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Deciding The Number Of Dimensions In Explanatory Factor Analysis: A Brief Overview Of The Methods

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 51, 305 - 318, 09.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1095936

Öz

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) finds its place in many scientific fields (e.g. education, health science or economics). With this analysis, information about the nature and structure of the measured feature can be obtained. It is possible to have information about the nature of the measured feature by fulfilling the requirements of this analysis. Correctly deciding on the number of dimensions in EFA can also be challenging for researchers. For this reason, this study presents information on the theoretical background of the factor retention methods used when deciding on the number of dimensions in EFA. In addition, it has been given information about which software is available for these methods. Moreover, there is information about which method gives more accurate results in the simulation studies. As a result, the number of dimensions can be decided by using traditional methods such as optimal parallel analysis, comparative data, or minimum average partial, as well as making use of machine learning methods (random forest or extreme gradient augmentation), which have found new uses in the literature, to researchers who will perform EFA.

Kaynakça

  • Auerswald, M., & Moshagen, M. (2019). How to determine the number of factors to retain in exploratory factor analysis: A comparison of extraction methods under realistic conditions. Psychological Methods, 24(4), 468–491. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000200
  • Bandalos, D. L., & Finney, S. J. (2019). Factor analysis: Exploratory and confirmatory. In G. R. Hancock & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), The reviewers guide to quantitative methods in the social sciences (2nd. ed.). Routledge.
  • Beavers, A. S., Lounsbury, J. W., Richards, J. K., Huck, S. W., Skolits, G. J., & Esquivel, S. L. (2013). Practical considerations for using exploratory factor analysis in educational research. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 18(6), 1–13. https://pareonline.net/pdf/v18n6.pdf
  • Braeken, J., & van Assen, M. A. L. M. (2017). An empirical Kaiser criterion. Psychological Methods, 22(3), 450–466. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000074
  • Breiman, L. (2001). Random forests. Machine Learning, 45, 5–32. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010933404324
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). The Guilford.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2020). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı: İstatistik, araştırma deseni, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum (28. Baskı). Pegem Akademi.
  • Cattell, R. B. (1966). The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1(2), 245–276. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10
  • Chen, T., He, T., Benesty, M., Khotilovich, V., Tang, Y., Cho, H., Chen, K., Mitchell, R., Cano, I., Zhou, T., Li, M., Xie, J., Lin, M., Geng, Y., Li, Y., & Yuan, J. (2022). xgboost: Extreme Gradient Boosting (1.5.2.1). https://cran.r-project.org/package=xgboost
  • Cosemans, T., Rosseel, Y., & Gelper, S. (2021). Exploratory graph analysis for factor retention: Simulation results for continuous and binary data. Educational and Psychological Measurement. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131644211059089
  • Crawford, A. V., Green, S. B., Levy, R., Lo, W.-J., Scott, L., Svetina, D., & Thompson, M. S. (2010). Evaluation of parallel analysis methods for determining the number of factors. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70(6), 885–901. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164410379332
  • Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52(4), 281–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040957
  • Dinno, A. (2009). Exploring the sensitivity of Horn’s parallel analysis to the distributional form of random data. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 44(3), 362–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273170902938969
  • Erkuş, A. (2019). Psikolojide ölçme ve ölçek geliştirme-I: Temel kavramlar ve işlemler (4nd ed.). Pegem Akademi.
  • Fabrigar, L. R., & Wegener, D. T. (2012). Exploratory factor analysis. Oxford University.
  • Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
  • Friedman, J., Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (2000). Additive logistic regression: a statistical view of boosting. The Annals of Statistics, 28(2). https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1016218223
  • Garrido, L. E., Abad, F. J., & Ponsoda, V. (2011). Performance of Velicer’s minimum average partial factor retention method with categorical variables. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 71(3), 551–570. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164410389489
  • Glorfeld, L. W. (1995). An improvement on Horn’s parallel analysis methodology for selecting the correct number of factors to retain. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55(3), 377–393. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164495055003002
  • Golino, H. F., & Christensen, A. P. (2020). EGAnet: Exploratory Graph Analysis -- A framework for estimating the number of dimensions in multivariate data using network psychometrics.
  • Golino, H. F., & Epskamp, S. (2017). Exploratory graph analysis: A new approach for estimating the number of dimensions in psychological research. PLOS ONE, 12(6), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174035
  • Golino, H. F., Moulder, R., Shi, D., Christensen, A. P., Garrido, L. E., Nieto, M. D., Nesselroade, J., Sadana, R., Thiyagarajan, J. A., & Boker, S. M. (2020). Entropy fit indices: New fit measures for assessing the structure and dimensionality of multiple latent variables. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2020.1779642
  • Golino, H. F., Shi, D., Christensen, A. P., Garrido, L. E., Nieto, M. D., Sadana, R., Thiyagarajan, J. A., & Martinez-Molina, A. (2020). Investigating the performance of exploratory graph analysis and traditional techniques to identify the number of latent factors: A simulation and tutorial. Psychological Methods, 25(3), 292–320. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000255
  • Goretzko, D., & Bühner, M. (2020). One model to rule them all? Using machine learning algorithms to determine the number of factors in exploratory factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 25(6), 776–786. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000262
  • Green, S. B., Levy, R., Thompson, M. S., Lu, M., & Lo, W.-J. (2012). A proposed solution to the problem with using completely random data to assess the number of factors with parallel analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 72(3), 357–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164411422252
  • Guilford, J. P. (1946). New standards for test evaluation. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 6(4), 427–438. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316444600600401
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson.
  • Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30(2), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289447
  • Howard, M. C. (2016). A review of exploratory factor analysis decisions and overview of current practices: What we are doing and how can we improve? International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 32(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2015.1087664
  • Humphreys, L. G., & Ilgen, D. R. (1969). Note on a criterion for the number of common factors. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 29(3), 571–578. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446902900303
  • Kahn, J. H. (2006). Factor analysis in counseling psychology research, training, practice: Principles, advances, and applications. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(5), 684–718. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006286347
  • Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000116
  • Kılıç, A. E., & Yılmaz, R. (2021). YouTube’un eğitsel amaçlı kabul durumunun incelenmesi. Ahmet Keleşoğlu Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(1), 69–89. https://doi.org/10.38151/akef.2021.10
  • Kılıç, A. F., & Uysal, I. (2018). The effect of number of random generated correlation matrix on parallel analysis results. 27. Uluslararası Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi.
  • Kılıç, A. F., & Uysal, İ. (2019). Comparison of factor retention methods on binary data: A simulation study. Turkish Journal of Education, 8(3), 160–179. https://doi.org/10.19128/turje.518636
  • Kılıç, A. F., & Uysal, İ. (2021). Faktör çıkarma yöntemlerinin paralel analiz sonuçlarına etkisi. Trakya Eğitim Dergisi, 11(2), 926–942. https://doi.org/10.24315/tred.747075
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AÇIMLAYICI FAKTÖR ANALİZİNDE BOYUT SAYISINA KARAR VERME: YÖNTEMLERE KISA BİR BAKIŞ

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 51, 305 - 318, 09.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1095936

Öz

Açımlayıcı faktör analizi (AFA), bilimsel çalışma alanlarının birçoğunda (eğitim, sağlık, iktisat gibi) kendine yer bulmaktadır. Bu analizle ölçülen özelliğin doğası ve yapısı hakkında bilgi sahibi olunabilmektedir. Ölçülen özelliğin doğası hakkında bilgi sahibi olmak ise bu analizin gerekliliklerini yerine getirerek mümkündür. Açımlayıcı faktör analizinde boyut sayısına doğru bir şekilde karar verilmesi de araştırmacılar için zorlayıcı olabilmektedir. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada, açımlayıcı faktör analizinde boyut sayısına karar verirken kullanılabilecek yöntemlerin hem teorik alt yapısına hem de bu yöntemlerin hangi yazılımlarda bulunduğuna yönelik bilgiler sunulmuştur. Dahası gerçekleştirilen çalışmalarda hangi yöntemin daha uygun sonuçlar verdiği ve hangi yöntemlerin güncel çalışmalarda kullanılabileceğine yer verilmiştir. Sonuç olarak geleneksel yöntemlerden optimal paralel analiz, karşılaştırmalı veriler ya da kısmi korelasyonların ortalaması yöntemleriyle boyut sayısına karar verilebileceği gibi literatürde kendine daha yeni kullanım alanı bulmuş makine öğrenmesi yöntemlerinden de (rastgele orman ya da aşırı gradyan arttırma) yararlanılması AFA gerçekleştirecek araştırmacılara önerilebilir.

Kaynakça

  • Auerswald, M., & Moshagen, M. (2019). How to determine the number of factors to retain in exploratory factor analysis: A comparison of extraction methods under realistic conditions. Psychological Methods, 24(4), 468–491. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000200
  • Bandalos, D. L., & Finney, S. J. (2019). Factor analysis: Exploratory and confirmatory. In G. R. Hancock & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), The reviewers guide to quantitative methods in the social sciences (2nd. ed.). Routledge.
  • Beavers, A. S., Lounsbury, J. W., Richards, J. K., Huck, S. W., Skolits, G. J., & Esquivel, S. L. (2013). Practical considerations for using exploratory factor analysis in educational research. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 18(6), 1–13. https://pareonline.net/pdf/v18n6.pdf
  • Braeken, J., & van Assen, M. A. L. M. (2017). An empirical Kaiser criterion. Psychological Methods, 22(3), 450–466. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000074
  • Breiman, L. (2001). Random forests. Machine Learning, 45, 5–32. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010933404324
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). The Guilford.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2020). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı: İstatistik, araştırma deseni, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum (28. Baskı). Pegem Akademi.
  • Cattell, R. B. (1966). The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1(2), 245–276. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10
  • Chen, T., He, T., Benesty, M., Khotilovich, V., Tang, Y., Cho, H., Chen, K., Mitchell, R., Cano, I., Zhou, T., Li, M., Xie, J., Lin, M., Geng, Y., Li, Y., & Yuan, J. (2022). xgboost: Extreme Gradient Boosting (1.5.2.1). https://cran.r-project.org/package=xgboost
  • Cosemans, T., Rosseel, Y., & Gelper, S. (2021). Exploratory graph analysis for factor retention: Simulation results for continuous and binary data. Educational and Psychological Measurement. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131644211059089
  • Crawford, A. V., Green, S. B., Levy, R., Lo, W.-J., Scott, L., Svetina, D., & Thompson, M. S. (2010). Evaluation of parallel analysis methods for determining the number of factors. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70(6), 885–901. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164410379332
  • Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52(4), 281–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040957
  • Dinno, A. (2009). Exploring the sensitivity of Horn’s parallel analysis to the distributional form of random data. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 44(3), 362–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273170902938969
  • Erkuş, A. (2019). Psikolojide ölçme ve ölçek geliştirme-I: Temel kavramlar ve işlemler (4nd ed.). Pegem Akademi.
  • Fabrigar, L. R., & Wegener, D. T. (2012). Exploratory factor analysis. Oxford University.
  • Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
  • Friedman, J., Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (2000). Additive logistic regression: a statistical view of boosting. The Annals of Statistics, 28(2). https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1016218223
  • Garrido, L. E., Abad, F. J., & Ponsoda, V. (2011). Performance of Velicer’s minimum average partial factor retention method with categorical variables. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 71(3), 551–570. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164410389489
  • Glorfeld, L. W. (1995). An improvement on Horn’s parallel analysis methodology for selecting the correct number of factors to retain. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55(3), 377–393. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164495055003002
  • Golino, H. F., & Christensen, A. P. (2020). EGAnet: Exploratory Graph Analysis -- A framework for estimating the number of dimensions in multivariate data using network psychometrics.
  • Golino, H. F., & Epskamp, S. (2017). Exploratory graph analysis: A new approach for estimating the number of dimensions in psychological research. PLOS ONE, 12(6), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174035
  • Golino, H. F., Moulder, R., Shi, D., Christensen, A. P., Garrido, L. E., Nieto, M. D., Nesselroade, J., Sadana, R., Thiyagarajan, J. A., & Boker, S. M. (2020). Entropy fit indices: New fit measures for assessing the structure and dimensionality of multiple latent variables. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2020.1779642
  • Golino, H. F., Shi, D., Christensen, A. P., Garrido, L. E., Nieto, M. D., Sadana, R., Thiyagarajan, J. A., & Martinez-Molina, A. (2020). Investigating the performance of exploratory graph analysis and traditional techniques to identify the number of latent factors: A simulation and tutorial. Psychological Methods, 25(3), 292–320. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000255
  • Goretzko, D., & Bühner, M. (2020). One model to rule them all? Using machine learning algorithms to determine the number of factors in exploratory factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 25(6), 776–786. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000262
  • Green, S. B., Levy, R., Thompson, M. S., Lu, M., & Lo, W.-J. (2012). A proposed solution to the problem with using completely random data to assess the number of factors with parallel analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 72(3), 357–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164411422252
  • Guilford, J. P. (1946). New standards for test evaluation. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 6(4), 427–438. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316444600600401
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson.
  • Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30(2), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289447
  • Howard, M. C. (2016). A review of exploratory factor analysis decisions and overview of current practices: What we are doing and how can we improve? International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 32(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2015.1087664
  • Humphreys, L. G., & Ilgen, D. R. (1969). Note on a criterion for the number of common factors. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 29(3), 571–578. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446902900303
  • Kahn, J. H. (2006). Factor analysis in counseling psychology research, training, practice: Principles, advances, and applications. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(5), 684–718. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006286347
  • Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000116
  • Kılıç, A. E., & Yılmaz, R. (2021). YouTube’un eğitsel amaçlı kabul durumunun incelenmesi. Ahmet Keleşoğlu Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(1), 69–89. https://doi.org/10.38151/akef.2021.10
  • Kılıç, A. F., & Uysal, I. (2018). The effect of number of random generated correlation matrix on parallel analysis results. 27. Uluslararası Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi.
  • Kılıç, A. F., & Uysal, İ. (2019). Comparison of factor retention methods on binary data: A simulation study. Turkish Journal of Education, 8(3), 160–179. https://doi.org/10.19128/turje.518636
  • Kılıç, A. F., & Uysal, İ. (2021). Faktör çıkarma yöntemlerinin paralel analiz sonuçlarına etkisi. Trakya Eğitim Dergisi, 11(2), 926–942. https://doi.org/10.24315/tred.747075
  • Konan, N., & Mermer, S. (2021). Quantum leadership scale: Validity and reliability study. E-International Journal of Pedandragogy, 1(1), 74–86. https://doi.org/10.27579808/e-ijpa.13
  • Koyuncu, İ., & Kılıç, A. F. (2021). Classification of scale items with exploratory graph analysis and machine learning methods. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 8(4), 928–947. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.880914
  • Lance, C. E., Butts, M. M., & Michels, L. C. (2006). The sources of four commonly reported cutoff criteria. Organizational Research Methods, 9(2), 202–220. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428105284919
  • Ledesma, R. D., & Valero-Mora, P. (2007). Determining the number of factors to retain in EFA: An easy-to-use computer program for carrying out parallel analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 12(2), 2–11.
  • Li, Y., Wen, Z., Hau, K.-T., Yuan, K.-H., & Peng, Y. (2020). Effects of cross-loadings on determining the number of factors to retain. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 27(6), 841–863. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2020.1745075
  • Liu, C.-W., & Wang, W.-C. (2016). A comparision of methods for dimensionality assesment of catogorical item responses. Pacific Rim Objective Measurement Symposium (PROMS) 2015 Conference Proceeding, 395–410. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37592-7
  • Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2021). SOLOMON: A method for splitting a sample into equivalent subsamples in factor analysis. Behavior Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-021-01750-y
  • Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P. J. (2021). Factor (Version 12.01.02) [Computer software]. Universitat Rovira i Virgili.
  • Lorenzo-Seva, U., Timmerman, M. E., & Kiers, H. A. L. (2011). The Hull method for selecting the number of common factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 46(2), 340–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2011.564527
  • Navarro-Gonzalez, D., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2020). EFA.MRFA: Dimensionality assessment using minimum rank factor analysis. https://cran.r-project.org/package=EFA.MRFA
  • Nelson, A. E., DeVellis, R. F., Renner, J. B., Schwartz, T. A., Conaghan, P. G., Kraus, V. B., & Jordan, J. M. (2011). Quantification of the whole-body burden of radiographic osteoarthritis using factor analysis. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 13(5), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/ar3501
  • Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd. ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  • O’connor, B. P. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 32(3), 396–402. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200807
  • O’Connor, B. P. (2022). EFA.dimensions: Exploratory factor analysis functions for assessing dimensionality. https://cran.r-project.org/package=EFA.dimensions
  • Okçu, V., & Deviren, İ. (2021). Kapsayıcı liderlik ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Elektronik Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(20), 321–333.
  • Osborne, J. W., & Fitzpatrick, D. C. (2012). Replication analysis in exploratory factor analysis: What it is and why it makes your analysis better. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 17(15). http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=17&n=15
  • Pett, M. A., Lackey, N. R., & Sullivan, J. J. (2003). Making sense of factor analysis: The use of factor analysis for instrument development in health care research. Sage.
  • Preacher, K. J., Zhang, G., Kim, C., & Mels, G. (2013). Choosing the optimal number of factors in exploratory factor analysis: A model selection perspective. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 48(1), 28–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2012.710386
  • R Core Team. (2021). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. https://www.r-project.org/
  • Reckase, M. D. (1979). Unifactor latent trait models applied to multifactor tests: Results and implications. Journal of Educational Statistics, 4(3), 207. https://doi.org/10.2307/1164671
  • Revelle, W. (2021). psych: Procedures for psychological, psychometric, and personality research (Version = 2.1.9). https://cran.r-project.org/package=psych
  • Ruscio, J., & Roche, B. (2012). Determining the number of factors to retain in an exploratory factor analysis using comparison data of known factorial structure. Psychological Assessment, 24(2), 282–292. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025697
  • Steiner, M. D., & Grieder, S. (2020). EFAtools: An R package with fast and flexible implementations of exploratory factor analysis tools. Journal of Open Source Software, 5(53), 2521. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.02521
  • Tellioğlu, S. (2021). Türk ve Alman Turistleri Tatile İten ve Çeken Faktörlerin Analizi. Alanya Akademik Bakış, 5(1), 287–299. https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.814273
  • Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding consepts and applications. APA.
  • Timmerman, M. E., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2011). Dimensionality assessment of ordered polytomous items with parallel analysis. Psychological Methods, 16(2), 209–220. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023353
  • Usta, H., Nal, G., & Gıca, S. (2020). Turkish validity reliability of udvalg for kliniske undersøgelser side effect rating scale (UKU-SERS) in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Yeni Symposium, 58(3), 7–10. https://doi.org/10.5455/NYS.20200621093100
  • Velicer, W. F. (1976). Determining the number of components from the matrix of partial correlations. Psychometrika, 41(3), 321–327. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02293557
  • Velicer, W. F., Eaton, C. A., & Fava, J. L. (2000). Construct explication through factor or component analysis: A review and evaluation of alternative procedures for determining the number of factors or components. In R. D. Goffin & E. Helmes (Eds.), Problems and Solutions in Human Assessment (pp. 41–71). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4397-8_3
  • Widaman, K. F. (2012). Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. In H. Cooper, P. M. Camic, D. L. Long, A. T. Panter, D. Rindskopf, & K. J. Sher (Eds.), APA handbook of research methods in psychology, Vol 3: Data analysis and research publication. (pp. 361–389). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13621-018
  • Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806–838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127
  • Wright, M. N., & Ziegler, A. (2017). ranger : A fast implementation of random forests for high dimensional data in C++ and R. Journal of Statistical Software, 77(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v077.i01
  • Yang, Y., & Xia, Y. (2015). On the number of factors to retain in exploratory factor analysis for ordered categorical data. Behavior Research Methods, 47(3), 756–772. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-014-0499-2
  • Zwick, W. R., & Velicer, W. F. (1986). Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retain. Psychological Bulletin, 99(3), 432–442. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.99.3.432
Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Abdullah Faruk Kılıç 0000-0003-3129-1763

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 26 Ağustos 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 9 Ağustos 2022
Kabul Tarihi 11 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 51

Kaynak Göster

APA Kılıç, A. F. (2022). AÇIMLAYICI FAKTÖR ANALİZİNDE BOYUT SAYISINA KARAR VERME: YÖNTEMLERE KISA BİR BAKIŞ. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(51), 305-318. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1095936
AMA Kılıç AF. AÇIMLAYICI FAKTÖR ANALİZİNDE BOYUT SAYISINA KARAR VERME: YÖNTEMLERE KISA BİR BAKIŞ. PAUSBED. Ağustos 2022;(51):305-318. doi:10.30794/pausbed.1095936
Chicago Kılıç, Abdullah Faruk. “AÇIMLAYICI FAKTÖR ANALİZİNDE BOYUT SAYISINA KARAR VERME: YÖNTEMLERE KISA BİR BAKIŞ”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, sy. 51 (Ağustos 2022): 305-18. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1095936.
EndNote Kılıç AF (01 Ağustos 2022) AÇIMLAYICI FAKTÖR ANALİZİNDE BOYUT SAYISINA KARAR VERME: YÖNTEMLERE KISA BİR BAKIŞ. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 51 305–318.
IEEE A. F. Kılıç, “AÇIMLAYICI FAKTÖR ANALİZİNDE BOYUT SAYISINA KARAR VERME: YÖNTEMLERE KISA BİR BAKIŞ”, PAUSBED, sy. 51, ss. 305–318, Ağustos 2022, doi: 10.30794/pausbed.1095936.
ISNAD Kılıç, Abdullah Faruk. “AÇIMLAYICI FAKTÖR ANALİZİNDE BOYUT SAYISINA KARAR VERME: YÖNTEMLERE KISA BİR BAKIŞ”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 51 (Ağustos 2022), 305-318. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1095936.
JAMA Kılıç AF. AÇIMLAYICI FAKTÖR ANALİZİNDE BOYUT SAYISINA KARAR VERME: YÖNTEMLERE KISA BİR BAKIŞ. PAUSBED. 2022;:305–318.
MLA Kılıç, Abdullah Faruk. “AÇIMLAYICI FAKTÖR ANALİZİNDE BOYUT SAYISINA KARAR VERME: YÖNTEMLERE KISA BİR BAKIŞ”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, sy. 51, 2022, ss. 305-18, doi:10.30794/pausbed.1095936.
Vancouver Kılıç AF. AÇIMLAYICI FAKTÖR ANALİZİNDE BOYUT SAYISINA KARAR VERME: YÖNTEMLERE KISA BİR BAKIŞ. PAUSBED. 2022(51):305-18.