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Understanding the Possible Impact of Exotic Parrots on Human Health

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 288 - 293, 28.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.819583

Abstract

Parrots are birds that live in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. International trade of parrots is carried out according to the CITES Convention. A total of 135 parrot species were imported and 40 parrot species re-exported between 1982 and 2016 in Turkey. Exotic parrots have started to spread and established breeding populations only in and around city centres of Turkey. Introduction and establishment of alien species in the country is unwanted situation because alien species can have adverse effects on ecosystem, economic, human health and social factors in countries. Therefore, alien species should be monitored. The impact of exotic parrots to human health is assessed in this study. The alien Rose ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) (RRP) and Alexandrine parakeet (Psittacula eupatria) (AP) do not have any impact on human health until now in Turkey, but various microorganisms and vectors may be carried with exotic parrot species in future. RRP and AP live in the wild as a result of intentional or accidental introductions. Besides, pet trade on these species continues in Turkey. This is a problem in terms of biosecurity. Biosecurity measures should be increased in Turkey. Incorrect scientific researches should not be considered in the management of these species.

Thanks

I am grateful to all birdwatchers and citizens who contributed to the Parakeet Census of Turkey by sharing their observations. The present research's third stage was carried out with the permission of the Ministry of National Defence and the help of Cemalettin Erdoğan and Kasım Teke in Anıtkabir Campus. The Rose-ringed Parakeet photo was taken by Ömer Şahin from IHA. Light microscopy studies were carried out with the help of Zekiye Suludere and Damla Amutkan at Gazi University. *Part of this study was presented and published as an abstract in the Joint ESENIAS and DIAS Scientific Conference and 9th ESENIAS Workshop held on 3 - 6 September 2019, Ohrid, Republic of North Macedonia.

References

  • Atay, H., Tüvan, A., Demir, Ö. Balta, İ. (2012). İklim değişikliğinin sağlık üzerine etkileri. Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü Araştırma Dairesi Başkanlığı Klimatoloji Şube Müdürlüğü. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı. Ankara, Turkey.
  • Bremner, A., Park, K. (2007). Public attitudes to the management of invasive non-native species in Scotland. Biological Conservation, 139: 306-314.
  • Clayton, D.H., Walther, B.A. (1997). Collection and quantification of arthropod parasites of birds. In: Host-parasite evolution: general principles and avian models (Ed: Clayton, D.H., Moore, J.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
  • Commission Regulation, (2007). Commission regulation (EC) No 318/2007 of 23 March 2007 laying down animal health conditions for imports of certain birds into the community and the quarantine conditions thereof. Official Journal of European Union, 84, 7-29.
  • Culture and Tourism Directorate of Ankara. (2013). Ankara, the Capital City of Turkish Republic where the cultures blended. Regional Directorate of Culture and Tourism. Ankara, Turkey.
  • DAISIE (Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe). (2009). Handbook of alien species in Europe. Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology 3, Springer: Dordrecht .
  • Eguchi, K., Amano, H.E. (2004). Invasive birds in Japan. Global Environmental Research, 8: 29–39.
  • FEATHERBASE. (2019). The Online library for bird feathers. Ring-necked Parakeet, https://www.featherbase.info/uk/species/Psittacula/krameri (21.02.2019).
  • Gaud, J.W., Atyeo, W.T. (1996). Feather mites of the world Acarina, Astigmata: the supraspecific taxa. Annales du Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale Sciences Zoologiques, 277: Part 1: 1-193, Part 2: 1-436.
  • Keller, R.P., Geist, J., Jeschke, J.M. Kühn, I. (2011). Invasive species in Europe: ecology, status, and policy. Environ Sci Eur, 23: 23.
  • Kirwan, G.M., Boyla, K.A., Castell, P., Demirci, B., Özen, M., Welch, H., Marlow, T. (2008). The birds of Turkey: a study of the distribution, taxonomy and breeding of Turkish Birds, Christopher Helm, London.
  • Mcneely, J.A. (2001). The Great reshuffling - human dimensions of Invasive Alien Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge.
  • Mori, E., Ancillotto, L., Groombridge, J., Howard, T., Smith, V.S., Menchetti, M. (2015). Macroparasites of introduced parakeets in Italy: a possible role for parasite-mediated competition. Parasitology Research, 1149: 3277–3281.
  • Oymak, S., Büyük, B., Coban, H., Otkun, M. (2017). Settlement and reproduction of parrots in Istanbul and health implications. 7th ESENIAS Workshop and Conference, Bulgaria, Sofia, 28 – 30 March 2017, p: 75.
  • Pejchar, L., Mooney, H.A. (2009). Invasive Species, Ecosystem Services and Human Well-Being. Trends in Ecology Evolution, 24: 497-504.
  • Per, E., Aktaş, M. (2019). Tüy Akarı Araştırmalarında Farklı Örnek Toplama Metotlarının Bazı Ötücü Kuş Türlerine Uygulanması ve İzlenmesi. Commagene Journal of Biology, 3(2): 68-74.
  • Per, E. (2019). İnternet temelli araçların egzotik papağanların izlenmesine katkısı. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 20(4): 466-473 .
  • Per, E. (2018). Tropikal ormanlardan Türkiye’ye papağan ticaretinin durumu. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 19(3), 275-283.
  • Runde, D.E., Pitt, W.C., Foster, J.T. (2007). Population ecology and some potential impacts of emerging populations of exotic parrots. Managing vertebrate invasive species. 42.
  • Stafford, T. (2003). Pest risk assessment for the monk parakeet in Oregon. Natural Resource Specialist 1, Oregon Department of Agriculture, Oregon.
  • Tantaş, A., Ak, S., Özgür, Y. (1990). Papağanlarda Candidiasis’te Etiolojik ve Terapotik Bulgular ve Kriterler Üzerine Çalışmalar, İst. Ünv. Vet. Fak. Derg. 162: 181-184. Turkish
  • Tantaş, A., Ak, S., Yılmaz, H. (1987). Papağanlarda karşılaşılan bir S. Typhimurium olgusu. İstanbul Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg. 131: 51-54. The Parakeet Census of Turkey. (2019). http://trpapagansayimlari.blogspot.com/ (10.06.2019).
  • White, R.L., Strubbe, D, Dallimer, M, Davies, Z.G., Davis, A.J.S., Edelaar, P., Groombridge, J., Jackson, H.A., Menchetti, M., Mori, E., Nikolov, B.P., Pârâu, L.G., Pečnikar Živa, F., Pett, T.J., Reino, L., Tollington, S., Turbé, A., Shwartz, A. (2019) Assessing the ecological and societal impacts of alien parrots in Europe using a transparent and inclusive evidence-mapping scheme. NeoBiota, 48: 45-69.
  • World Parrot Trust, (2004). Deadly Newcastle disease discovered in parrots and other birds imported from Pakistan to Italy. https://www.parrots.org/pdfs/our_%20publications/psittascene/2004/04May59.pdf (11.07.2019).
  • YÖKTEZ, (2019). The database of the Council of Higher Education (CoHE) National Thesis Center Database. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi (01.06.2019).

Egzotik Papağanların İnsan Sağlığı Üzerindeki Olası Etkisini Anlamak

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 288 - 293, 28.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.819583

Abstract

Papağanlar, dünyanın tropikal ve subtropikal bölgelerinde yayılış gösteren kuşlardır. Uluslararası papağan ticareti CITES Sözleşmesine bağlı olarak yapılmaktadır. Türkiye'de 1982-2016 yılları arasında toplam 135 papağan türü ithal edilmiş ve 40 papağan türü yeniden ihraç edilmiştir. Egzotik papağanlar sadece Türkiye'nin il merkezlerinde ve çevresinde yayılış göstermeye ve üreyen popülasyonlar kurmaya başlamıştır. Yabancı türlerin ülkeye girişi ve yerleşmesi istenmeyen bir durumdur çünkü yabancı türlerin ülkelerdeki ekosistem, ekonomi, insan sağlığı ve sosyal faktörler üzerinde olumsuz etkileri olabilmektedir. Bu nedenle yabancı türler izlenmelidir. Bu çalışmada egzotik papağanların insan sağlığı üzerindeki etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. Yeşil papağan (Psittacula krameri) (YP) ve İskender papağanı (Psittacula eupatria) (İP) şu ana kadar Türkiye'de insan sağlığı üzerinde herhangi bir etkiye sahip değildir, ancak gelecekte egzotik papağan türleri ile çeşitli mikroorganizmalar ve vektörler taşınabilir. YP ve İP, kasıtlı veya kazara bırakılmalarının bir sonucu olarak vahşi doğada yaşıyor. Ayrıca Türkiye'de bu türlerin evcil hayvan ticareti devam etmektedir. Bu durum biyogüvenlik açısından bir problemdir. Türkiye'de bu konuda biyogüvenlik önlemleri artırılmalıdır. Bu türlerin yönetiminde yanlış bilimsel araştırmalar dikkate alınmamalıdır.

References

  • Atay, H., Tüvan, A., Demir, Ö. Balta, İ. (2012). İklim değişikliğinin sağlık üzerine etkileri. Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü Araştırma Dairesi Başkanlığı Klimatoloji Şube Müdürlüğü. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı. Ankara, Turkey.
  • Bremner, A., Park, K. (2007). Public attitudes to the management of invasive non-native species in Scotland. Biological Conservation, 139: 306-314.
  • Clayton, D.H., Walther, B.A. (1997). Collection and quantification of arthropod parasites of birds. In: Host-parasite evolution: general principles and avian models (Ed: Clayton, D.H., Moore, J.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
  • Commission Regulation, (2007). Commission regulation (EC) No 318/2007 of 23 March 2007 laying down animal health conditions for imports of certain birds into the community and the quarantine conditions thereof. Official Journal of European Union, 84, 7-29.
  • Culture and Tourism Directorate of Ankara. (2013). Ankara, the Capital City of Turkish Republic where the cultures blended. Regional Directorate of Culture and Tourism. Ankara, Turkey.
  • DAISIE (Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe). (2009). Handbook of alien species in Europe. Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology 3, Springer: Dordrecht .
  • Eguchi, K., Amano, H.E. (2004). Invasive birds in Japan. Global Environmental Research, 8: 29–39.
  • FEATHERBASE. (2019). The Online library for bird feathers. Ring-necked Parakeet, https://www.featherbase.info/uk/species/Psittacula/krameri (21.02.2019).
  • Gaud, J.W., Atyeo, W.T. (1996). Feather mites of the world Acarina, Astigmata: the supraspecific taxa. Annales du Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale Sciences Zoologiques, 277: Part 1: 1-193, Part 2: 1-436.
  • Keller, R.P., Geist, J., Jeschke, J.M. Kühn, I. (2011). Invasive species in Europe: ecology, status, and policy. Environ Sci Eur, 23: 23.
  • Kirwan, G.M., Boyla, K.A., Castell, P., Demirci, B., Özen, M., Welch, H., Marlow, T. (2008). The birds of Turkey: a study of the distribution, taxonomy and breeding of Turkish Birds, Christopher Helm, London.
  • Mcneely, J.A. (2001). The Great reshuffling - human dimensions of Invasive Alien Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge.
  • Mori, E., Ancillotto, L., Groombridge, J., Howard, T., Smith, V.S., Menchetti, M. (2015). Macroparasites of introduced parakeets in Italy: a possible role for parasite-mediated competition. Parasitology Research, 1149: 3277–3281.
  • Oymak, S., Büyük, B., Coban, H., Otkun, M. (2017). Settlement and reproduction of parrots in Istanbul and health implications. 7th ESENIAS Workshop and Conference, Bulgaria, Sofia, 28 – 30 March 2017, p: 75.
  • Pejchar, L., Mooney, H.A. (2009). Invasive Species, Ecosystem Services and Human Well-Being. Trends in Ecology Evolution, 24: 497-504.
  • Per, E., Aktaş, M. (2019). Tüy Akarı Araştırmalarında Farklı Örnek Toplama Metotlarının Bazı Ötücü Kuş Türlerine Uygulanması ve İzlenmesi. Commagene Journal of Biology, 3(2): 68-74.
  • Per, E. (2019). İnternet temelli araçların egzotik papağanların izlenmesine katkısı. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 20(4): 466-473 .
  • Per, E. (2018). Tropikal ormanlardan Türkiye’ye papağan ticaretinin durumu. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 19(3), 275-283.
  • Runde, D.E., Pitt, W.C., Foster, J.T. (2007). Population ecology and some potential impacts of emerging populations of exotic parrots. Managing vertebrate invasive species. 42.
  • Stafford, T. (2003). Pest risk assessment for the monk parakeet in Oregon. Natural Resource Specialist 1, Oregon Department of Agriculture, Oregon.
  • Tantaş, A., Ak, S., Özgür, Y. (1990). Papağanlarda Candidiasis’te Etiolojik ve Terapotik Bulgular ve Kriterler Üzerine Çalışmalar, İst. Ünv. Vet. Fak. Derg. 162: 181-184. Turkish
  • Tantaş, A., Ak, S., Yılmaz, H. (1987). Papağanlarda karşılaşılan bir S. Typhimurium olgusu. İstanbul Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg. 131: 51-54. The Parakeet Census of Turkey. (2019). http://trpapagansayimlari.blogspot.com/ (10.06.2019).
  • White, R.L., Strubbe, D, Dallimer, M, Davies, Z.G., Davis, A.J.S., Edelaar, P., Groombridge, J., Jackson, H.A., Menchetti, M., Mori, E., Nikolov, B.P., Pârâu, L.G., Pečnikar Živa, F., Pett, T.J., Reino, L., Tollington, S., Turbé, A., Shwartz, A. (2019) Assessing the ecological and societal impacts of alien parrots in Europe using a transparent and inclusive evidence-mapping scheme. NeoBiota, 48: 45-69.
  • World Parrot Trust, (2004). Deadly Newcastle disease discovered in parrots and other birds imported from Pakistan to Italy. https://www.parrots.org/pdfs/our_%20publications/psittascene/2004/04May59.pdf (11.07.2019).
  • YÖKTEZ, (2019). The database of the Council of Higher Education (CoHE) National Thesis Center Database. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi (01.06.2019).
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Esra Per 0000-0002-7764-1215

Publication Date September 28, 2021
Submission Date November 2, 2020
Acceptance Date May 31, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 6 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Per, E. (2021). Understanding the Possible Impact of Exotic Parrots on Human Health. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 6(3), 288-293. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.819583


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