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Economic Complexity and Its Effect on Economic Growth in Turkey

Year 2023, Volume: 38 Issue: 2, 400 - 429, 05.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1150290

Abstract

With the emerging globalization process in the 1980s, countries abandoned import substitution policies and started to adopt free trade and open policies. In turn, transforming economies' foreign trade structures and moving competition to a global dimension. This has increased the need for high-technology product exports, product diversity, and high skill levels of the economies over time. Thus the process has resulted in the emergence of relatively more complex economies.
In this context, this study attempts to determine the effect of economic complexity on economic growth in Turkey using time series data for the period 1995 – 2019. For this purpose, we use an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to determine the cointegration relationships between GDP, domestic investment, total labor force, and economic complexity and to determine the effect of ECI on economic growth. Moreover, we attempt to determine simultaneous causality relationships between the aforementioned variables using directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). The empirical findings confirm the positive effect of economic complexity on economic growth in Turkey as of the period examined. The results of the causality analysis indicate that there is a one-way causality relationship from economic growth to economic complexity.

References

  • Altun, M., ve Benli, M. (2021). İhracatta ürün çeşitliliği ve Türkiye’nin büyüme performansı. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 67, 138-158.
  • Balland, P. A., Boschma, R., Crespo, J., ve Rigby, D. L. (2019). Smart specialization policy in the European Union: Relatedness, knowledge complexity and regional diversification. Regional Studies, 53(9), 1252-1268.
  • Bastos, F. R., ve Wang, K. (2015). Long-run growth in Latin America and the Caribbean: The role of economic diversification and complexity. Regional Economic Outlook, 67-77.
  • Benli, M. (2021). Financial development, economic growth and poverty, R. Yilmaz, G. Löschnigg (Ed.), Studies on Balkan and Near Eastern Social Sciences içinde (49-62. ss.). Vol. 5, Berlin: Peter Lang.
  • Boğa, S. (2019). Ekonomik karmaşıklık seviyesinin ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi: Geçiş ülkeleri için bir panel zaman serisi analizi. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 6(12), 357-386.
  • Can, M., ve Doğan, B. (2018). Ekonomik kompleksite ve finansal gelişme ilişkisi: Türkiye örnekleminde ampirik bir analiz. Finans Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar, 638, 5-16.
  • Chávez, J. C., Mosqueda, M. T., ve Gómez-Zaldívar, M. (2017). Economic complexity and regional growth performance: Evidence from the Mexican economy. Review of Regional Studies, 47(2), 201-219.
  • Çelik, S., ve Şahin, D. L. (2019). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de yetenek yönetimi uygulamaları: Bir model önerisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul
  • Çeştepe, H., ve Çağlar, O. (2017). Ürün sofistikasyonu ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Panel veri analizi. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 13(13), 992-1000.
  • Demiralp, S., ve Hoover, K. D. (2003). Searching for the causal structure of a vector autoregression. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 65, 745-767.
  • Dickey, D. A., ve Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366a), 427-431.
  • Doyar, B., ve Yaman, H. (2020). Ekonomik karmaşıklık İndeksi, gelir ve yüksek teknoloji ihracatı arasındaki karşılıklı ilişkilerin analizi: Türkiye örneği. Pearson Journal of Social Sciences–Humanities, 5(8), 41-52.
  • Özgüzer, G. E., ve Oğuş-Binatlı, A. (2016). Economic convergence in the EU: A complexity approach. Eastern European Economics, 54(2), 93-108.
  • Eryüzlü, H., ve Gültekin, Ö. (2021). Ekonomik karmaşıklık İndeksi-ticari krediler ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. Lapseki Meslek Yüksekokulu Uygulamalı Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(3), 14-19.
  • Ferrarini, B., ve Scaramozzino, P. (2016). Production complexity, adaptability and economic growth. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 37, 52-61.
  • Fortunato, P., ve Razo, C. (2014). Export sophistication, growth and the middle-income trap. Transforming Economies–Making Industrial Policy Work for Growth, Jobs and Development, 267-287.
  • Frenken, K., Van Oort, F., ve Verburg, T. (2007). Related variety, unrelated variety and regional economic growth. Regional Studies, 41(5), 685-697.
  • Gala, P., Rocha, I., ve Magacho, G. (2018). The structuralist revenge: Economic complexity as an important dimension to evaluate growth and development. Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, 38, 219-236.
  • Grossman, G. M., ve Helpman, E. (1993). Innovation and growth in the global economy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Harris, R., ve Sollis, R. (2003). Applied time series modelling and forecasting. Wiley.
  • Hausmann, R., Hidalgo, C. A., Bustos, S., Coscia, M., ve Simoes, A. (2014). The atlas of economic complexity: Mapping paths to prosperity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Hausmann, R., Hwang, J., ve Rodrik, D. (2007). What you export matters. Journal of Economic Growth, 12(1), 1-25.
  • Hausmann, R., ve Klinger, B. (2009). Policies for achieving structural transformation in the Caribbean. Private Sector Development Discussion Paper, 2.
  • Hidalgo, C. A. (2009). The dynamics of economic complexity and the product space over a 42 year period. CID Working Paper Series.
  • Hidalgo, C. A., ve Hausmann, R. (2009). The building blocks of economic complexity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(26), 10570-10575.,
  • Hidalgo, C. A., Klinger, B., Barabási, A. L., ve Hausmann, R. (2007). The product space conditions the development of nations. Science, 317(5837), 482-487.
  • İspiroğlu, F. (2021). Yükselen piyasa ekonomilerinde ekonomik karmaşıklık ve ticari dışa açıklık ilişkisi. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 9(3), 1021-1031.
  • Jarreau, J., ve Poncet, S. (2012). Export sophistication and economic growth: Evidence from China. Journal of Development Economics, 97(2), 281-292.
  • Kahn, J. A., ve Ogaki, M. (1992). A consistent test for the null of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root. Economics Letters, 39(1), 7-11.
  • Karanfil, M., ve Kılıç, C. (2022). Ekonomik kompleksite ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: seçilmiş OECD ülkeleri için panel veri analizi. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 17(1), 132-157.
  • Kılıç, C., ve Balan, F. (2019). The effect of institutional factors on economic complexity in OECD countries: A Panel Data Analysis. Scientific Committee, 1181.
  • Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C., Schmidt, P., ve Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root: How sure are we that economic time series have a unit root? Journal of Econometrics, 54(1-3), 159-178.
  • Kwon, D. H., ve Bessler, D. A. (2011). Graphical methods, inductive causal inference, and econometrics: A literature review. Computational Economics, 38(1), 85-106.
  • Li, Y., ve Rigby, D. (2022). Relatedness, complexity, and economic growth in Chinese cities. International Regional Science Review, 1-35.
  • Li, Y., Woodard, J. D., ve Leatham, D. J. (2013). Causality among foreign direct investment and economic growth: A directed acyclic graph approach. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 45(4), 617-637.
  • Narayan, P. K. (2005). The saving and investment nexus for China: Evidence from cointegration tests. Applied Economics, 37(17), 1979-1990.
  • Otero, J., ve Baum, C. F. (2018). Unit-root tests based on forward and reverse Dickey–Fuller regressions. The Stata Journal, 18(1), 22-28.
  • Pesaran, M. H., ve Pesaran, B. (1997). Microfit 4.0: Interactive econometric analysis. Oxford University Press.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., ve Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Phillips, P. C. (1987). Time series regression with a unit root. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 277-301.
  • Phillips, P. C., ve Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346.
  • Said, S. E., ve Dickey, D. A. (1984). Testing for unit roots in autoregressive-moving average models of unknown order. Biometrika, 71(3), 599-607.
  • Sargan, J. D., ve Bhargava, A. (1983). Testing residuals from least squares regression for being generated by the Gaussian random walk. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 153-174.
  • Solow, R. M. (1956). A Contribution to the theory of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94.
  • Soremekun, O., ve Malgwi, C. A. (2012). Exploring the relationship between foreign direct investment and mobile technology in Africa: An application of directed acyclic graphs. Case Studies in Business, Industry And Government Statistics, 5(1), 58-66.
  • Soyyiğit, S. (2018). OECD kurucu ülkelerinde ekonomik kompleksite düzeyi ile kişi başına düşen GSYH arasındaki ilişki: panel eşbütünleşme analizi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 21(2), 374-392.
  • Soyyiğit, S., Topuz, H., ve Özekicioğlu, H. (2019). Ekonomik kompleksite, ihracat ve sabit sermaye yatırımlarının kişi başına düşen gelir üzerindeki etkisi: G-20 ülkeleri örneği. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 393-407.
  • Spirtes, P., Glymour, C. N., Scheines, R., ve Heckerman, D. (2000). Causation, prediction, and search. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Stojkoski, V., ve Kocarev, L. (2017). The relationship between growth and economic complexity: evidence from Southeastern and Central Europe. MPRA Paper No. 77837
  • Swan, T. W. (1956). Economic growth and capital accumulation. Economic Record, 32(2), 334-361.
  • Şahin, D., ve Durmuş, S. (2020). Yeni sanayileşen ülkelerde ekonomik kompleksite düzeyinin belirleyicileri. Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(2), 334-351.
  • Teixeira, F. O., Missio, F. J. ve Dathein, R. (2022). Economic complexity, structural transformation and economic growth in a regional context: Evidence for Brazil. PSL Quarterly Review, 75(300).
  • The Atlas of Economic Complexity (2022). Country complexity ranking. Erişim adresi https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/rankings
  • The Atlas of Economic Complexity (2022). Diversification into new products. Erişim adresi https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/countries/224/new-products
  • The Atlas of Economic Complexity (2022). Export complexity in 2019. Erişim adresi https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/countries/224/export-complexity
  • The Atlas of Economic Complexity (2022). Ranking comparison tool. Erişim adresi https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/rankings
  • The Atlas of Economic Complexity (2022). Turkey. Erişim adresi https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/countries/224
  • The Atlas of Economic Complexity (2022). What share of the global market does Turkey export?, 1995-2019. Erişim adresi https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/explore/market?country=224&product=undefined&year=1995&productClass=HS&target=Product&partner=undefined&startYear=undefined
  • The Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC) (2022). Country rankings. Erişim adresi https://oec.world/en/rankings/eci/hs6/hs96
  • Udeogu, E., Roy-Mukherjee, S., ve Amakom, U. (2021). Does increasing product complexity and diversity cause economic growth in the long-run? A GMM panel VAR evidence. Sage Open, 11(3), 1-16.
  • Westerlund, J. (2008). Panel cointegration tests of the Fisher effect. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23(2), 193-233.
  • Yıldız, G., ve Yıldız, B. (2019). Ekonomik karmaşıklık ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Panel bootstrap granger nedensellik analizi. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 15(2), 329-340.
  • Zhang, J., Bessler, D. A., ve Leatham, D. J. (2006). Does consumer debt cause economic recession? Evidence using directed acyclic graphs. Applied Economics Letters, 13(7), 401-407.
  • Zhu, S., ve Li, R. (2017). Economic complexity, human capital and economic growth: Empirical research based on cross-country panel data. Applied Economics, 49(38), 3815-3828.

Türkiye’de Ekonomik Kompleksite ve İktisadi Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi

Year 2023, Volume: 38 Issue: 2, 400 - 429, 05.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1150290

Abstract

1980’li yıllarda ortaya çıkan küreselleşme süreci ile birlikte ülkeler, ithal ikameci politikaları terk ederek serbest ticaret ve dışa açık politikaları benimsemeye başlamışlardır. Böylelikle ülke ekonomilerinin dış ticaret yapıları bir dönüşüm süreci içerisine girmiş ve rekabet, küresel boyuta taşınmıştır. Bu durum, ülke ekonomilerinin zamanla yüksek teknolojili ürün ihracatı, ürün çeşitliliği ve yüksek beceri düzeyi ihtiyaçlarının artmasına sebep olmuş ve dolayısıyla süreç, görece daha kompleks ekonomilerin ortaya çıkmasıyla sonuçlanmıştır.
Bu kapsamda, mevcut çalışmada, Türkiye’de ekonomik kompleksitenin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi, 1995 – 2019 dönemine ilişkin zaman serisi verileri kullanılarak tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla; GSYİH, yurt içi yatırımlar, toplam iş gücü ve ekonomik kompleksite arasındaki eşbütünleşme ilişkisi ve ekonomik kompleksitenin iktisadi büyüme üzerindeki etkisinin tespitine yönelik olarak, otoregresif gecikmesi dağıtılmış (ARDL) sınır testi yaklaşımına başvurulmuştur. Bahsi geçen değişkenler arasındaki eşanlı nedensellik ilişkileri ise yönlendirilmiş döngüsüz graflar (DAGs) aracılığıyla tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen ampirik bulgular, ekonomik kompleksitenin iktisadi büyüme üzerindeki pozitif etkisini, incelenen dönem itibarıyla Türkiye özelinde teyit etmektedir. Nedensellik analizinin sonuçlara göre ise ekonomik büyümeden ekonomik kompleksiteye doğru tek yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi mevcuttur.

References

  • Altun, M., ve Benli, M. (2021). İhracatta ürün çeşitliliği ve Türkiye’nin büyüme performansı. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 67, 138-158.
  • Balland, P. A., Boschma, R., Crespo, J., ve Rigby, D. L. (2019). Smart specialization policy in the European Union: Relatedness, knowledge complexity and regional diversification. Regional Studies, 53(9), 1252-1268.
  • Bastos, F. R., ve Wang, K. (2015). Long-run growth in Latin America and the Caribbean: The role of economic diversification and complexity. Regional Economic Outlook, 67-77.
  • Benli, M. (2021). Financial development, economic growth and poverty, R. Yilmaz, G. Löschnigg (Ed.), Studies on Balkan and Near Eastern Social Sciences içinde (49-62. ss.). Vol. 5, Berlin: Peter Lang.
  • Boğa, S. (2019). Ekonomik karmaşıklık seviyesinin ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi: Geçiş ülkeleri için bir panel zaman serisi analizi. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 6(12), 357-386.
  • Can, M., ve Doğan, B. (2018). Ekonomik kompleksite ve finansal gelişme ilişkisi: Türkiye örnekleminde ampirik bir analiz. Finans Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar, 638, 5-16.
  • Chávez, J. C., Mosqueda, M. T., ve Gómez-Zaldívar, M. (2017). Economic complexity and regional growth performance: Evidence from the Mexican economy. Review of Regional Studies, 47(2), 201-219.
  • Çelik, S., ve Şahin, D. L. (2019). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de yetenek yönetimi uygulamaları: Bir model önerisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul
  • Çeştepe, H., ve Çağlar, O. (2017). Ürün sofistikasyonu ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Panel veri analizi. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 13(13), 992-1000.
  • Demiralp, S., ve Hoover, K. D. (2003). Searching for the causal structure of a vector autoregression. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 65, 745-767.
  • Dickey, D. A., ve Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366a), 427-431.
  • Doyar, B., ve Yaman, H. (2020). Ekonomik karmaşıklık İndeksi, gelir ve yüksek teknoloji ihracatı arasındaki karşılıklı ilişkilerin analizi: Türkiye örneği. Pearson Journal of Social Sciences–Humanities, 5(8), 41-52.
  • Özgüzer, G. E., ve Oğuş-Binatlı, A. (2016). Economic convergence in the EU: A complexity approach. Eastern European Economics, 54(2), 93-108.
  • Eryüzlü, H., ve Gültekin, Ö. (2021). Ekonomik karmaşıklık İndeksi-ticari krediler ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. Lapseki Meslek Yüksekokulu Uygulamalı Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(3), 14-19.
  • Ferrarini, B., ve Scaramozzino, P. (2016). Production complexity, adaptability and economic growth. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 37, 52-61.
  • Fortunato, P., ve Razo, C. (2014). Export sophistication, growth and the middle-income trap. Transforming Economies–Making Industrial Policy Work for Growth, Jobs and Development, 267-287.
  • Frenken, K., Van Oort, F., ve Verburg, T. (2007). Related variety, unrelated variety and regional economic growth. Regional Studies, 41(5), 685-697.
  • Gala, P., Rocha, I., ve Magacho, G. (2018). The structuralist revenge: Economic complexity as an important dimension to evaluate growth and development. Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, 38, 219-236.
  • Grossman, G. M., ve Helpman, E. (1993). Innovation and growth in the global economy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Harris, R., ve Sollis, R. (2003). Applied time series modelling and forecasting. Wiley.
  • Hausmann, R., Hidalgo, C. A., Bustos, S., Coscia, M., ve Simoes, A. (2014). The atlas of economic complexity: Mapping paths to prosperity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Hausmann, R., Hwang, J., ve Rodrik, D. (2007). What you export matters. Journal of Economic Growth, 12(1), 1-25.
  • Hausmann, R., ve Klinger, B. (2009). Policies for achieving structural transformation in the Caribbean. Private Sector Development Discussion Paper, 2.
  • Hidalgo, C. A. (2009). The dynamics of economic complexity and the product space over a 42 year period. CID Working Paper Series.
  • Hidalgo, C. A., ve Hausmann, R. (2009). The building blocks of economic complexity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(26), 10570-10575.,
  • Hidalgo, C. A., Klinger, B., Barabási, A. L., ve Hausmann, R. (2007). The product space conditions the development of nations. Science, 317(5837), 482-487.
  • İspiroğlu, F. (2021). Yükselen piyasa ekonomilerinde ekonomik karmaşıklık ve ticari dışa açıklık ilişkisi. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 9(3), 1021-1031.
  • Jarreau, J., ve Poncet, S. (2012). Export sophistication and economic growth: Evidence from China. Journal of Development Economics, 97(2), 281-292.
  • Kahn, J. A., ve Ogaki, M. (1992). A consistent test for the null of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root. Economics Letters, 39(1), 7-11.
  • Karanfil, M., ve Kılıç, C. (2022). Ekonomik kompleksite ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: seçilmiş OECD ülkeleri için panel veri analizi. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 17(1), 132-157.
  • Kılıç, C., ve Balan, F. (2019). The effect of institutional factors on economic complexity in OECD countries: A Panel Data Analysis. Scientific Committee, 1181.
  • Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C., Schmidt, P., ve Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root: How sure are we that economic time series have a unit root? Journal of Econometrics, 54(1-3), 159-178.
  • Kwon, D. H., ve Bessler, D. A. (2011). Graphical methods, inductive causal inference, and econometrics: A literature review. Computational Economics, 38(1), 85-106.
  • Li, Y., ve Rigby, D. (2022). Relatedness, complexity, and economic growth in Chinese cities. International Regional Science Review, 1-35.
  • Li, Y., Woodard, J. D., ve Leatham, D. J. (2013). Causality among foreign direct investment and economic growth: A directed acyclic graph approach. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 45(4), 617-637.
  • Narayan, P. K. (2005). The saving and investment nexus for China: Evidence from cointegration tests. Applied Economics, 37(17), 1979-1990.
  • Otero, J., ve Baum, C. F. (2018). Unit-root tests based on forward and reverse Dickey–Fuller regressions. The Stata Journal, 18(1), 22-28.
  • Pesaran, M. H., ve Pesaran, B. (1997). Microfit 4.0: Interactive econometric analysis. Oxford University Press.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., ve Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Phillips, P. C. (1987). Time series regression with a unit root. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 277-301.
  • Phillips, P. C., ve Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346.
  • Said, S. E., ve Dickey, D. A. (1984). Testing for unit roots in autoregressive-moving average models of unknown order. Biometrika, 71(3), 599-607.
  • Sargan, J. D., ve Bhargava, A. (1983). Testing residuals from least squares regression for being generated by the Gaussian random walk. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 153-174.
  • Solow, R. M. (1956). A Contribution to the theory of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94.
  • Soremekun, O., ve Malgwi, C. A. (2012). Exploring the relationship between foreign direct investment and mobile technology in Africa: An application of directed acyclic graphs. Case Studies in Business, Industry And Government Statistics, 5(1), 58-66.
  • Soyyiğit, S. (2018). OECD kurucu ülkelerinde ekonomik kompleksite düzeyi ile kişi başına düşen GSYH arasındaki ilişki: panel eşbütünleşme analizi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 21(2), 374-392.
  • Soyyiğit, S., Topuz, H., ve Özekicioğlu, H. (2019). Ekonomik kompleksite, ihracat ve sabit sermaye yatırımlarının kişi başına düşen gelir üzerindeki etkisi: G-20 ülkeleri örneği. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 393-407.
  • Spirtes, P., Glymour, C. N., Scheines, R., ve Heckerman, D. (2000). Causation, prediction, and search. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Stojkoski, V., ve Kocarev, L. (2017). The relationship between growth and economic complexity: evidence from Southeastern and Central Europe. MPRA Paper No. 77837
  • Swan, T. W. (1956). Economic growth and capital accumulation. Economic Record, 32(2), 334-361.
  • Şahin, D., ve Durmuş, S. (2020). Yeni sanayileşen ülkelerde ekonomik kompleksite düzeyinin belirleyicileri. Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(2), 334-351.
  • Teixeira, F. O., Missio, F. J. ve Dathein, R. (2022). Economic complexity, structural transformation and economic growth in a regional context: Evidence for Brazil. PSL Quarterly Review, 75(300).
  • The Atlas of Economic Complexity (2022). Country complexity ranking. Erişim adresi https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/rankings
  • The Atlas of Economic Complexity (2022). Diversification into new products. Erişim adresi https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/countries/224/new-products
  • The Atlas of Economic Complexity (2022). Export complexity in 2019. Erişim adresi https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/countries/224/export-complexity
  • The Atlas of Economic Complexity (2022). Ranking comparison tool. Erişim adresi https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/rankings
  • The Atlas of Economic Complexity (2022). Turkey. Erişim adresi https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/countries/224
  • The Atlas of Economic Complexity (2022). What share of the global market does Turkey export?, 1995-2019. Erişim adresi https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/explore/market?country=224&product=undefined&year=1995&productClass=HS&target=Product&partner=undefined&startYear=undefined
  • The Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC) (2022). Country rankings. Erişim adresi https://oec.world/en/rankings/eci/hs6/hs96
  • Udeogu, E., Roy-Mukherjee, S., ve Amakom, U. (2021). Does increasing product complexity and diversity cause economic growth in the long-run? A GMM panel VAR evidence. Sage Open, 11(3), 1-16.
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There are 64 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Muhammed Benli 0000-0001-6486-8739

Gülçin Atıcı This is me 0000-0001-5610-3429

Early Pub Date May 24, 2023
Publication Date June 5, 2023
Submission Date July 28, 2022
Acceptance Date November 15, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 38 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Benli, M., & Atıcı, G. (2023). Türkiye’de Ekonomik Kompleksite ve İktisadi Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi. İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 38(2), 400-429. https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1150290
İzmir Journal of Economics
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