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Body Composition Determination in Children: Bioelectric Impedance Analysis

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 41 - 50, 31.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.46385/tsbd.887907

Öz

The effect of body composition during childhood gives information about risk factors of adulthood. Therefore, monitoring the changes in body water, bone mass, fat mass and lean body mass in childhood and the effect of exercise on these changes have been the research area of clinical health and sports sciences. The components that make up the body weight of children change at different rates and contents in different growth and development periods. The most critical point is to choose useful, valid and reliable method in measuring and evaluating body composition during growth and development. Most of the laboratory methods used to reach the most accurate result require expertise. Easy field methods are preferred in the measurement of large groups that do not have a laboratory environment. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) is frequently chosen in scientific studies due to its ease of use and portability. It is very easy to obtain accurate and precise results by determining the BIA model and formula suitable for the specific population. In this review, the reasons why children differ from adults, the methods used in measurements and the limitations of the developed formulas have been revealed. Studies on the methods used to determine body composition component are discussed. Approaches in the use of raw data obtained from BIA and the selection of population-specific regression formula instead of the formula in the software of the model are discussed. This review also reveals the difference in children athletes, which is a very special group. Moreover, which data should be taken into account in order to reach the correct results in determining fat and lean body mass that affect physiological and performance factors were summarised in this review.

Kaynakça

  • Ackland, R.T. & Blanksby, B.A. (2001). Gender and activity comparison of body composition among Australian children. Medicine and Sport Science, 44, 115-131.
  • Açıkada, C., Ergen, E., Alpar, R. ve Sarpyener, K. (1991). Erkek Sporcularda Vücut Komposizyonu Parametrelerinin İncelenmesi. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 1-25.
  • Boileau, R.A., Lohman, T.G. & Slaughter M.H. (1985). Exercise and body composition of children and youth. Scandinavian Journal of Sports Sciences, 7, 17-27.
  • Brantlov, S., Ward, L. C., Jødal, L., Rittig, S., & Lange, A. (2017). Critical factors and their impact on bioelectrical impedance analysis in children: a review. Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 41(1), 22-35.
  • Bray, G. A., DeLany, J. P., Harsha, D. W., Volaufova, J., & Champagne, C. C. (2001). Evaluation of body fat in fatter and leaner 10-y-old African American and white children: the Baton Rouge Children's Study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73(4), 687-702.
  • Broder, C.E., Burrhus, K.A., Svanevik, L.S., Volve, J. & Willmore J.H. (1997). Assessing body composition before and after resistance or endurance training. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 29, 705-712.
  • Bunc, V. (2001). Prediction equations for the determination of body composition in children using bioimpedance analysis. Medicine and Sport Science, 44, 46-52.
  • Caton, J.R., Mole, P.A., Adams, W.C. & Heustis, D.S. (1988). Body composition analysis by bioelectrical impedance: effect of skin temperature. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 20, 489-491.
  • Chumlea, W.C., Baumgartner, R.N. & Roche, A.F. (1988). Specific resistivity used to estimate fat-free mass from segmental body measures of bioelectric impedance. The American Journal Of Clinical Nutrition, 48, 7-15. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/48.1.7
  • Citarella, R., Itani, L., Intini, V., Zucchinali, G., Scevaroli, S., Tannir, H., ... & El Ghoch, M. (2021). Association between dietary practice, body composition, training volume and sport performance in 100-Km elite ultramarathon runners. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.01.029
  • Ellis, K.J., Abrams, S.A. & Wong, W.W. (1999). Monitoring childhood obesity: assessment of the weight/height2 index. American Journal of Epidemiology, 150(9), 939-946. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010102.
  • Ellis K.J., Bell S.J., Chertow G.M., Chumlea W.C., Knox T.A., Kotler D.P., Lukaski H.C., & Schoeller D.A. (1999)b. Bioelectrical impedance methods in clinical research: a follow-up to the NIH Technology Assessment Conference. Nutrition, 15(11):874–880 90.
  • Ellis, K.J., Shypailo, R.J, Abrams, S.A. & Wong, W.W. (2000). The reference child and adolescent models of body composition: a contemporary comparison. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 904(1), 374 - 382. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06486.x
  • Goran, M. I., Driscoll, P., Johnson, R., Nagy, T. R., & Hunter, G. (1996). Cross-calibration of body-composition techniques against dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in young children. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 63(3), 299-305.
  • Gudivaka, R., Schoeller, D. & Kushner, R.F. (1996). Effect of skin temperature on multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. Journal of Applied Physiology, 81, 838-845.
  • Guo, S., Roche, A.F. & Houtkooper, L.(1989). Fat-free mass in children and young adults predicted from bioelectric impedance and anthropometric variables. American Society for Clinical Nutrition, 50, 435-443.
  • Gutiérrez-Marín, D., Escribano, J., Closa-Monasterolo, R., Ferré, N., Venables, M., Singh, P., ... & Luque, V. (2021). Validation of bioelectrical impedance analysis for body composition assessment in children with obesity aged 8-14y. Clinical Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2021.02.001.
  • Harbili, S., Hazir, T., Hazir, S., Şahin, Z., Harbili, E., ve Açikada, C. (2008). Çocuk Ve Genç Atletlerde Vücut Kompozisyonunun Değerlendirilmesi: Karşılaştırma Çalışması. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(3), 181-200.
  • Hazır, T., Köse, M. G., Esatbeyoğlu, F., Ekinci, Y. E., & İşler, A. K. (2020). Yüksek Şiddetli Egzersizin Bioelektrik İmpedans Yöntemi İle Ölçülen Vücut Kompozisyonu Üzerine Etkisi. Spor Hekimliği Dergisi, 55(2), 102-111.
  • Harsha, D. W., Frerichs, R. R., & Berenson, G. S. (1978). Densitometry and anthropometry of black and white children. Human Biology, 261-280.
  • Haschke, F. (1983). Body composition of adolescent males. Part I. Total body water in normal adolescent males. Part II. Body composition of the male reference adolescent. Acta paediatrica Scandinavica. Supplement, 307, 1-23.
  • Heyward, V.H. & Stolarsczyk, L.M. (1996). Applied Body Composition Assessment. 4-5, USA. Human Kinetics.
  • Houtkooper, L.B., Going, S.B., Lohman, T.G., Roche, A.F. & Van Loan M. (1992). Bioelectrical impedance estimation of fat-free body mass in children and youth: a cross-validation study. Journal of Applied Physiology, 72, 366-73. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.72.1.366
  • Houtkooper, L.B., Lohman, T.G., Going, S.B. & Hall, M.C. (1989). Validity of bioelectrical impedance for body composition assessment in children. Journal of Applied Physiology, 66(2), 814-821. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.2.814
  • Hills, J.T. (2001). Body composition assessment in children an adolescents. Medicine and Sport Science, 44, 1-13.
  • Ishida, A., Travis, S. K., & Stone, M. H. (2021). Associations of Body Composition, Maximum Strength, Power Characteristics with Sprinting, Jumping, and Intermittent Endurance Performance in Male Intercollegiate Soccer Players. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 6(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6010007.
  • Jakše, B., Jakše, B., Mis, N. F., Jug, B., Šajber, D., Godnov, U., & Čuk, I. (2021). Nutritional Status and Cardiovascular Health in Female Adolescent Elite-Level Artistic Gymnasts and Swimmers: A Cross-Sectional Study of 31 Athletes. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. ArticleID 8810548 https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8810548.
  • Kushner, R.F., Schoeller, D.A., Fjeld, C.R. & Danford, L. (1992). Is Impedans Index (ht2/R) significant in predicting total body water? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 56, 835-839.
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  • Küçükkubaş, N., (2007). 15-17 Yas Antrenmanlı Erkek Ergenlerde Vücut Kompozisyonunun Belirlenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
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Çocuklarda Vücut Kompozisyonunun Belirlenmesi: Biyoelektrik İmpedans Analizi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 41 - 50, 31.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.46385/tsbd.887907

Öz

Çocukluk döneminde vücut kompozisyonunun etkisi, yetişkinlik dönemi risk faktörleri hakkında bilgi vermektedir. Bu nedenle, çocukluk döneminde, vücut suyu, kemik kütlesi, yağ kütlesi ve yağsız vücut kütlesindeki değişimin takip edilmesi ve egzersizin bu değişimlere olan etkisi klinik sağlık ve spor bilimlerinin araştırma alanı olmuştur. Çocukların vücut ağırlığını oluşturan bileşenler farklı büyüme ve gelişim döneminde değişmektedir. Büyüme ve gelişme döneminde vücut kompozisyonu ölçülmesi ve değerlendirilmesinde, kullanışlı, geçerli ve güvenilir yöntemin seçilmesi en kritik noktadır. En doğru sonuca ulaşabilmek için kullanılan laboratuvar yöntemlerinin çoğu uzmanlık gerektirmektedir. Laboratuvar ortamı olmayan büyük çalışma gruplarının ölçümünde kolay saha yöntemleri tercih edilmektedir. Çoğu zaman kullanım kolaylığı ve taşınabilir olması nedeniyle bilimsel çalışmalarda sıklıkla Biyoelektrik İmpedans Analizi (BİA) seçilmektedir. Popülasyona uygun BİA modelinin ve formülünün belirlenmesiyle doğru ve kesin sonuçlar elde edilmesi oldukça kolaydır. Bu derlemede, çocukların neden yetişkinlerden farklılaştığı, ölçümlerde kullanılan yöntem ve geliştirilmiş formüllerin sınırlılıkları ortaya konulmuştur. Vücut kompozisyonu bileşenlerinin belirlenmesinde kullanılan yöntemlere ait çalışmalar tartışılmıştır. BİA’dan elde edilen ham verinin kullanımındaki yaklaşımlar ve modele ait yazılımdaki formül yerine popülasyona özel uygun regresyon formülünün seçimi ele alınmıştır. Bu derlemede ayrıca, oldukça özel bir grup olan sporcu çocuklardaki farklılıklar analiz edilmiştir. Ayrıca fizyolojik ve performans faktörlerini etkileyen yağ ve yağsız vücut kütlesinin belirlenmesinde doğru sonuçlara ulaşmak için hangi verilerin dikkate alınması gerektiği bu derlemede özetlenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Ackland, R.T. & Blanksby, B.A. (2001). Gender and activity comparison of body composition among Australian children. Medicine and Sport Science, 44, 115-131.
  • Açıkada, C., Ergen, E., Alpar, R. ve Sarpyener, K. (1991). Erkek Sporcularda Vücut Komposizyonu Parametrelerinin İncelenmesi. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 1-25.
  • Boileau, R.A., Lohman, T.G. & Slaughter M.H. (1985). Exercise and body composition of children and youth. Scandinavian Journal of Sports Sciences, 7, 17-27.
  • Brantlov, S., Ward, L. C., Jødal, L., Rittig, S., & Lange, A. (2017). Critical factors and their impact on bioelectrical impedance analysis in children: a review. Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 41(1), 22-35.
  • Bray, G. A., DeLany, J. P., Harsha, D. W., Volaufova, J., & Champagne, C. C. (2001). Evaluation of body fat in fatter and leaner 10-y-old African American and white children: the Baton Rouge Children's Study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73(4), 687-702.
  • Broder, C.E., Burrhus, K.A., Svanevik, L.S., Volve, J. & Willmore J.H. (1997). Assessing body composition before and after resistance or endurance training. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 29, 705-712.
  • Bunc, V. (2001). Prediction equations for the determination of body composition in children using bioimpedance analysis. Medicine and Sport Science, 44, 46-52.
  • Caton, J.R., Mole, P.A., Adams, W.C. & Heustis, D.S. (1988). Body composition analysis by bioelectrical impedance: effect of skin temperature. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 20, 489-491.
  • Chumlea, W.C., Baumgartner, R.N. & Roche, A.F. (1988). Specific resistivity used to estimate fat-free mass from segmental body measures of bioelectric impedance. The American Journal Of Clinical Nutrition, 48, 7-15. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/48.1.7
  • Citarella, R., Itani, L., Intini, V., Zucchinali, G., Scevaroli, S., Tannir, H., ... & El Ghoch, M. (2021). Association between dietary practice, body composition, training volume and sport performance in 100-Km elite ultramarathon runners. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.01.029
  • Ellis, K.J., Abrams, S.A. & Wong, W.W. (1999). Monitoring childhood obesity: assessment of the weight/height2 index. American Journal of Epidemiology, 150(9), 939-946. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010102.
  • Ellis K.J., Bell S.J., Chertow G.M., Chumlea W.C., Knox T.A., Kotler D.P., Lukaski H.C., & Schoeller D.A. (1999)b. Bioelectrical impedance methods in clinical research: a follow-up to the NIH Technology Assessment Conference. Nutrition, 15(11):874–880 90.
  • Ellis, K.J., Shypailo, R.J, Abrams, S.A. & Wong, W.W. (2000). The reference child and adolescent models of body composition: a contemporary comparison. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 904(1), 374 - 382. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06486.x
  • Goran, M. I., Driscoll, P., Johnson, R., Nagy, T. R., & Hunter, G. (1996). Cross-calibration of body-composition techniques against dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in young children. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 63(3), 299-305.
  • Gudivaka, R., Schoeller, D. & Kushner, R.F. (1996). Effect of skin temperature on multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. Journal of Applied Physiology, 81, 838-845.
  • Guo, S., Roche, A.F. & Houtkooper, L.(1989). Fat-free mass in children and young adults predicted from bioelectric impedance and anthropometric variables. American Society for Clinical Nutrition, 50, 435-443.
  • Gutiérrez-Marín, D., Escribano, J., Closa-Monasterolo, R., Ferré, N., Venables, M., Singh, P., ... & Luque, V. (2021). Validation of bioelectrical impedance analysis for body composition assessment in children with obesity aged 8-14y. Clinical Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2021.02.001.
  • Harbili, S., Hazir, T., Hazir, S., Şahin, Z., Harbili, E., ve Açikada, C. (2008). Çocuk Ve Genç Atletlerde Vücut Kompozisyonunun Değerlendirilmesi: Karşılaştırma Çalışması. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(3), 181-200.
  • Hazır, T., Köse, M. G., Esatbeyoğlu, F., Ekinci, Y. E., & İşler, A. K. (2020). Yüksek Şiddetli Egzersizin Bioelektrik İmpedans Yöntemi İle Ölçülen Vücut Kompozisyonu Üzerine Etkisi. Spor Hekimliği Dergisi, 55(2), 102-111.
  • Harsha, D. W., Frerichs, R. R., & Berenson, G. S. (1978). Densitometry and anthropometry of black and white children. Human Biology, 261-280.
  • Haschke, F. (1983). Body composition of adolescent males. Part I. Total body water in normal adolescent males. Part II. Body composition of the male reference adolescent. Acta paediatrica Scandinavica. Supplement, 307, 1-23.
  • Heyward, V.H. & Stolarsczyk, L.M. (1996). Applied Body Composition Assessment. 4-5, USA. Human Kinetics.
  • Houtkooper, L.B., Going, S.B., Lohman, T.G., Roche, A.F. & Van Loan M. (1992). Bioelectrical impedance estimation of fat-free body mass in children and youth: a cross-validation study. Journal of Applied Physiology, 72, 366-73. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.72.1.366
  • Houtkooper, L.B., Lohman, T.G., Going, S.B. & Hall, M.C. (1989). Validity of bioelectrical impedance for body composition assessment in children. Journal of Applied Physiology, 66(2), 814-821. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.2.814
  • Hills, J.T. (2001). Body composition assessment in children an adolescents. Medicine and Sport Science, 44, 1-13.
  • Ishida, A., Travis, S. K., & Stone, M. H. (2021). Associations of Body Composition, Maximum Strength, Power Characteristics with Sprinting, Jumping, and Intermittent Endurance Performance in Male Intercollegiate Soccer Players. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 6(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6010007.
  • Jakše, B., Jakše, B., Mis, N. F., Jug, B., Šajber, D., Godnov, U., & Čuk, I. (2021). Nutritional Status and Cardiovascular Health in Female Adolescent Elite-Level Artistic Gymnasts and Swimmers: A Cross-Sectional Study of 31 Athletes. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. ArticleID 8810548 https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8810548.
  • Kushner, R.F., Schoeller, D.A., Fjeld, C.R. & Danford, L. (1992). Is Impedans Index (ht2/R) significant in predicting total body water? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 56, 835-839.
  • Kushner, R.F. & Schoeller, D.A. (1986). Estimation of total body water by bioelectrical impedance analysis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,44, 417-424.
  • Küçükkubaş, N., Aytar, S. H., Açıkada, C., & Hazır, T. (2020). Bioelectric impedance analyses for young male athletes: A validation study. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 28(1), 49-58. Doi: 0.3233/IES-185209.
  • Küçükkubaş, N., (2007). 15-17 Yas Antrenmanlı Erkek Ergenlerde Vücut Kompozisyonunun Belirlenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • Küçükkubaş, N., Hazır, T., ve Açıkada C. (2006). 15-17 Yaş Ergen Erkeklerde Biyoelektrik İmpedans Yönteminde Ölçüm Aralığının Belirlenmesi. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(2), 38-47.
  • Kyle, U.G., Gremion, G., Genton, L., Slosman, D.O., Golay, A. & Pichard, C. (2001). Physical acticity and fat-free and fat mass by bioelectric impedance in 3853 adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33, 576-587.
  • Kyle U.G., Bosaeus I., De Lorenzo A.D., Deurenberg P., Elia M., Go´mez J.M., Heitmann B.L., Kent-Smith L., Melchior J.-C., Pirlich M. (2004) Bioelectrical impedance analysis—part I: review of principles and methods. Clin Nutrition, 23(5):1226–1243.
  • Lohman, T.G., Boileau, R.A. & Slaughter, M.H. (1984a). Body Composition in children and youth: in Boilleau (ed): Advances in Pediatric Sports Sciences. pp. 29-57. Champaign, Human Kinetics.
  • Lohman, T. G., Slaughter, M. H., Boileau, R. A., Bunt, J., & Lussier, L. (1984b). Bone mineral measurements and their relation to body density in children, youth and adults. Human Biology, 56(4), 667-679.
  • Lohman T.G. (1986). Applicability of body composition techniques and constants for children and youths. Review. Exercise and sport sciences reviews, 14, 325-357.
  • Liang, M.T. & Norris, S. (1993). Effects of skin blood flow and temperature on bioelectric impedance after exercise. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 25, 1231-1239.
  • Liang, M.T., Su, H.F. & Lee, N.Y. (2000). Skin temperature and skin blood flow affect bioelectric impedance study of female fat-free mass. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 32, 221-227.
  • Lukaski, H. C., & Bolonchuk, W. W. (1988). Estimation of body fluid volumes using tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance measurements. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 59, 1163-1169.
  • Maynard, L.M., Wisemandle, W., Roche, A.F, Chumlea, W.C., Guo, S.S. & Siervogel, R.M. (2001). Childhood body composition in relation to body mass index. Pediatrics, 207(2), 344-350.
  • Meleleo, D., Bartolomeo, N., Cassano, L., Nitti, A., Susca, G., Mastrototaro, G., ... & Ciccone, M. M. (2017). Evaluation of body composition with bioimpedence. A comparison between athletic and non-athletic children. European Journal of Sport Science, 17(6), 710-719.
  • Mukherjee D. & Roche, A.F. (1984). The estimation of percent body fat, body density and total body fat by maximum R2 regression equations. Human Biology, 56, 79-109.
  • Nielsen, D.H., Cassady, S.L., Janz, K.F., Cook, J.S., Hansen, J.R. & Wu, Y.T. (1993). Criterion methods of body composition analysis for children and adolescents. American Journal of Human Biology, 5(2), 211-223.
  • Oppliger, R.A., Nielsen, D.H. & Vance, C.G. (1991). Wrestlers’ minimal weight: anthropometry, bioimpedance, and hydrostatic weighing compared. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 23, 247-253.
  • Roche, A.F. (1993). Methodological considerations in the assessment of childhood obesity. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Oct 29, 699, 6-17. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb18832.x
  • Roemmich, J. N., Clark, P. A., Weltman, A., & Rogol, A. D. (1997). Alterations in growth and body composition during puberty. I. Comparing multicompartment body composition models. Journal of Applied Physiology, 83(3), 927-935. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.83.3.927
  • Romanowski, K. L., Fradkin, A. J., Dixon, C. B., & Andreacci, J. L. (2015). Effect of an acute exercise session on body composition using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis in adults. Journal of Sports Science, 3, 171-178.
  • Salmi, J.A. (2003). Body composition assessment with segmental multifrequency bioimpedance method. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 2, Suppl.3. 1-29.
  • Schaefer, F., Georgi, M., Zieger, A., & Schärer, K. (1994). Usefulness of bioelectric impedance and skinfold measurements in predicting fat-free mass derived from total body potassium in children. Pediatric Research, 35(5), 617-624.
  • Shafer, K. J., Siders, W. A., Johnson, L. K., & Lukaski, H. C. (2009). Validity of segmental multiple-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis to estimate body composition of adults across a range of body mass indexes. Nutrition, 25(1), 25-32.
  • Slaughter, M.H., Lohman, T.G., Boileau, R.A., Stillman, R.J., Van Loan, M.D. & Willmore, J.H. (1984). Influence of maturation on relationship of skinfolds to body density: A Cross-sectional study. Human Biology, 56(4), 681-689.
  • Slaughter, M.H., Lohman, T.G., Boileau, R.A., Horswill, C.A., Stillman, R.J., Van Loan, M.D. & Bemben, D.A. (1988). Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Human Biology, Oct;60(5), 709-23.
  • Slinde, F. & Rossander-Hulthen, L. (2001). Bioelectrical impedance: effect of 3 identical meals on diurnal impedance variation and calculation of body composition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74, 474-478.
  • Sopher, A.B., Thornton, J.C., Wang, J., Piorson, R.N., Jr. Heymsfield, S.B. & Horlick, M. (2005). Pediatrics. 113(5), 1285-1290.
  • Thorland, W.G., Johnson, G.0., Tharp, G.D., Fagot, T.G. & Hammer, R.W. (1984). Validity of anthropometric equations for the estimation of body density in adolescent athletes. Medicine And Science In Sports and Exercise, 16(1), 77-81.
  • Thivel, D., Verney, J., Miguet, M., Masurier, J., Cardenoux, C., Lambert, C., ... & Pereira, B. (2018). The accuracy of bioelectrical impedance to track body composition changes depends on the degree of obesity in adolescents with obesity. Nutrition Research, 54, 60-68.
  • Utczás, K., Tróznai, Z., Pálinkás, G., Kalabiska, I., & Petridis, L. (2020). How Length Sizes Affect Body Composition Estimation in Adolescent Athletes Using Bioelectrical Impedance. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 19(3), 577.
  • Van Eyck, A., Eerens, S., Trouet, D., Lauwers, E., Wouters, K., De Winter, B. Y., and Ledeganck, K. J. (2021). Body composition monitoring in children and adolescents: reproducibility and reference values. European Journal of Pediatrics, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-021-03936-0
  • Vermeiren, E., Ysebaert, M., Van Hoorenbeeck, K., Bruyndonckx, L., Van Dessel, K., Van Helvoirt, M., ... & Van Eyck, A. (2021). Comparison of bioimpedance spectroscopy and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry for assessing body composition changes in obese children during weight loss. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 75(1), 73-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-021-03936-0
  • https://www.who.int/health-topics/obesity#tab=tab_1 (25.02.2021)
Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Spor Hekimliği
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Nigar Küçükkubaş 0000-0003-0886-8923

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2021
Kabul Tarihi 16 Mart 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Küçükkubaş, N. (2021). Çocuklarda Vücut Kompozisyonunun Belirlenmesi: Biyoelektrik İmpedans Analizi. Türk Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(1), 41-50. https://doi.org/10.46385/tsbd.887907

TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM DERGİPARK AKADEMİK bünyesinde kurulan Türk Spor Bilimleri Dergisi Doçentlik başvurusu Ulusal Makale b maddesi kapsamındadır.