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Herbert Spencer’da Yargı ve İnfaz Sistemlerinin Evrimsel Teorisi

Year 2020, Issue: 65, 237 - 254, 14.12.2020

Abstract

Özet: Herbert Spencer, bir filozof, sosyolog, biyolog, antropolog ve Viktorya döneminin klasik liberal anlayışını temsil eden bir siyaset teorisyenidir. Ayrıca hukuk disiplini açısından doğal haklar kuramcısı olarak kabul edilir. “Sentetik felsefe” isimli geniş çaplı eserlerinde, tüm sosyal kurumların tarihsel aşamalarına dikkat çeker ve temel kurumlardan biri olarak yargı ve infaz sistemlerinin evrimsel olarak ilerlemesine de odaklanır. Bilindiği gibi, yüzyılımızın hukuk tartışmaları arasında cezalandırıcı hukuk sistemlerinin ya da onarıcı hukuk sistemlerinin adaleti sağlayıp sağlamadığı yer almaktadır. Bu bağlamda Spencer’ın fikirleri ve modern yasalara katkıları önemlidir. Çünkü Yargı Sistemlerinin 'sosyal evriminin sonunda' Spencer’ın beklediği, aşırı kurallar ve cezalar değildir. Ona göre hukuk istikrar gerektirir. Bu anlamda endüstriyel toplumların barışçıl ve gelişmiş toplumlar olduğunu düşünür. Toplumlar sanayileşme ile istikrarlı bir duruma kavuştuğunda, gönüllü işbirliği, sözleşmelerin yerine getirilmesi ve insan haklarında eşitlik hali sağlanır. Bireysel çıkarlar konusunda ortak akıl gelişerek, hukukun ana kaynağı haline gelir. Nitekim genel refahı destekleyen modern yasa, toplumsal evrim sürecinde birbirini takip eden aşamalardan geçmiştir. Nihayetinde medeniyet sürecinde yasama gücü insanlık için bir tür yol göstericilik haline gelmiştir. Bu makale, yargı ve infaz sistemlerinin evrimi üzerine yoğunlaşmakta ve insanlık, cezalandırıcı hukuk sistemlerini tekrar kabul ederse, bu durum yargı ve infaz sistemlerinin gerilemesi olarak okunabilir mi sorgulamaktadır.

References

  • Spencer, Herbert, (1851). Social Statistics. John Chapman, London
  • http://oll.libertyfund.org/people/herbert-spencer, Accessed on June 06th,2016
  • Spencer, Herbert. (1898). Principles of Sociology. London: Williams and Norgate
  • http://oll.libertyfund.org/people/herbert-spencer Accessed on June 06th,2016
  • Spencer, Herbert, (1873). The Study of Sociology. Henry S. King&Co. London
  • http://oll.libertyfund.org/people/herbert-spencer, Accessed on June 06th,2016
  • Spencer, Herbert. (1897). Principles of Ethics. Liberty Fund, Inc. Indianapolis
  • http://oll.libertyfund.org/people/herbert-spencer Accessed on June 06th,2016
  • Spencer, Herbert. (1884). The Man Versus the State, with Six Essays on Government, Society and Freedom, Liberty Fund, Inc. Indianapolis
  • http://oll.libertyfund.org/people/herbert-spencer Accessed on June 06th,2016
  • Spencer, Herbert. (1867). First Principles. New York: A.L. Burt,
  • http://oll.libertyfund.org/people/herbert-spencer Accessed on June 06th,2016
  • Spencer, Herbert. (1904). An Autobiography. 2 vols. New York: Appleton and C.O.
  • http://oll.libertyfund.org/people/herbert-spencer Accessed on June 06th,2016
  • B. Malinowski. (1931). Descriptive Sociology or Groups of Sociological Facts classified and arranged by Herbert Spencer. Nature, 127(3209), 655-657.
  • Bayrakdar, Mehmet, Al-Jahiz And The Rise Of Biological Evolution, http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/37/772/9842.pdf, Accessed on February 03th, 2020
  • Bell, D., & Sylvest, C. (2006). International Society In Victorian Political Thought: T. H. Green, Herbert Spencer, And Henry Sidgwick. Modern Intellectual History, 3(2), 207-238.
  • Duncan, David. (ed.) The Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer. London: Methuen, 1908.
  • Elwick, J. (2003). Herbert Spencer and the Disunity of the Social Organism. History of Science, 41(1), 35-72.
  • Encylopedia of Brittannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/talion> Date of Access 20 March 2019.
  • Farrelly, L. (1991). Herbert Spencer: Traces of man. Eye, 1(3), 64-69.
  • Haines, V. (1992). Spencer's philosophy of science. British Journal of Sociology, 43(2), 155.
  • Leslie, J. (2006). Herbert Spencer's Contributions To Behavior Analysis: A Retrospective Review Of Principles Of Psychology. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 86(1), 123-129.
  • Maitland, Frederic William, and H. A. L. Fisher. The Constitutional History of England: A Course of Lectures. London: Cambridge University Press, 1963
  • Perrin, R. (1976). Herbert Spencer's Four Theories Of Social Evolution. American Journal of Sociology, 81(6), 1339-1359.
  • Sultan Shah, Muhammed, Pre-Darwinian Muslim Scholars’ Views on Evolution, http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/uoc/PDF-FILES/%2811%29%20 Dr.%20Sultan% 20Shah_86_2.pdf, Accessed on February 03th, 2020
  • Tilman, R. (1999). Herbert Spencer and the Political Economy of Mean-Spiritedness Revived. Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 21(2), 137-143.
  • Topçuoğlu, Hamide, 19. Yüzyıl Sosyologlarında Hukuk Anlayışı, Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları, Ajans- Türk Matbaası, 1961
  • Topçuoğlu, Hâmide, Hukuk Sosyolojisi, Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları, No:174, Cezaevi Matbaası, İstanbul, 1969
  • Turner, Jonathan H., Beeghley, Leonard, & Powers, Charles H. (2002). The emer- gence of sociological theory (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson Learning, pp. 54-89.
  • Ümütlü, Y. Ayşe, İbn Haldun’un Düşüncesinde Vazi Kavramı. 5. Uluslararası Dini Araştırmalar ve Küresel Barış Sempozyumu, Mardin, 2019
  • Wilkinson, M. (1993). Egoism, Obligation, and Herbert Spencer *. Utilitas, 5(1), 69-86.
  • William Sweet, ‘Herbert Spencer’, St. Francis Xavier University, Canada, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://www.iep.utm.edu/spencer/> Date of Access 17.06.2016

HERBERT SPENCER'S EVOLUTIONARY THEORY OF JUDICIAL AND EXECUTIVE SYSTEMS

Year 2020, Issue: 65, 237 - 254, 14.12.2020

Abstract

Herbert Spencer was known as a philosopher, sociologist, biologist, anthropologist and classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era. He was also regarded as a theorist of natural rights from the law discipline perspective. In his huge volume of works, called synthetic philosophy, he pointed out the historical stages of the whole social institutions and as one of the fundamental institutions he focused Judicial and executive systems and its’ evolutionary progression, as well. Of the law controversies surrounding our century is the debate whether punitive law systems or restorative law systems provide Justice. Therefore Spencer’s intellectual influences and contributions for modern law are important. Because what he expects ‘at the end of the social evolution’ of Judicial Systems is not extensive rules and punishments. According to him, law requires stability. And he thinks industrial type societies are the peaceful and the progressed one. When societies gets this stable status, having voluntary cooperation, fulfillment of contracts and implied assertion of equality in human’s rights. And the consensus of individual interests becomes the chief source of law. For him, Modern Law that supports the general welfare passed from successive stages in the course of social evolution. Then in the course of civilization, legislative power has become a kind of general guidance. This article is concentrating on evolution of Judicial and Executive systems and then questioning, if human being accepts punitive law systems again, could it be read as retrogression of Judicial and Executive systems

References

  • Spencer, Herbert, (1851). Social Statistics. John Chapman, London
  • http://oll.libertyfund.org/people/herbert-spencer, Accessed on June 06th,2016
  • Spencer, Herbert. (1898). Principles of Sociology. London: Williams and Norgate
  • http://oll.libertyfund.org/people/herbert-spencer Accessed on June 06th,2016
  • Spencer, Herbert, (1873). The Study of Sociology. Henry S. King&Co. London
  • http://oll.libertyfund.org/people/herbert-spencer, Accessed on June 06th,2016
  • Spencer, Herbert. (1897). Principles of Ethics. Liberty Fund, Inc. Indianapolis
  • http://oll.libertyfund.org/people/herbert-spencer Accessed on June 06th,2016
  • Spencer, Herbert. (1884). The Man Versus the State, with Six Essays on Government, Society and Freedom, Liberty Fund, Inc. Indianapolis
  • http://oll.libertyfund.org/people/herbert-spencer Accessed on June 06th,2016
  • Spencer, Herbert. (1867). First Principles. New York: A.L. Burt,
  • http://oll.libertyfund.org/people/herbert-spencer Accessed on June 06th,2016
  • Spencer, Herbert. (1904). An Autobiography. 2 vols. New York: Appleton and C.O.
  • http://oll.libertyfund.org/people/herbert-spencer Accessed on June 06th,2016
  • B. Malinowski. (1931). Descriptive Sociology or Groups of Sociological Facts classified and arranged by Herbert Spencer. Nature, 127(3209), 655-657.
  • Bayrakdar, Mehmet, Al-Jahiz And The Rise Of Biological Evolution, http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/37/772/9842.pdf, Accessed on February 03th, 2020
  • Bell, D., & Sylvest, C. (2006). International Society In Victorian Political Thought: T. H. Green, Herbert Spencer, And Henry Sidgwick. Modern Intellectual History, 3(2), 207-238.
  • Duncan, David. (ed.) The Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer. London: Methuen, 1908.
  • Elwick, J. (2003). Herbert Spencer and the Disunity of the Social Organism. History of Science, 41(1), 35-72.
  • Encylopedia of Brittannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/talion> Date of Access 20 March 2019.
  • Farrelly, L. (1991). Herbert Spencer: Traces of man. Eye, 1(3), 64-69.
  • Haines, V. (1992). Spencer's philosophy of science. British Journal of Sociology, 43(2), 155.
  • Leslie, J. (2006). Herbert Spencer's Contributions To Behavior Analysis: A Retrospective Review Of Principles Of Psychology. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 86(1), 123-129.
  • Maitland, Frederic William, and H. A. L. Fisher. The Constitutional History of England: A Course of Lectures. London: Cambridge University Press, 1963
  • Perrin, R. (1976). Herbert Spencer's Four Theories Of Social Evolution. American Journal of Sociology, 81(6), 1339-1359.
  • Sultan Shah, Muhammed, Pre-Darwinian Muslim Scholars’ Views on Evolution, http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/uoc/PDF-FILES/%2811%29%20 Dr.%20Sultan% 20Shah_86_2.pdf, Accessed on February 03th, 2020
  • Tilman, R. (1999). Herbert Spencer and the Political Economy of Mean-Spiritedness Revived. Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 21(2), 137-143.
  • Topçuoğlu, Hamide, 19. Yüzyıl Sosyologlarında Hukuk Anlayışı, Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları, Ajans- Türk Matbaası, 1961
  • Topçuoğlu, Hâmide, Hukuk Sosyolojisi, Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları, No:174, Cezaevi Matbaası, İstanbul, 1969
  • Turner, Jonathan H., Beeghley, Leonard, & Powers, Charles H. (2002). The emer- gence of sociological theory (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson Learning, pp. 54-89.
  • Ümütlü, Y. Ayşe, İbn Haldun’un Düşüncesinde Vazi Kavramı. 5. Uluslararası Dini Araştırmalar ve Küresel Barış Sempozyumu, Mardin, 2019
  • Wilkinson, M. (1993). Egoism, Obligation, and Herbert Spencer *. Utilitas, 5(1), 69-86.
  • William Sweet, ‘Herbert Spencer’, St. Francis Xavier University, Canada, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://www.iep.utm.edu/spencer/> Date of Access 17.06.2016
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section KAMU HUKUKU
Authors

Ayşe Yaşar Ümütlü 0000-0001-9500-5338

Publication Date December 14, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Issue: 65

Cite

APA Ümütlü, A. Y. (2020). HERBERT SPENCER’S EVOLUTIONARY THEORY OF JUDICIAL AND EXECUTIVE SYSTEMS. Adalet Dergisi(65), 237-254.
AMA Ümütlü AY. HERBERT SPENCER’S EVOLUTIONARY THEORY OF JUDICIAL AND EXECUTIVE SYSTEMS. AD. December 2020;(65):237-254.
Chicago Ümütlü, Ayşe Yaşar. “HERBERT SPENCER’S EVOLUTIONARY THEORY OF JUDICIAL AND EXECUTIVE SYSTEMS”. Adalet Dergisi, no. 65 (December 2020): 237-54.
EndNote Ümütlü AY (December 1, 2020) HERBERT SPENCER’S EVOLUTIONARY THEORY OF JUDICIAL AND EXECUTIVE SYSTEMS. Adalet Dergisi 65 237–254.
IEEE A. Y. Ümütlü, “HERBERT SPENCER’S EVOLUTIONARY THEORY OF JUDICIAL AND EXECUTIVE SYSTEMS”, AD, no. 65, pp. 237–254, December 2020.
ISNAD Ümütlü, Ayşe Yaşar. “HERBERT SPENCER’S EVOLUTIONARY THEORY OF JUDICIAL AND EXECUTIVE SYSTEMS”. Adalet Dergisi 65 (December 2020), 237-254.
JAMA Ümütlü AY. HERBERT SPENCER’S EVOLUTIONARY THEORY OF JUDICIAL AND EXECUTIVE SYSTEMS. AD. 2020;:237–254.
MLA Ümütlü, Ayşe Yaşar. “HERBERT SPENCER’S EVOLUTIONARY THEORY OF JUDICIAL AND EXECUTIVE SYSTEMS”. Adalet Dergisi, no. 65, 2020, pp. 237-54.
Vancouver Ümütlü AY. HERBERT SPENCER’S EVOLUTIONARY THEORY OF JUDICIAL AND EXECUTIVE SYSTEMS. AD. 2020(65):237-54.

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