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An Overview of Parental Alienation from the Framework of Ecological Systems Theory

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 551 - 572, 30.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.826957

Öz

Divorce, in brief, can be described as the legal dissolution of marriage between the spouses. High-conflict divorce or parental separation, the children might be able to develop an alienation state towards the targeted parent because of a parent’s denigration against the other one through his/her words, behaviors, and attitudes with rage/anger, and by being precluded from the rights of personal contact with that parent. Literature on divorce, parental alienation (parental alienation syndrome) is conceptualized as a dynamic process resulting in forming a strong alliance with one of the childrens’ parents (alienating parent) and the denial of communication with the other parent (the targeted or the alienated parent) without any legitimate reason especially in high-conflict divorce suits and It is indicated that the process is a type of emotional abuse for the children. The goal of this paper is to review the dynamic interactions of the factors which are considered effective during the parental alienation process from the ecological system theory perspective. The general specifications of the parental alienation concept are emphasized and the common effects of the alienation on the children with the risk factors that might affect the parental alienation process in each system level (microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem) are examined.

Kaynakça

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Ekolojik Sistem Kuramı Çerçevesinden Ebeveyn Yabancılaşmasına Genel Bir Bakış

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 551 - 572, 30.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.826957

Öz

Boşanma, kısaca, eşler arasında evliliğin hukuki açıdan sona erdirilmesi olarak tanımlanabilir. Çatışmalı ayrılık veya boşanma davalarında, ebeveynlerden birinin öfke/kızgınlık hissiyle birlikte sözleri, davranışları ve tutumlarıyla diğer ebeveyni kötülemesi, çocuklarının bu ebeveyniyle olan kişisel görüşme haklarını engellemesi sonucunda çocuklar, hedefteki ebeveyne karşı yabancılaşma geliştirebilmektedir. Alanyazında ebeveyn yabancılaşması (ebeveyne yabancılaşma sendromu), özellikle yüksek çatışmalı boşanma davalarında çocukların ebeveynlerinden biriyle (yabancılaştıran ebeveyn) güçlü bir şekilde ittifak kurması ve herhangi bir meşru gerekçe olmaksızın diğer ebeveyniyle (hedefteki veya yabancılaşılan ebeveyn) ilişki kurmayı reddetmesiyle sonuçlanan dinamik bir süreç olarak kavramsallaştırılmakta ve çocuklar açısından bu sürecin duygusal istismarın bir türü olduğu belirtilmektedir. Bu derlemede ebeveyn yabancılaşması sürecinde etkili olabileceği düşünülen faktörlerin dinamik etkileşimlerinin ekolojik sistem kuramı perspektifiyle gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda çalışmada, ebeveyn yabancılaşması kavramının genel özellikleri üzerinde durulmuş ve her bir sistem düzeyinde (mikrosistem, mezosistem, ekzosistem, makrosistem, kronosistem) ebeveyne yabancılaşma sürecini etkileyebilecek risk faktörleri ile yabancılaşmanın çocuk üzerindeki genel etkileri gözden geçirilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Aloia LS, Strutzenberg C (2019) Parent–child communication apprehension: The role of parental alienation and self-esteem. Communication Reports, 32(1):1-14.
  • Amato PR, Meyers CE, Emery RE (2009) Changes in nonresident father-child contact from 1976 to 2002. Fam Relat, 58(1): 41-53.
  • Aydın O, Baran G (2010) Toplumsal değişme sürecinde evlenme ve boşanma. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 21(2):117-126.
  • Baker AJ (2005) The long-term effects of parental alienation on adult children: A qualitative research study. Am J Fam Ther, 33(4):289-302.
  • Baker AJ (2006) Patterns of parental alienation syndrome: A qualitative study of adults who were alienated from a parent as a child. Am J Fam Ther, 34(1):63-78.
  • Baker AJ, Brassard MR (2013) Adolescents caught in parental loyalty conflicts. J Divorce Remarriage, 54(5):393-413.
  • Baker AJ, Darnall D (2006) Behaviors and strategies employed in parental alienation: A survey of parental experiences. J Divorce Remarriage, 45:97-124.
  • Baker AJ, Fine P (2008) Beyond the high road: Responding to 17 parental alienation strategies without compromising your morals or harming your child. http://www. Amyjlbaker.com (10 Ocak 2021’de ulaşıldı).
  • Baker AJL, & Ben-Ami N (2011) To turn a child against a parent is to turn a child against himself: the direct and indirect effects of exposure to parental alienation strategies on self-esteem and well-being. J Divorce Remarriage, 52(7):472-489.
  • Baker AJL, Verrocchio MC (2013) Italian college student-reported childhood exposure to parental alienation: Correlates with well-being. J Divorce Remarriage, 54(8):609-628.
  • Bala N, Hunt S, McCarney C (2010) Parental alienation: Canadian court cases 1989 2008. Fam Court Rev, 48(1):164-179.
  • Balmer S, Matthewson M, Haines J (2018) Parental alienation: Targeted parent perspective. Aust J Psychol, 70(1):91-99.
  • Beiner SF, Lowenstein L, Worenklein A, Sauber SR (2014) Grandparents’ rights: Psychological and legal perspectives. Am J Fam Ther, 42(2):114-126.
  • Ben-Ami N, Baker AJ (2012) The long-term correlates of childhood exposure to parental alienation on adult self-sufficiency and well-being. Am J Fam Ther 40(2):169-183.
  • Bernet W (2008) Parental alienation disorder and DSM-V. Am J Fam Ther, 36(5):349-366.
  • Bernet W (2015) Children of high-conflict divorce face many challenges. Psychiatr Times, 32(10):9
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  • Bernet W, Gregory N, Rohner RP, Reay KM (2020) Measuring the difference between parental alienation and parental estrangement: The PARQ-Gap. J Forensic Sci. 65(4):1225-1234.
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  • Karataş E (2019) Boşanmış aile çocuklarındaki uyum problemleri: Ortak ebeveynlik açısından bir inceleme (Uzmanlık tezi). İstanbul, İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • Kayma Güneş D (2007) Boşanma sürecindeki eşlerin aile içi ilişkileri ile problem çözme becerileri arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi (Uzmanlık tezi). Ankara, Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
  • Kelly JB (2007) Children's living arrangements following separation and divorce: Insights from empirical and clinical research. Fam Process, 46(1):35-52.
  • Kelly JB, Johnston JR (2001) The alienated child: A reformulation of parental alienation syndrome. Fam Court Rev, 39(3):249-266.
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  • Koçyıldırım G (2010) Sosyal hizmet bakış açısıyla çocuk teslimine ve çocukla kişisel ilişki kurulmasına dair ilamların icrası uygulamaları (Uzmanlık tezi). Ankara, Hacettepe Üniversitesi. Lee‐Maturana S, Matthewson M, Dwan C, Norris K (2018). Characteristics and experiences of targeted parents of parental alienation from their own perspective: A systematic literature review. Aust J Psychol, 71(2): 83-91.
  • Lowenstein LF (1998) Parent alienation syndrome: What the legal profession should know. Med Leg J, 66(4):151-161.
  • Lowenstein LF (1999) The psychological effect and treatment of parental alienation Syndrome. Justice of the Peace, 163(3):47–50.
  • Lowenstein LF (2013) Is the concept of parental alienation a meaningful one? J Divorce Remarriage, 54(8): 658-667.
  • Maccoby EE, Mnookin RH (1992) Dividing the Child: Social and Legal Dilemmas of Custody. Harvard University Press.
  • Marchetti D, Verrocchio MC (2017) Intervention in cases of parental alienation: A systematic review of the literature. Rivista Interdisciplinare, 19(1):67-83.
  • Marques TM, Narciso I, Ferreira LC (2020) Empirical research on parental alienation: A descriptive literature review. Child Youth Serv Rev, 119:1-55.
  • Meier JS (2009) A historical perspective on parental alienation syndrome and parental alienation. J Child Custody, 6: 232-257.
  • Milchman MS, Geffner R, Meier JS (2020) Ideology and rhetoric replace science and reason in some parental alienation literature and advocacy: A critique. Fam Court Rev, 58(2):340-361.
  • Moné JG, Biringen Z (2012) Assessing parental alienation: Empirical assessment of college students' recollections of parental alienation during their childhoods. J Divorce Remarriage, 53(3):157-177.
  • Ordway AM, Moore RO, Casasnovas AF, Asplund NR (2020). Understanding vicarious trauma, burnout, and compassion fatigue in high-conflict divorce. The Family Journal, 28(2):187-193.
  • Öngider N (2013) Boşanmanın çocuk üzerindeki etkileri. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 5(2):140-161.
  • Vanderbilt University (2020) Parental Alienation Database. https://ckm.vumc.org/pasg/citation-manager (15 Ocak 2021’de ulaşıldı).
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  • Pines AM, Gat H, Tal Y (2002) Gender differences in content and style of argument between couples during divorce mediation. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 20(1):23-50.
  • Polak S, Saini M (2015) Children resisting contact with a parent postseparation: Assessing this phenomenon using an ecological systems framework. J Divorce Remarriage, 56(3): 220-247.
  • Rand DC, Rand R (2006) Factors Affecting Reconciliation Between The Child And Target Parent. In The International Handbook of Parental Alienation Syndrome: Conceptual, Clinical and Legal Considerations (Eds RA Gardner, SR Sauber, D Lorandos):163–176. Springfield IL, Charles C. Thomas
  • Reich, W. (1949). Character-analysis, 3nd ed. New York, Farrar Straus Giroux.
  • Resmi Gazete (1982) Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası.
  • Rueda CA (2004) An inter-rater reliability study of parental alienation syndrome. Am J Fam Ther, 32(5): 391-403.
  • Santrock JW (2014) Yaşam Boyu Gelişim (Çeviri Ed. G. Yüksel) Ankara, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Sîrbu AG, Vintilă M, Tisu L, Ștefănuț AM, Tudorel, OI, Măguran B, Toma RA (2021) Parental alienation-development and validation of a behavioral anchor scale. Sustainability, 13(316): 1-18.
  • Sher L (2015) Parental alienation and suicide in men. Psychiatr Danub, 27(3): 1-2.
  • Steinberger C (2006) Father? What father? Parental alienation and its effect on children. NY State Bar Association Family Law Review [serial online], Available from: URL: https://www.manhattan-law.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Father-What-Father-rev.pdf. Accessed date: 18.01.2021
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  • von Boch-Galhau W (2018) Parental Alienation (Syndrome)-A serious form of psychological child abuse. Ment Health Fam Med, 14:725-739.
  • Walker LE, Brantley KL, Rigsbee JA (2004) A critical analysis of parental alienation syndrome and its admissibility in the family court. J Child Custody, 1(2):47-74.
  • Walker LE, Shapiro DL (2010) Parental alienation disorder: Why label children with a mental diagnosis? J Child Custody, 7(4):266-286.
  • Wallerstein JS, Kelly JB (1976) The effects of parental divorce: experiences of the child in later latency. Am J Orthopsychiatry, 46(2):256-269.
  • Wallerstein JS, Kelly JB (1980) Effects of divorce on the visiting father–child relationship. Am J Psychiatry, 137(12):1534-1539.
  • Warshak RA (2003) Bringing sense to parental alienation: A look at the disputes and the evidence. Fam Law Q, 37(2): 273-301.
  • Warshak, RA (2015) Ten parental alienation fallacies that compromise decisions in court and in therapy. Prof Psychol Res Pr, 46(4):235-249.
  • Warshak RA (2020) When evaluators get it wrong: False positive IDs and parental alienation. Psychol Public Policy Law, 26(1):54-68.
  • Yıldırım Ş, Işıkhan V (2018) Çocuk evinde kalan çocukların sosyalleşme sürecindeki ilişkilerin değerlendirilmesi. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 29(1):46–70.
  • Yörükoğlu A (2012) Çocuk Ruh Sağlığı, 32nd ed. İstanbul, Özgür Yayınevi.
  • Yvanna Aires Gadelha S (2016) Medea’s children and the parental alienation syndrome. Psicologia USP, 27(3): 482-491.
  • Zafar N, Kausar R (2014) Emotional and social problems in divorced and married women. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 8(1):31-35.
  • Ziyalar N, Altuntaş G (2018) Parental alienation- father as a rejected parent. The Bulletin of Legal Medicine, 23:25-36.
Toplam 124 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Psikiyatri, Psikoloji, Gelişim Psikolojisi, Klinik Psikoloji
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Raziye Yüksel Doğan 0000-0002-9620-9081

Çiğdem Aytekin 0000-0002-2967-6456

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2021
Kabul Tarihi 17 Mart 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

AMA Yüksel Doğan R, Aytekin Ç. Ekolojik Sistem Kuramı Çerçevesinden Ebeveyn Yabancılaşmasına Genel Bir Bakış. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Eylül 2021;13(3):551-572. doi:10.18863/pgy.826957

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