Araştırma Makalesi
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Hukuki Nakiller: Silah Kontrol Sistemlerinin Otonom Silahlara Uygulanması

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 128 - 148, 29.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1238625

Öz

Silahlı çatışma hukukunu düzenleyen Cenevre Sözleşmeleri ve Ek Protokolleri; yakın gelecekte ordular tarafından aktif olarak kullanılmaya başlanacak olan, modern silah teknolojileri arasında yer alan, otonom silah sistemlerini yorumlamak için yetersiz kalmaktadır. Otonom silah sistemleri için yeni bir düzenleme ihtiyacının varlığı açıktır. Bu makale, uluslararası hukuk açısından henüz bir düzenlemeye tabi olmayan ve global arenada yasaklanması konusunda tartışmaların sürdüğü, otonom silah sistemlerine odaklanarak, hukuki nakiller yöntemiyle mayınlar, yakıcı silahlar ve misket bombaları hakkında daha önce hazırlanan düzenlemeleri inceleyerek, otonom silah sistemleri için bir alternatif olup olamayacaklarını inceleyecektir. Makalede ulaşılan sonuç neticesinde, otonom silah sistemleri için hazırlanması gereken uluslararası insancıl hukuk kılavuzunun içeriği ve hukuki statüsü konusunda öneriler paylaşılacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Altmann, J. (2013). Arms Control for Armed Uninhabited Vehicles: An Ethical Issue. Ethics and Information Technology, 137.
  • Anderson , K., & Waxman, M. (2013). Law and Ethics for Autonomous Weapon Systems: Why a Ban Won’t Work and How the Laws of War Can. California: Hoover Institution.
  • Anderson, K., Reisner, D., & Waxman, M. (2014). Adapting the Law of Armed Conflict to Autonomous Weapon Systems. International Law Studies, 386-406.
  • Army Technology. (2021, 07 16). Brimstone Advanced Anti-Armour Missile. https://www.army-technology.com/: https://www.army-technology.com/projects/brimstone/ adresinden alındı
  • Asaro, P. (2012). On Banning Autonomous Weapon Systems: Human Rights, Automation, and the Dehumanisation of Lethal Decision-making. International Review of the Red Cross, 700.
  • Beard, J. (2014). Autonomous Weapons and Human Responsibilities. Georgetown Journal of International Law , 617-678.
  • Blake, D., & Imburgia, J. (2010). Bloodless Weapons? The Need to Conduct Legal Reviews of Certain Capabilities and the Implications of Defining Them as Weapons. Air Force Law Review, 159.
  • Boogaard, J. (2015). Proportionality and Autonomous Weapons Systems. Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, 247-283.
  • Breitegger, A. (2012). Cluster Munitions and International Law: Disarmament with a Human Face? London: Routledge.
  • Bryden, A. (2013). International Law, Politics and Inhumane Weapons: The Effectiveness of Global Landmine Regimes. Oxford: Routledge.
  • Campaign to Stop Killer Robots. (2020, 09 25). Diplomatic Talks Re-Convene. https://www.stopkillerrobots.org/: https://www.stopkillerrobots.org/news/diplomatic2020/ adresinden alındı
  • Canning, J. (2008). Weaponized Unmanned Systems: A Transformational Warfighting Opportunity, Government Roles in Making it Happen. Proceedings of Engineering the Total Ship (ETS) (s. 23). Falls Church: University of Virginia.
  • Canning, J. (2009). You’ve Just Been Disarmed. Have a Nice Day! IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, 12-15.
  • Capece, C. (1999). The Ottawa Treaty and its Impact on US Military Policy and Planning. Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 183.
  • Caron, J. (2020). Defining Semi-Autonomous, Automated and Autonomous Weapon Systems In Order To Understand Their Ethical Challenges. Digital War, 173-177.
  • Cavallaro, J., Sonnenberg, S., & Knuckey, S. (2012). Living Under Drones: Death, Injury and Trauma to Civilians from US Drone Practices in Pakistan. California : International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic, Stanford Law School; NYU School of Law, Global Justice Clinic.
  • Chengeta, T. (2016). Accountability Gap: Autonomous Weapon Systems and Modes of Responsibility in International Law. Denver Journal of International Law & Policy, 1-50.
  • Chengeta, T. (2017). Defining the Emerging Notion of Meaningful Human Control in Weapon Systems. New York University International Law and Politics, 852.
  • Convention on Conventional Weapons. (2016, 06 10). Report of the 2016 Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS). Report of the 2016 Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS)’ (10 June 2016) UN Doc CCW/CONF.V/2. Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland: UN.
  • Convention on Conventional Weapons. (2016). Report of the 2016 Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) UN Doc CCW/CONF.V/2. Geneva: UN.
  • Crawford, J. (2015). Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
  • Crootof, R. (2015). The Killer Robots Are Here: Legal and Policy Implications. Cardozo Law Review, 1837.
  • Crootof, R. (2018). Autonomous Weapon Systems and the Limits of Analogy. Harvard National Security Journal, 51.
  • Dekker, G. (2001). The Law of Arms Control: International Supervision and Enforcement. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.
  • Dinstein, Y. (2016). The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
  • Docherty, B. (2009). Breaking New Ground: The Convention on Cluster Munitions and the Evolution of International Humanitarian Law. Human Rights Quarterly, 934-963.
  • Docherty, B. (2012). Losing Humanity The Case against Killer Robots. New York: Human Rights Watch.
  • Docherty, B., Maresca, L., Reiterer, M., & Moyes, R. (2010). Article 2: Definition. G. Nystuen, & S. C. Maslen içinde, The Convention on Cluster Munitions: A Commentary (s. 245). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Egeland, K. (2016). Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems under International Humanitarian Law. Nordic Journal of International Law, 102.
  • Farge, E. (2021, 12 17). U.N. Talks Adjourn without Deal to Regulate Killer Robots. https://www.reuters.com/: https://www.reuters.com/world/un-talks-adjourn-without-deal-regulate-killer-robots-2021-12-17/ adresinden alındı
  • Garcia, D. (2017, 12 13). Governing Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems’, Ethics & International Affairs. https://www.ethicsandinternationalaffairs.org: https://www.ethicsandinternationalaffairs.org/2017/governing-lethal-autonomous-weapon-systems/ adresinden alındı
  • Grace, K., Salvatier, J., Dafoe, A., Zhang, B., & Evans, O. (2018). When Will AI Exceed Human Performance? Evidence from AI Experts. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 729-754.
  • Grimal, F., & Sundaram, J. (2017). Cyber Warfare and Autonomous Self-defence. Journal on the Use of Force and International Law, 312-343.
  • Grimal, F., & Sundaram, J. (2018). Combat Drones: Hives, Swarms, and Autonomous Action? Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 105-135.
  • Group of Governmental Experts. (2019). Report of the 2019 Session of the Group of Governmental Experts on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems UN Doc CCW/GGE.1/2019/3. Geneva: UN.
  • Group of Governmental Experts. (2021). Draft Report of the 2021 Session of the Group of Governmental Experts on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems UN Doc CCW/GGE.1/2021/CRP.1. Geneva: UN.
  • Gubrud, M., & Altmann, J. (2013). Compliance Measures for an Autonomous Weapons Convention. London: ICRAC.
  • Henckaerts, J. M., & Beck, L. D. (2005). Customary International Humanitarian Law. Geneva : International Committee of the Red Cross .
  • Henderson, I., & Backstrom, A. (2012). New Capabilities in Warfare: An Overview of Contemporary Technological Developments and the Associated Legal and Engineering Issues in Article 36 Weapons Reviews. International Review of the Red Cross, 492.
  • Heyns, C. (2013). Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions UN General Assembly, A/HRC/23/47 (9 April 2013). New York : United Nations.
  • Horowitz, M., & Scharre, P. (2015). An Introduction to Autonomy in Weapon Systems. Washington: Center for a New American Security.
  • Human Rights Watch. (2003). Off Target: The Conduct of the War and Civilian Casualties in Iraq. New York: Human Rights Watch.
  • ICRC. (2016). Autonomous Weapon Systems: Implications of Increasing Autonomy in the Critical Functions of Weapons. Geneva: The International Committee of the Red Cross.
  • International Committee for Robot Arms Control. (2010). Berlin Statement. Berlin: International Committee for Robot Arms Control .
  • International Committee of the Red Cross. (2014). Report of the ICRC Expert Meeting on Autonomous Weapon Systems: Technical, Military, Legal and Humanitarian Aspects. Geneva: ICRC.
  • Kerr, I., & Szilagyi, K. (2016). Asleep at the Switch? How Lethal Autonomous Robots Become a Force Multiplier of Military Necessity. R. Calo, I. Kerr, & M. Froomkin içinde, Robot Law (s. 333-366). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Klein, J. (2004). The Problematic Nexus: Where Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles and the Law of Armed Conflict Meet. Air & Space Power Journal, 7.
  • Lewis, J. (2015). Comment: The Case for Regulating Fully Autonomous Weapons. The Yale Law Journal, 1309.
  • Lieblich, E., & Benvenisti, E. (2014). The Obligation to Exercise Discretion in Warfare: Why Autonomous Weapon Systems are Unlawful Global Trust Working Paper Series. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University.
  • Malik, S. (2018). Autonomous Weapon Systems: The Possibility And Probability Of Accountability. Wisconsin International Law Journal, 609-640.
  • Margulies, P. (2017). Making Autonomous Weapons Accountable: Command Responsibility for Computer-Guided Lethal Force in Armed Conflicts. J. D. Ohlin içinde, Research Handbook on Remote Warfare (s. 405-442). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Markowitz, M., & Gresham, J. (2012, 04 26). Dual-Mode Brimstone Missile Proves Itself in Combat. http://www.defensemedianetwork.com: https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/dual-mode-brimstone-missile-proves-itself-in-combat/ adresinden alındı
  • McFarland, T. (2016). Factors Shaping the Legal Implications of Increasingly Autonomous Military Systems. International Review of the Red Cross, 1314.
  • Ministry of Defence. (2011). The UK Approach to Unmanned Aircraft Systems. London: Ministry of Defence. Mullin, J. (2008). The JFA: Redefining the Kill Box. Fires Bulletin, 38.
  • Program on Humanitarian Policy & Conflict Research at Harvard University. (2009). HPCR Manual on International Law Applicable to Air and Missile Warfare. Massachusett: Harvard College.
  • Roff, H. (2014). The Strategic Robot Problem: Lethal Autonomous Weapons in War. Journal of Military Ethics, 212.
  • Sassóli, M. (2014). Autonomous Weapons and International Humanitarian Law: Advantages, Open Technical Questions and Legal Issues to be Clarified. International Law Studies, 308-340.
  • Saxon, D. (2016). Closing the Accountability Gap: Individual Criminal Responsibility and Autonomous Weapon Systems. F. Santoni de Sio, & E. D. Nucci içinde, Drones and Responsibility Legal, Philosophical and Socio-Technical Perspectives on Remotely Controlled Weapons. London: Routledge.
  • Scharre, P. (2016). Autonomous Weapons and Operational Risk. Washington: Center for a New American Security.
  • Schmitt , M., & Thurnher, J. (2013). Out Of The Loop: Autonomous Weapon Systems And The Law Of Armed Conflict. Harvard National Security Journal, 268.
  • ‪Schmitt, ‪. (2017). Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬
  • Schmitt, M. (2013). Autonomous Weapon Systems and International Humanitarian Law: A Reply to the Critics. Harvard National Security Journal, 1-138.
  • Schmitt, M., & Watts, S. (2015). The Decline of International Humanitarian Law Opinio Juris and the Law of Cyber Warfare. Texas International Law Journal, 189-231.
  • Sharkey, N. (2012). The Evitability of Autonomous Robotic Warfare. International Review of the Red Cross, 791.
  • Shaw, M. (2017). International Law. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
  • Sparrow, R. (2009). Predators or Plowshares? Arms Control of Robotic Weapons. IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, 25.
  • The United States Department of Defense. (2016). The Department of Defense Law of War Manual. Virginia: The Department of Defense.
  • U.S. Department of Defense. (2012). Directive No. 3000.09, Autonomy in Weapons Systems. Virginia: U.S. Department of Defense.
  • UK Ministry of Defence. (2022). Ambitious, Safe, Responsible: Our Approach to the Delivery of AI-enabled Capability in Defence. London: UK Ministry of Defence.
  • United Nations Office at Geneva. (2014, 07 22). CCW Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems. http://www.unog.ch: https://www.un.org/disarmament/the-convention-on-certain-conventional-weapons/background-on-laws-in-the-ccw/ adresinden alındı
  • Ülgen, Ö. (2020). Human Dignity in an Age of Autonomous Weapons: Are We in Danger of Losing an Elementary Consideration of Humanity? Baltic Yearbook of International Law (s. 8). Leiden: Brill.
  • Wagner, M. (2014). The Dehumanization of International Humanitarian Law: Legal, Ethical, and Political Implications of Autonomous Weapons Systems. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 1371.
  • Watson, A. (1974). Legal Transplants: An Approach to Comparative Law. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
  • Watts, S. (2016). Autonomous Weapons: Regulation Tolerant or Regulation Resistant? Temple International & Comparative Law Journal, 187.

Legal Transplants: Applying Arms Control Frameworks to Autonomous Weapons

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 128 - 148, 29.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1238625

Öz

The Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols that regulate the law of armed conflict are insufficient to interpret autonomous weapon systems, which are among the modern weapon technologies that will be actively used by armies in the near future. This article focuses on autonomous weapon systems, which are not yet subject to regulation in terms of international law and which are still under debate with regard to prohibition in the global arena, and examines whether they can be an alternative for autonomous weapon systems by examining the regulations previously prepared on landmines, incendiary weapons, and cluster munitions through legal transplants. As a result of the conclusions reached in the article, recommendations will be shared on the content and legal status of the international humanitarian law manuals that should be prepared for autonomous weapon systems.

Kaynakça

  • Altmann, J. (2013). Arms Control for Armed Uninhabited Vehicles: An Ethical Issue. Ethics and Information Technology, 137.
  • Anderson , K., & Waxman, M. (2013). Law and Ethics for Autonomous Weapon Systems: Why a Ban Won’t Work and How the Laws of War Can. California: Hoover Institution.
  • Anderson, K., Reisner, D., & Waxman, M. (2014). Adapting the Law of Armed Conflict to Autonomous Weapon Systems. International Law Studies, 386-406.
  • Army Technology. (2021, 07 16). Brimstone Advanced Anti-Armour Missile. https://www.army-technology.com/: https://www.army-technology.com/projects/brimstone/ adresinden alındı
  • Asaro, P. (2012). On Banning Autonomous Weapon Systems: Human Rights, Automation, and the Dehumanisation of Lethal Decision-making. International Review of the Red Cross, 700.
  • Beard, J. (2014). Autonomous Weapons and Human Responsibilities. Georgetown Journal of International Law , 617-678.
  • Blake, D., & Imburgia, J. (2010). Bloodless Weapons? The Need to Conduct Legal Reviews of Certain Capabilities and the Implications of Defining Them as Weapons. Air Force Law Review, 159.
  • Boogaard, J. (2015). Proportionality and Autonomous Weapons Systems. Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, 247-283.
  • Breitegger, A. (2012). Cluster Munitions and International Law: Disarmament with a Human Face? London: Routledge.
  • Bryden, A. (2013). International Law, Politics and Inhumane Weapons: The Effectiveness of Global Landmine Regimes. Oxford: Routledge.
  • Campaign to Stop Killer Robots. (2020, 09 25). Diplomatic Talks Re-Convene. https://www.stopkillerrobots.org/: https://www.stopkillerrobots.org/news/diplomatic2020/ adresinden alındı
  • Canning, J. (2008). Weaponized Unmanned Systems: A Transformational Warfighting Opportunity, Government Roles in Making it Happen. Proceedings of Engineering the Total Ship (ETS) (s. 23). Falls Church: University of Virginia.
  • Canning, J. (2009). You’ve Just Been Disarmed. Have a Nice Day! IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, 12-15.
  • Capece, C. (1999). The Ottawa Treaty and its Impact on US Military Policy and Planning. Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 183.
  • Caron, J. (2020). Defining Semi-Autonomous, Automated and Autonomous Weapon Systems In Order To Understand Their Ethical Challenges. Digital War, 173-177.
  • Cavallaro, J., Sonnenberg, S., & Knuckey, S. (2012). Living Under Drones: Death, Injury and Trauma to Civilians from US Drone Practices in Pakistan. California : International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic, Stanford Law School; NYU School of Law, Global Justice Clinic.
  • Chengeta, T. (2016). Accountability Gap: Autonomous Weapon Systems and Modes of Responsibility in International Law. Denver Journal of International Law & Policy, 1-50.
  • Chengeta, T. (2017). Defining the Emerging Notion of Meaningful Human Control in Weapon Systems. New York University International Law and Politics, 852.
  • Convention on Conventional Weapons. (2016, 06 10). Report of the 2016 Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS). Report of the 2016 Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS)’ (10 June 2016) UN Doc CCW/CONF.V/2. Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland: UN.
  • Convention on Conventional Weapons. (2016). Report of the 2016 Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) UN Doc CCW/CONF.V/2. Geneva: UN.
  • Crawford, J. (2015). Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
  • Crootof, R. (2015). The Killer Robots Are Here: Legal and Policy Implications. Cardozo Law Review, 1837.
  • Crootof, R. (2018). Autonomous Weapon Systems and the Limits of Analogy. Harvard National Security Journal, 51.
  • Dekker, G. (2001). The Law of Arms Control: International Supervision and Enforcement. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.
  • Dinstein, Y. (2016). The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
  • Docherty, B. (2009). Breaking New Ground: The Convention on Cluster Munitions and the Evolution of International Humanitarian Law. Human Rights Quarterly, 934-963.
  • Docherty, B. (2012). Losing Humanity The Case against Killer Robots. New York: Human Rights Watch.
  • Docherty, B., Maresca, L., Reiterer, M., & Moyes, R. (2010). Article 2: Definition. G. Nystuen, & S. C. Maslen içinde, The Convention on Cluster Munitions: A Commentary (s. 245). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Egeland, K. (2016). Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems under International Humanitarian Law. Nordic Journal of International Law, 102.
  • Farge, E. (2021, 12 17). U.N. Talks Adjourn without Deal to Regulate Killer Robots. https://www.reuters.com/: https://www.reuters.com/world/un-talks-adjourn-without-deal-regulate-killer-robots-2021-12-17/ adresinden alındı
  • Garcia, D. (2017, 12 13). Governing Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems’, Ethics & International Affairs. https://www.ethicsandinternationalaffairs.org: https://www.ethicsandinternationalaffairs.org/2017/governing-lethal-autonomous-weapon-systems/ adresinden alındı
  • Grace, K., Salvatier, J., Dafoe, A., Zhang, B., & Evans, O. (2018). When Will AI Exceed Human Performance? Evidence from AI Experts. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 729-754.
  • Grimal, F., & Sundaram, J. (2017). Cyber Warfare and Autonomous Self-defence. Journal on the Use of Force and International Law, 312-343.
  • Grimal, F., & Sundaram, J. (2018). Combat Drones: Hives, Swarms, and Autonomous Action? Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 105-135.
  • Group of Governmental Experts. (2019). Report of the 2019 Session of the Group of Governmental Experts on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems UN Doc CCW/GGE.1/2019/3. Geneva: UN.
  • Group of Governmental Experts. (2021). Draft Report of the 2021 Session of the Group of Governmental Experts on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems UN Doc CCW/GGE.1/2021/CRP.1. Geneva: UN.
  • Gubrud, M., & Altmann, J. (2013). Compliance Measures for an Autonomous Weapons Convention. London: ICRAC.
  • Henckaerts, J. M., & Beck, L. D. (2005). Customary International Humanitarian Law. Geneva : International Committee of the Red Cross .
  • Henderson, I., & Backstrom, A. (2012). New Capabilities in Warfare: An Overview of Contemporary Technological Developments and the Associated Legal and Engineering Issues in Article 36 Weapons Reviews. International Review of the Red Cross, 492.
  • Heyns, C. (2013). Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions UN General Assembly, A/HRC/23/47 (9 April 2013). New York : United Nations.
  • Horowitz, M., & Scharre, P. (2015). An Introduction to Autonomy in Weapon Systems. Washington: Center for a New American Security.
  • Human Rights Watch. (2003). Off Target: The Conduct of the War and Civilian Casualties in Iraq. New York: Human Rights Watch.
  • ICRC. (2016). Autonomous Weapon Systems: Implications of Increasing Autonomy in the Critical Functions of Weapons. Geneva: The International Committee of the Red Cross.
  • International Committee for Robot Arms Control. (2010). Berlin Statement. Berlin: International Committee for Robot Arms Control .
  • International Committee of the Red Cross. (2014). Report of the ICRC Expert Meeting on Autonomous Weapon Systems: Technical, Military, Legal and Humanitarian Aspects. Geneva: ICRC.
  • Kerr, I., & Szilagyi, K. (2016). Asleep at the Switch? How Lethal Autonomous Robots Become a Force Multiplier of Military Necessity. R. Calo, I. Kerr, & M. Froomkin içinde, Robot Law (s. 333-366). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Klein, J. (2004). The Problematic Nexus: Where Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles and the Law of Armed Conflict Meet. Air & Space Power Journal, 7.
  • Lewis, J. (2015). Comment: The Case for Regulating Fully Autonomous Weapons. The Yale Law Journal, 1309.
  • Lieblich, E., & Benvenisti, E. (2014). The Obligation to Exercise Discretion in Warfare: Why Autonomous Weapon Systems are Unlawful Global Trust Working Paper Series. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University.
  • Malik, S. (2018). Autonomous Weapon Systems: The Possibility And Probability Of Accountability. Wisconsin International Law Journal, 609-640.
  • Margulies, P. (2017). Making Autonomous Weapons Accountable: Command Responsibility for Computer-Guided Lethal Force in Armed Conflicts. J. D. Ohlin içinde, Research Handbook on Remote Warfare (s. 405-442). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Markowitz, M., & Gresham, J. (2012, 04 26). Dual-Mode Brimstone Missile Proves Itself in Combat. http://www.defensemedianetwork.com: https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/dual-mode-brimstone-missile-proves-itself-in-combat/ adresinden alındı
  • McFarland, T. (2016). Factors Shaping the Legal Implications of Increasingly Autonomous Military Systems. International Review of the Red Cross, 1314.
  • Ministry of Defence. (2011). The UK Approach to Unmanned Aircraft Systems. London: Ministry of Defence. Mullin, J. (2008). The JFA: Redefining the Kill Box. Fires Bulletin, 38.
  • Program on Humanitarian Policy & Conflict Research at Harvard University. (2009). HPCR Manual on International Law Applicable to Air and Missile Warfare. Massachusett: Harvard College.
  • Roff, H. (2014). The Strategic Robot Problem: Lethal Autonomous Weapons in War. Journal of Military Ethics, 212.
  • Sassóli, M. (2014). Autonomous Weapons and International Humanitarian Law: Advantages, Open Technical Questions and Legal Issues to be Clarified. International Law Studies, 308-340.
  • Saxon, D. (2016). Closing the Accountability Gap: Individual Criminal Responsibility and Autonomous Weapon Systems. F. Santoni de Sio, & E. D. Nucci içinde, Drones and Responsibility Legal, Philosophical and Socio-Technical Perspectives on Remotely Controlled Weapons. London: Routledge.
  • Scharre, P. (2016). Autonomous Weapons and Operational Risk. Washington: Center for a New American Security.
  • Schmitt , M., & Thurnher, J. (2013). Out Of The Loop: Autonomous Weapon Systems And The Law Of Armed Conflict. Harvard National Security Journal, 268.
  • ‪Schmitt, ‪. (2017). Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬
  • Schmitt, M. (2013). Autonomous Weapon Systems and International Humanitarian Law: A Reply to the Critics. Harvard National Security Journal, 1-138.
  • Schmitt, M., & Watts, S. (2015). The Decline of International Humanitarian Law Opinio Juris and the Law of Cyber Warfare. Texas International Law Journal, 189-231.
  • Sharkey, N. (2012). The Evitability of Autonomous Robotic Warfare. International Review of the Red Cross, 791.
  • Shaw, M. (2017). International Law. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
  • Sparrow, R. (2009). Predators or Plowshares? Arms Control of Robotic Weapons. IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, 25.
  • The United States Department of Defense. (2016). The Department of Defense Law of War Manual. Virginia: The Department of Defense.
  • U.S. Department of Defense. (2012). Directive No. 3000.09, Autonomy in Weapons Systems. Virginia: U.S. Department of Defense.
  • UK Ministry of Defence. (2022). Ambitious, Safe, Responsible: Our Approach to the Delivery of AI-enabled Capability in Defence. London: UK Ministry of Defence.
  • United Nations Office at Geneva. (2014, 07 22). CCW Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems. http://www.unog.ch: https://www.un.org/disarmament/the-convention-on-certain-conventional-weapons/background-on-laws-in-the-ccw/ adresinden alındı
  • Ülgen, Ö. (2020). Human Dignity in an Age of Autonomous Weapons: Are We in Danger of Losing an Elementary Consideration of Humanity? Baltic Yearbook of International Law (s. 8). Leiden: Brill.
  • Wagner, M. (2014). The Dehumanization of International Humanitarian Law: Legal, Ethical, and Political Implications of Autonomous Weapons Systems. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 1371.
  • Watson, A. (1974). Legal Transplants: An Approach to Comparative Law. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
  • Watts, S. (2016). Autonomous Weapons: Regulation Tolerant or Regulation Resistant? Temple International & Comparative Law Journal, 187.
Toplam 74 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Berkant Akkuş 0000-0001-6652-2512

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Mart 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Ocak 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Akkuş, B. (2023). Legal Transplants: Applying Arms Control Frameworks to Autonomous Weapons. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(1), 128-148. https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1238625
AMA Akkuş B. Legal Transplants: Applying Arms Control Frameworks to Autonomous Weapons. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. Mart 2023;24(1):128-148. doi:10.17494/ogusbd.1238625
Chicago Akkuş, Berkant. “Legal Transplants: Applying Arms Control Frameworks to Autonomous Weapons”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 24, sy. 1 (Mart 2023): 128-48. https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1238625.
EndNote Akkuş B (01 Mart 2023) Legal Transplants: Applying Arms Control Frameworks to Autonomous Weapons. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 24 1 128–148.
IEEE B. Akkuş, “Legal Transplants: Applying Arms Control Frameworks to Autonomous Weapons”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, c. 24, sy. 1, ss. 128–148, 2023, doi: 10.17494/ogusbd.1238625.
ISNAD Akkuş, Berkant. “Legal Transplants: Applying Arms Control Frameworks to Autonomous Weapons”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 24/1 (Mart 2023), 128-148. https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1238625.
JAMA Akkuş B. Legal Transplants: Applying Arms Control Frameworks to Autonomous Weapons. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2023;24:128–148.
MLA Akkuş, Berkant. “Legal Transplants: Applying Arms Control Frameworks to Autonomous Weapons”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, c. 24, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 128-4, doi:10.17494/ogusbd.1238625.
Vancouver Akkuş B. Legal Transplants: Applying Arms Control Frameworks to Autonomous Weapons. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2023;24(1):128-4.