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İfade Edici Dilde Toplumsal Cinsiyet Farklarına Dair Bir Derleme Çalışması: Yazılı Ve Sözlü Dil Farkları

Year 2023, Volume: 4 Issue: 8, 76 - 95, 02.01.2024

Nilsu Borhan

https://doi.org/10.51503/gpd.1231592

Abstract

Bu derleme makalesi, çocukluktan itibaren ortaya çıkan ifade dilindeki cinsiyet farklılıklarını biyopsikososyal model perspektifinden açıklamayı amaçlamıştır. Örnek araştırma çalışmaları verilerek özellikle anne babanın ifade edici dilin duygusal bileşeni üzerindeki rolü belirtilmiştir. En önemli bulgu, ebeveyn ve çocuk cinsiyetinin çocuğun duygusal dışavurumu üzerinde etkileşime girebileceğidir; Anneler, çocuklarını kendilerini duygusal olarak ifade etmeye babalardan daha fazla teşvik etme eğilimindeyken, kız çocukların hem anneleri hem de babaları, erkek çocukların ebeveynlerine göre çocuklarını duygusal olarak daha girişken olmaya motive etmektedir. İfade edici dilin ve daha spesifik olarak duygusal ifadenin ebeveyn tarafından sosyalleştirilmesi hem yetişkinler hem de ergenler arasında sözlü iletişimde ve yazılı dilde bazı cinsiyet farklılıklarına neden olur. Benzer cinsiyet farklılıkları çevrimiçi iletişimde de gözlemlenebilir. Görünen o ki, bu farklılıklar hem genel olarak dilsel etkililik düzeyiyle hem de dilin çoğunlukla duygusal ifade olan duygusal bileşeniyle ilişkilidir. Alan yazın, dilde cinsiyet farklılıklarının önemli bir kısmının çocukların yaşadığı sosyalleşme süreçleriyle ilgili olduğunu ve bu cinsiyet farklılıklarının özellikle erkek çocuklarını sosyal ve duygusal gelişim açısından dezavantajlı bir konuma getirebileceğini belirtmektedir. Gelecekteki çalışmalar, dildeki cinsiyet farklılıklarını ve bu farklılıkların arkasındaki nedenleri hem biyolojik hem de sosyal perspektiflerden daha fazla araştırabilir. Ayrıca aile ve okul ortamı gibi ilgili bağlamlarda toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğine yönelik bazı müdahale programları geliştirilebilir ve uygulanabilir.

Keywords

dil toplumsal cinsiyet duygusal ifade sosyal medya iletişim

References

  • Adams, A. M., & Simmons, F. R. (2019). Exploring individual and gender differences in early writing performance. Reading and Writing, 32(2), 235-263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-018-9859-0
  • Adani, S., & Cepanec, M. (2019). Sex differences in early communication development: Behavioral and neurobiological indicators of more vulnerable communication system development in boys. Croatian Medical Journal, 60(2), 141-149. https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2019.60.141
  • Ahmadi-Azad, S. (2015). Gender differences in emotional content of EFL written narratives. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 6(3), 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0603.19
  • Albuquerque, L., Oliveira, C., Teixeira, A., Sa-Couto, P., & Figueiredo, D. (2023). A comprehensive analysis of age and gender effects in European Portuguese oral vowels. Journal of Voice, 37(1), 143-e13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.10.021
  • Al-Harahsheh, A. M. A. (2014). Language and gender differences in Jordanian spoken Arabic: a sociolinguistics perspective. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 4(5), 872–882. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.4.5.872-882
  • Andrews, J., Zaman, W., Merrill, N., Duke, M., & Fivush, R. (2015). Gender differences in adolescent birth narratives. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 4(4), 356-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2015.10.002 Araz, A., & Akman Direkçi, E. (2019). Mutluluk, Üzüntü ve Öfke Dışavurum Tarzlarında Cinsiyet ve Yaş Farklılıkları. Yeni Symposium 57(1). https://doi.org/10.5455/NYS.20190616103633
  • Aznar, A., & Tenenbaum, H. R. (2015). Gender and age differences in parent–child emotion talk. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 33(1), 148-155. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12069
  • Bamman, D., Eisenstein, J., & Schnoebelen, T. (2014). Gender identity and lexical variation in social media. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 18(2), 135-160. https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12080
  • Bayrakdar Garside, R., & Klimes-Dougan, B. (2002). Socialization of discrete negative emotions: Gender differences and links with psychological distress. Sex Roles, 47, 115-128. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021090904785
  • Beers, S. F., & Nagy, W. E. (2009). Syntactic complexity as a predictor of adolescent writing quality: Which measures? Which genre?. Reading and Writing, 22, 185-200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-007-9107-5
  • Bell, C. M., McCarthy, P. M., & McNamara, D. S. (2006). Variations in language use across gender: Biological versus sociological theories. Proceedings of the Cognitive Science Society, 28(28), 1009–1013. Bjørk, R. F., Havighurst, S. S., Pons, F., & Karevold, E. B. (2020). Pathways to behavior problems in Norwegian kindergarten children: The role of parent emotion socialization and child emotion understanding. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 61(6), 751-762. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12652 Bohanek, J. G., & Fivush, R. (2010). Personal narratives, well-being, and gender in adolescence. Cognitive Development, 25(4), 368–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2010.08.003 Bonvillain, N. (2019). Language, culture, and communication: The meaning of messages. Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Bost, K. K., Choi, E., & Wong, M. S. (2010). Narrative structure and emotional references in parent–child reminiscing: associations with child gender, temperament, and the quality of parent–child interactions. Early Child Development and Care, 180(1-2), 139-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430903415023
  • Bozok, M. (2018). Türkiye’de ataerkillik, kapitalizm ve erkeklik ilişkilerinde biçimlenen babalık. Fe Dergi, 10(2), 30-42. http://federgi.ankara.edu.tr/20_4.pdf
  • Brebner, J. (2003). Gender and emotions. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(3), 387- 394. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00059-4
  • Brody, L. R. (1985). Gender differences in emotional development: A review of theories and research. Journal of Personality, 53(2), 102-149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1985.tb00361.x
  • Brody, L. R. (2000). The socialization of gender differences in emotional expression: Display rules, infant temperament, and differentiation. In Gender and Emotion: Social Psychological Perspectives (pp. 24–47). Cambridge University Press.
  • Brown, G. L., Craig, A. B., & Halberstadt, A. G. (2015). Parent gender differences in emotion socialization behaviors vary by ethnicity and child gender. Parenting, 15(3), 135-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2015.1053312
  • Brownell, C. A., Svetlova, M., Anderson, R., Nichols, S. R., & Drummond, J. (2013). Socialization of early prosocial behavior: Parents’ talk about emotions is associated with sharing and helping in toddlers. Infancy, 18(1), 91-119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7078.2012.00125.x
  • Bulanda, R. E. (2004). Paternal involvement with children: The influence of gender ideologies. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(1), 40-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-2455.2004.00003.x
  • Bürümlü-Kisa, E., & Sahin-Acar, B. (2020). How did you feel back then?: Emotional memory conversations among mother–father–child triads. In Autobiographical Memory Development (pp. 136-147). Routledge.
  • Caliskan, A., Ajay, P. P., Charlesworth, T., Wolfe, R., & Banaji, M. R. (2022, July). Gender bias in word embeddings: a comprehensive analysis of frequency, syntax, and semantics. In Proceedings of the 2022 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society (pp. 156-170). https://doi.org/10.1145/3514094.3534162
  • Cassano, M., Perry‐Parrish, C., & Zeman, J. (2007). Influence of gender on parental socialization of children's sadness regulation. Social Development, 16(2), 210-231. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00381.x
  • Cervantes, C. A., & Callanan, M. A. (1998). Labels and explanations in mother–child emotion talk: Age and gender differentiation. Developmental Psychology, 34(1), 88. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.34.1.88

A Review Study About Gender Differences in Expressive Language: Spoken And Written Language Differences

Year 2023, Volume: 4 Issue: 8, 76 - 95, 02.01.2024

Nilsu Borhan

https://doi.org/10.51503/gpd.1231592

Abstract

This review article aimed at explaining gender differences in expressive language that emerge beginning from the childhood from the biopsychosocial model of perspective. Afterwards, especially parental role on emotional component of expressive language was specified by giving example research studies. The most important finding was that parent and child gender may interact on child’s emotional expressiveness; while mothers tend to encourage their children to emotionally express themselves more than fathers, both mothers and fathers of girls motivate their children more to be emotionally assertive as compared to parents of boys. Parental socialization of expressive language and more specifically of emotional expressiveness results in some gender differences in both oral communication and written language among both adults and adolescents. Similar gender differences can also be observed in online communication. It seems that these differences relate both the level of linguistic effectiveness in general and mostly emotional component of the language, which is emotional expressiveness. Literature indicates that a substantial level of gender differences in language is related to socialization processes that children go through and such gender differences may put especially boys at a disadvantaged position in terms of social and emotional development. Future studies may further investigate gender differences in language and reasons behind such differences from both biological and social perspectives. Since Besides, some intervention programs for gender equality can be developed and applied in related contexts such as families and school environment.

Keywords

language gender emotional expression social media communication

References

  • Adams, A. M., & Simmons, F. R. (2019). Exploring individual and gender differences in early writing performance. Reading and Writing, 32(2), 235-263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-018-9859-0
  • Adani, S., & Cepanec, M. (2019). Sex differences in early communication development: Behavioral and neurobiological indicators of more vulnerable communication system development in boys. Croatian Medical Journal, 60(2), 141-149. https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2019.60.141
  • Ahmadi-Azad, S. (2015). Gender differences in emotional content of EFL written narratives. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 6(3), 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0603.19
  • Albuquerque, L., Oliveira, C., Teixeira, A., Sa-Couto, P., & Figueiredo, D. (2023). A comprehensive analysis of age and gender effects in European Portuguese oral vowels. Journal of Voice, 37(1), 143-e13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.10.021
  • Al-Harahsheh, A. M. A. (2014). Language and gender differences in Jordanian spoken Arabic: a sociolinguistics perspective. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 4(5), 872–882. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.4.5.872-882
  • Andrews, J., Zaman, W., Merrill, N., Duke, M., & Fivush, R. (2015). Gender differences in adolescent birth narratives. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 4(4), 356-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2015.10.002 Araz, A., & Akman Direkçi, E. (2019). Mutluluk, Üzüntü ve Öfke Dışavurum Tarzlarında Cinsiyet ve Yaş Farklılıkları. Yeni Symposium 57(1). https://doi.org/10.5455/NYS.20190616103633
  • Aznar, A., & Tenenbaum, H. R. (2015). Gender and age differences in parent–child emotion talk. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 33(1), 148-155. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12069
  • Bamman, D., Eisenstein, J., & Schnoebelen, T. (2014). Gender identity and lexical variation in social media. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 18(2), 135-160. https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12080
  • Bayrakdar Garside, R., & Klimes-Dougan, B. (2002). Socialization of discrete negative emotions: Gender differences and links with psychological distress. Sex Roles, 47, 115-128. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021090904785
  • Beers, S. F., & Nagy, W. E. (2009). Syntactic complexity as a predictor of adolescent writing quality: Which measures? Which genre?. Reading and Writing, 22, 185-200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-007-9107-5
  • Bell, C. M., McCarthy, P. M., & McNamara, D. S. (2006). Variations in language use across gender: Biological versus sociological theories. Proceedings of the Cognitive Science Society, 28(28), 1009–1013. Bjørk, R. F., Havighurst, S. S., Pons, F., & Karevold, E. B. (2020). Pathways to behavior problems in Norwegian kindergarten children: The role of parent emotion socialization and child emotion understanding. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 61(6), 751-762. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12652 Bohanek, J. G., & Fivush, R. (2010). Personal narratives, well-being, and gender in adolescence. Cognitive Development, 25(4), 368–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2010.08.003 Bonvillain, N. (2019). Language, culture, and communication: The meaning of messages. Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Bost, K. K., Choi, E., & Wong, M. S. (2010). Narrative structure and emotional references in parent–child reminiscing: associations with child gender, temperament, and the quality of parent–child interactions. Early Child Development and Care, 180(1-2), 139-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430903415023
  • Bozok, M. (2018). Türkiye’de ataerkillik, kapitalizm ve erkeklik ilişkilerinde biçimlenen babalık. Fe Dergi, 10(2), 30-42. http://federgi.ankara.edu.tr/20_4.pdf
  • Brebner, J. (2003). Gender and emotions. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(3), 387- 394. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00059-4
  • Brody, L. R. (1985). Gender differences in emotional development: A review of theories and research. Journal of Personality, 53(2), 102-149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1985.tb00361.x
  • Brody, L. R. (2000). The socialization of gender differences in emotional expression: Display rules, infant temperament, and differentiation. In Gender and Emotion: Social Psychological Perspectives (pp. 24–47). Cambridge University Press.
  • Brown, G. L., Craig, A. B., & Halberstadt, A. G. (2015). Parent gender differences in emotion socialization behaviors vary by ethnicity and child gender. Parenting, 15(3), 135-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2015.1053312
  • Brownell, C. A., Svetlova, M., Anderson, R., Nichols, S. R., & Drummond, J. (2013). Socialization of early prosocial behavior: Parents’ talk about emotions is associated with sharing and helping in toddlers. Infancy, 18(1), 91-119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7078.2012.00125.x
  • Bulanda, R. E. (2004). Paternal involvement with children: The influence of gender ideologies. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(1), 40-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-2455.2004.00003.x
  • Bürümlü-Kisa, E., & Sahin-Acar, B. (2020). How did you feel back then?: Emotional memory conversations among mother–father–child triads. In Autobiographical Memory Development (pp. 136-147). Routledge.
  • Caliskan, A., Ajay, P. P., Charlesworth, T., Wolfe, R., & Banaji, M. R. (2022, July). Gender bias in word embeddings: a comprehensive analysis of frequency, syntax, and semantics. In Proceedings of the 2022 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society (pp. 156-170). https://doi.org/10.1145/3514094.3534162
  • Cassano, M., Perry‐Parrish, C., & Zeman, J. (2007). Influence of gender on parental socialization of children's sadness regulation. Social Development, 16(2), 210-231. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00381.x
  • Cervantes, C. A., & Callanan, M. A. (1998). Labels and explanations in mother–child emotion talk: Age and gender differentiation. Developmental Psychology, 34(1), 88. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.34.1.88
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Developmental Psychology
Journal Section Derlemeler
Authors

Nilsu Borhan 0000-0002-7964-6730

Publication Date January 2, 2024
Submission Date January 9, 2023
Acceptance Date October 16, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 4 Issue: 8

Cite

APA Borhan, N. (2024). A Review Study About Gender Differences in Expressive Language: Spoken And Written Language Differences. Gelişim Ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 4(8), 76-95. https://doi.org/10.51503/gpd.1231592
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Journal of Development and Psychology (JODAP)