, Y. C., Hu, L. L. (2017a). Alkali fusion of bentonite to synthesize one-part geopolymeric cements cured at elevated temperature by comparison with two-part ones. Construction and Building Materials, 130:103-112.
- [17] Ke, X., Bernal, S. A., Ye, N., Provis, J. L., Yang, J. (2015). One‐Part Geopolymers Based on Thermally Treated Red Mud/NaOH Blends. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 98(1): 5-11.
- [18] ASTM C109/C109M-20b. (2021). Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50 mm] Cube Specimens). Annual Book of ASTM Standards, USA.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Construction Materials |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | 219M426 |
| Early Pub Date | May 15, 2024 |
| Publication Date | |
| Submission Date | December 22, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | January 31, 2024 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2024Volume: 8 Issue: 1 |
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