Araştırma Makalesi
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Adaptation of the Tolerance of Risk in Play Scale into Turkish: The Study of Validity and Reliability

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 55 Sayı: 55, 198 - 218, 29.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.992823

Öz

Risky play is defined as a type of play which includes uncertainty, challenge, excitement, fear and the possibility of physical injury and this type of game allows children to realize their own strengths and weaknesses by testing and pushing their limits. The main purpose of this research was to adapt the Tolerance of Risk in Play Scale (TRiPS), which was originally developed by Hill and Bundy in 2012, into Turkish language and culture, and to test the validity and reliability of the adapted scale using Rasch analysis. Findings related to internal validity, external validity and internal reliability of the original form of the scale were consistent with the adapted scale. Additionally, the item hierarchy that emerged in the original scale development study was similarly observed in the current study. The sample of the study consists of 340 parents, collected via purposive sampling method, whose children enrolled in five different public kindergartens located in Mersin province in Turkey. In conclusion, the findings obtained from the validity and reliability analyzes of the adaptation study of the Tolerance of Risk in Play Scale (TRiPS) into Turkish language and culture show that this scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool to investigate the effect of parents’ risk tolerance on children's risky play.

Kaynakça

  • Andrich, D. (1988). Rasch Models for measurement. Sage Publications.
  • Ball, D. (2002). Playgrounds – Risks, Benefits and Choices. Middlesex University. https://www.hse.gov.uk/research/crr_pdf/2002/crr02426.pdf
  • Bassett, D. R., John, D., Conger, S. A., Fitzhugh, E. C., & Coe, D. P. (2015). Trends in physical activity and sedentary behaviours of United States youth. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 12(8), 1102–1111.
  • Bond, T. G. & Fox, C. M. (2007). Applying the Rasch Model: Fundamental measurement in the human sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Brussoni, M., Olsen, L. L., Pike, I., & Sleet, D. A. (2012). Risky play and children’s safety: Balancing priorities for optimal child development. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(9), 3134–3148.
  • Brussoni, M., Gibbons, R., Gray, C., Ishikawa, T., Sandseter, E. B. H., Bienenstock, A., Chabot, G., Fuselli, P., Herrington, S., & Janssen, I. (2015). What is the relationship between risky outdoor play and health in children? A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research, 12(6), 6423–6454.
  • Bundy, A., Tranter, P., Naughton, G., Wyver, S., & Luckett, T. (2008). Playfulness: Interactions between play contexts and child development. Oxford University Press.
  • Bundy, A. C., Luckett, T., Tranter, P. J., Naughton, G. A., Wyver, S. R., Ragen, J., & Spies, G. (2009). The risk is that there is “no risk”: A simple innovative intervention to increase children’s activity levels. International Journal of Early Years Education, 17(1), 33–45.
  • Cevher-Kalburan, N., & Ivrendi, A. (2016). Risky play and parenting styles. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(2), 355-366.
  • Christensen, P., & Mikkelsen, M. R. (2008) Jumping off and being careful: children’s strategies of risk management in everyday life. Sociology of Health and Illness, 30(1), 112–130.
  • Cicolini, T. & Rees, C. S. (2003) Measuring risk-taking in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an extension of the everyday risk inventory with an Australian sample. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 31(3), 247–259.
  • Clements, R. (2004). An Investigation of the Status of Outdoor Play. Contemporary Issues Early Childhood, 5(1), 68–80.
  • Deretarla-Gul, E. (2012). An examination of parents’ perceptions on playgrounds and their equipment. Journal of Cukurova University Institute of Social Sciences, 21(3), 261–274.
  • Elhan A. H. & Atakurt (2005). Ölçeklerin değerlendirilmesinde niçin Rasch analizi kullanılmalıdır? Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 58(1), 47-50.
  • Galaviz K.I., Zytnick D., Kegler M.C., & Cunningham S.A. (2016). Parental perception of neighborhood safety and children's physical activity. Journal Physical Activity Health, 13(10), 1110-1116.
  • Gill, T. (2007). No fear: Growing up in a risk averse society. London: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation.
  • Green, J., & Hart, L. (1998). Children's views of accident risks and prevention: A qualitative study. Injury Prevention, 4(1), 14-21.
  • Greenfield, C. (2004). Can run, play on bikes, jump the zoom slide, and play on the swings’: exploring the value of outdoor play. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 29(2), 1–5.
  • Hart, R. (2002). Containing children: Some lessons on planning for play from New York City. Environment and Urbanization, 14(2), 135–148.
  • Hill, A., & Bundy, A. C. (2012). Reliability and validity of a new instrument to measure tolerance of everyday risk for children. Child: Care, Health and Development, 40(1), 68- 76.
  • Kemple, K. M., Oh, J., Kenney, E., & Smith-Bonahue, T. (2016). The power of outdoor play and play in natural environments. Childhood Education, 92(6), 446–454.
  • Kyttä, M. (2004). The extent of children’s independent mobility and the number of actualized affordances as criteria for child friendly environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24, 179–198.
  • Linacre, J. M. (1994). Sample size and item calibration stability. Rasch Measurement Transactions, 7(4), 328.
  • Linacre, J. M. (2002). What do infit and outfit, mean square and standardized mean? Rasch Measurement Transactions, 16(2), 878.
  • Little, H. (2006). Children’s risk-taking behavior: Implications for early childhood policy and practice. International Journal of Early years Education, 14, 141-154.
  • Little, H. (2010b). Relationship between parents’ beliefs and their responses to children’s risk-taking behavior during outdoor play. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 8(3), 315–330.
  • Little, H. (2015a). Mothers’ beliefs about risk and risk-taking in children’s outdoor play. Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 15(1), 24–39.
  • Little, H. (2015b). Promoting risk-taking and physically challenging play in Australian early childhood settings in a changing regulatory environment. Journal of Early Childhood Research (online first). https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X15579743
  • Little, H., & Wyver, S. (2008). Outdoor play. does avoiding the risks reduce the benefits? Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 33(2), 33-40.
  • Meyer, J. P. (2014). Applied measurement with JMETRİK. Routledge.
  • Morrongiello, B. & Corbett, M. (2006) The parent supervision attributes profile questionnaire: a measure of supervision relevant to children’s risk of unintentional injury. Injury Prevention, 12(1), 19–23.
  • New, R.S., Mardell, B. & Robinson, D. (2005). Early childhood education as risky business: Going beyond what’s ‘safe’ to discovering what’s possible. Early Childhood Research and Practice, 7(2). 1-15. http://ecrp.uiuc.edu/v7n2/new.html
  • Rivkin, M. (1998). Happy play in grassy places: The importance of the outdoor environment in Dewey’s educational ideal. Early Childhood Education Journal, 25(3), 199-202.
  • Sandseter, E. B. H. (2007). Categorising risky play-how can we identify risk-taking in children’s play? European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 15(2), 237–252.
  • Sandseter, E. B. H. (2009). Characteristics of risky play. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 9(1), 3–21.
  • Sandseter, E. B. H., & Kennair, L. E. O. (2011). Children’s risky play from an evolutionary perspective: The anti-phobic effects of thrilling experiences. Evolutionary Psychology, 9(2), 257–284.
  • Sandseter, E. B. H., & Kleppe, R. (2019). Outdoor Risky Play. In R. E. Tremblay, M. Boivin, R. Peters, & M. Brussoni (Eds.), Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development [online] Retrieved 15 Mar 2020 from https://www.child-encyclopedia.com/outdoorplay/according-experts/outdoor-risky-play: Published May 2019.
  • Sandseter, E. B. H., Cordovil, R., Hagen, T. L., & Lopes, F. (2019). Barriers for outdoor play in early childhood education and care (ECEC) institutions: Perception of risk in children’s play among European parents and ECEC practitioners. Child Care in Practice, 26(2), 111–129.
  • Schoeppe, S., Tranter, P., Duncan, M.J., Curtis, C., Carver, A., & Malone, K. (2016). Australian children’s independent mobility levels: Secondary analyses of cross-sectional data between 1991 and 2012. Children’s Geography, 14(4), 408–421.
  • Sicim-Sevim, B. & Bapoğlu-Dümenci, S. (2020). Çocukların riskli oyunla ilgili algıları ile ebeveyn tutumları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Uluslararası Erken Çocukluk Eğitimi Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 1-15.
  • Smith, E. V., Conrad, K. M., Chang, K. & Piazza, J. (2002). An introduction to Rasch measurement for scale development and person assessment. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 10(3), 189–206.
  • Stephenson, A. (2003). Physical risk-taking: dangerous or endangered? Early Years, 23(1), 35–43.
  • Tandy, C. A. (1999). Children’s diminishing play spaces: A study of inter-generational change in children’s use of their neighborhoods. Australian Geographical Studies, 37, 154–164.
  • Tesio, L. (2003). Measuring behaviors and perceptions: Rasch analysis as a tool for rehabilitation research. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 35(3), 105–115.
  • Ungar, M. (2009). Overprotective parenting: Helping parents provide children the right amount of risk and responsibility. American Journal of Family Therapy, 37(3), 258–271. Valentine, G. (1997), “Oh yes I can” “Oh no you can’t”: Children and parents’ understandings of kids’ competence to negotiate public space safely. Antipode, 29, 65–89.
  • Valentine G., & McKendrck J. (1997). Children's outdoor play: Exploring parental concerns about children's safety and the changing nature of childhood. Geoforum, 28(2), 219-235.
  • Watchman, T., & Spencer-Cavaliere, N. (2017). Times have changed: Parent perspectives on children’s free play and sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 32, 102–112.
  • Watson, B., Shaw, B., & Hillman, M. (2013). A comparison study of children’s independent mobility in England and Australia. Children’s Geographies, 11(4), 461–475.
  • Whitebread, D. (2012). The importance of play. Toy industries of Europe.
  • World Health Organisation. WHO (2010). Global recommendations on physical activity for health. World Health Organisation. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241599979
  • Wright, K. B. (2005). Researching internet-based populations: Advantages and disadvantages of online survey research, online questionnaire authoring software packages, and web survey services. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2005.tb00259.x
  • Wyver, S., Tranter, P., Naughton, G., Little, H., Sandseter, E., & Bundy, A. (2010). Ten ways to restrict children’s freedom to play: The problem of surplus safety. Contemporary Issues Early Childhood, 11(3), 263–277.
  • Yılmaz, S. (2017). Investigation of 5-year-old preschool children’s biophilia and children’s and their mothers’ outdoor setting preferences. [Doctoral Dissertation, METU].Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. METU: Ankara, Turkey. OpenMETU.
  • Yılmaz, S. (2020). Preschool children’s preferences to take risks in outdoor play: Turkish Sample, International Journal of Education Technology and Scientific Researches, 5(11), 580-595.

Oyunda Risk Alma Toleransı Ölçeği’nin (ORAT) Türkçe’ye Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 55 Sayı: 55, 198 - 218, 29.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.992823

Öz

Riskli oyun; belirsizlik, mücadele, heyecan, korku ve fiziksel yaralanma olasılığı barındıran ve çocukların kendi güçlü ve zayıf yönlerinin farkına varıp, bu yönlerini test etmelerine ve sınırlarını zorlamalarına fırsat veren bir oyun türü olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, 2012 yılında Hill ve Bundy tarafından geliştirilen Oyunda Risk Alma Toleransı Ölçeği’ni (TRiPS) Türkçe’ye uyarlamak ve uyarlanan ölçeğin geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışmalarını Rasch analizi ile gerçekleştirmektir. Ölçeğin uyarlanan formuna ilişkin iç geçerlilik, dış geçerlilik ve iç güvenilirlik bulguarı, orijinal ölçek ile tutarlılık göstermiştir. Ayrıca, orijinal ölçek geliştirme çalışmasında ortaya çıkan madde hiyerarşisi, mevcut çalışmada da benzer şekilde bulunmuştur. Araştırmanın örneklemi, Türkiye'de Mersin ilinde yer alan beş farklı devlet anaokuluna kayıtlı çocuğu bulunan 340 ebeveynin, amaçlı örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilmesi ile oluşturulmuştur. Sonuç olarak, Oyunda Risk Alma Toleransı ölçeği (ORAT)’ın Türkçe’ye uyarlama çalışmasına yönelik yapılan geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizlerininden elde edilen bulgular, bu ölçeğin yetişkinlerin risk toleransının çocukların riskli oyunları üzerindeki etkisini araştırmak için geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Andrich, D. (1988). Rasch Models for measurement. Sage Publications.
  • Ball, D. (2002). Playgrounds – Risks, Benefits and Choices. Middlesex University. https://www.hse.gov.uk/research/crr_pdf/2002/crr02426.pdf
  • Bassett, D. R., John, D., Conger, S. A., Fitzhugh, E. C., & Coe, D. P. (2015). Trends in physical activity and sedentary behaviours of United States youth. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 12(8), 1102–1111.
  • Bond, T. G. & Fox, C. M. (2007). Applying the Rasch Model: Fundamental measurement in the human sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Brussoni, M., Olsen, L. L., Pike, I., & Sleet, D. A. (2012). Risky play and children’s safety: Balancing priorities for optimal child development. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(9), 3134–3148.
  • Brussoni, M., Gibbons, R., Gray, C., Ishikawa, T., Sandseter, E. B. H., Bienenstock, A., Chabot, G., Fuselli, P., Herrington, S., & Janssen, I. (2015). What is the relationship between risky outdoor play and health in children? A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research, 12(6), 6423–6454.
  • Bundy, A., Tranter, P., Naughton, G., Wyver, S., & Luckett, T. (2008). Playfulness: Interactions between play contexts and child development. Oxford University Press.
  • Bundy, A. C., Luckett, T., Tranter, P. J., Naughton, G. A., Wyver, S. R., Ragen, J., & Spies, G. (2009). The risk is that there is “no risk”: A simple innovative intervention to increase children’s activity levels. International Journal of Early Years Education, 17(1), 33–45.
  • Cevher-Kalburan, N., & Ivrendi, A. (2016). Risky play and parenting styles. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(2), 355-366.
  • Christensen, P., & Mikkelsen, M. R. (2008) Jumping off and being careful: children’s strategies of risk management in everyday life. Sociology of Health and Illness, 30(1), 112–130.
  • Cicolini, T. & Rees, C. S. (2003) Measuring risk-taking in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an extension of the everyday risk inventory with an Australian sample. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 31(3), 247–259.
  • Clements, R. (2004). An Investigation of the Status of Outdoor Play. Contemporary Issues Early Childhood, 5(1), 68–80.
  • Deretarla-Gul, E. (2012). An examination of parents’ perceptions on playgrounds and their equipment. Journal of Cukurova University Institute of Social Sciences, 21(3), 261–274.
  • Elhan A. H. & Atakurt (2005). Ölçeklerin değerlendirilmesinde niçin Rasch analizi kullanılmalıdır? Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 58(1), 47-50.
  • Galaviz K.I., Zytnick D., Kegler M.C., & Cunningham S.A. (2016). Parental perception of neighborhood safety and children's physical activity. Journal Physical Activity Health, 13(10), 1110-1116.
  • Gill, T. (2007). No fear: Growing up in a risk averse society. London: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation.
  • Green, J., & Hart, L. (1998). Children's views of accident risks and prevention: A qualitative study. Injury Prevention, 4(1), 14-21.
  • Greenfield, C. (2004). Can run, play on bikes, jump the zoom slide, and play on the swings’: exploring the value of outdoor play. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 29(2), 1–5.
  • Hart, R. (2002). Containing children: Some lessons on planning for play from New York City. Environment and Urbanization, 14(2), 135–148.
  • Hill, A., & Bundy, A. C. (2012). Reliability and validity of a new instrument to measure tolerance of everyday risk for children. Child: Care, Health and Development, 40(1), 68- 76.
  • Kemple, K. M., Oh, J., Kenney, E., & Smith-Bonahue, T. (2016). The power of outdoor play and play in natural environments. Childhood Education, 92(6), 446–454.
  • Kyttä, M. (2004). The extent of children’s independent mobility and the number of actualized affordances as criteria for child friendly environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24, 179–198.
  • Linacre, J. M. (1994). Sample size and item calibration stability. Rasch Measurement Transactions, 7(4), 328.
  • Linacre, J. M. (2002). What do infit and outfit, mean square and standardized mean? Rasch Measurement Transactions, 16(2), 878.
  • Little, H. (2006). Children’s risk-taking behavior: Implications for early childhood policy and practice. International Journal of Early years Education, 14, 141-154.
  • Little, H. (2010b). Relationship between parents’ beliefs and their responses to children’s risk-taking behavior during outdoor play. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 8(3), 315–330.
  • Little, H. (2015a). Mothers’ beliefs about risk and risk-taking in children’s outdoor play. Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 15(1), 24–39.
  • Little, H. (2015b). Promoting risk-taking and physically challenging play in Australian early childhood settings in a changing regulatory environment. Journal of Early Childhood Research (online first). https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X15579743
  • Little, H., & Wyver, S. (2008). Outdoor play. does avoiding the risks reduce the benefits? Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 33(2), 33-40.
  • Meyer, J. P. (2014). Applied measurement with JMETRİK. Routledge.
  • Morrongiello, B. & Corbett, M. (2006) The parent supervision attributes profile questionnaire: a measure of supervision relevant to children’s risk of unintentional injury. Injury Prevention, 12(1), 19–23.
  • New, R.S., Mardell, B. & Robinson, D. (2005). Early childhood education as risky business: Going beyond what’s ‘safe’ to discovering what’s possible. Early Childhood Research and Practice, 7(2). 1-15. http://ecrp.uiuc.edu/v7n2/new.html
  • Rivkin, M. (1998). Happy play in grassy places: The importance of the outdoor environment in Dewey’s educational ideal. Early Childhood Education Journal, 25(3), 199-202.
  • Sandseter, E. B. H. (2007). Categorising risky play-how can we identify risk-taking in children’s play? European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 15(2), 237–252.
  • Sandseter, E. B. H. (2009). Characteristics of risky play. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 9(1), 3–21.
  • Sandseter, E. B. H., & Kennair, L. E. O. (2011). Children’s risky play from an evolutionary perspective: The anti-phobic effects of thrilling experiences. Evolutionary Psychology, 9(2), 257–284.
  • Sandseter, E. B. H., & Kleppe, R. (2019). Outdoor Risky Play. In R. E. Tremblay, M. Boivin, R. Peters, & M. Brussoni (Eds.), Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development [online] Retrieved 15 Mar 2020 from https://www.child-encyclopedia.com/outdoorplay/according-experts/outdoor-risky-play: Published May 2019.
  • Sandseter, E. B. H., Cordovil, R., Hagen, T. L., & Lopes, F. (2019). Barriers for outdoor play in early childhood education and care (ECEC) institutions: Perception of risk in children’s play among European parents and ECEC practitioners. Child Care in Practice, 26(2), 111–129.
  • Schoeppe, S., Tranter, P., Duncan, M.J., Curtis, C., Carver, A., & Malone, K. (2016). Australian children’s independent mobility levels: Secondary analyses of cross-sectional data between 1991 and 2012. Children’s Geography, 14(4), 408–421.
  • Sicim-Sevim, B. & Bapoğlu-Dümenci, S. (2020). Çocukların riskli oyunla ilgili algıları ile ebeveyn tutumları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Uluslararası Erken Çocukluk Eğitimi Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 1-15.
  • Smith, E. V., Conrad, K. M., Chang, K. & Piazza, J. (2002). An introduction to Rasch measurement for scale development and person assessment. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 10(3), 189–206.
  • Stephenson, A. (2003). Physical risk-taking: dangerous or endangered? Early Years, 23(1), 35–43.
  • Tandy, C. A. (1999). Children’s diminishing play spaces: A study of inter-generational change in children’s use of their neighborhoods. Australian Geographical Studies, 37, 154–164.
  • Tesio, L. (2003). Measuring behaviors and perceptions: Rasch analysis as a tool for rehabilitation research. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 35(3), 105–115.
  • Ungar, M. (2009). Overprotective parenting: Helping parents provide children the right amount of risk and responsibility. American Journal of Family Therapy, 37(3), 258–271. Valentine, G. (1997), “Oh yes I can” “Oh no you can’t”: Children and parents’ understandings of kids’ competence to negotiate public space safely. Antipode, 29, 65–89.
  • Valentine G., & McKendrck J. (1997). Children's outdoor play: Exploring parental concerns about children's safety and the changing nature of childhood. Geoforum, 28(2), 219-235.
  • Watchman, T., & Spencer-Cavaliere, N. (2017). Times have changed: Parent perspectives on children’s free play and sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 32, 102–112.
  • Watson, B., Shaw, B., & Hillman, M. (2013). A comparison study of children’s independent mobility in England and Australia. Children’s Geographies, 11(4), 461–475.
  • Whitebread, D. (2012). The importance of play. Toy industries of Europe.
  • World Health Organisation. WHO (2010). Global recommendations on physical activity for health. World Health Organisation. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241599979
  • Wright, K. B. (2005). Researching internet-based populations: Advantages and disadvantages of online survey research, online questionnaire authoring software packages, and web survey services. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2005.tb00259.x
  • Wyver, S., Tranter, P., Naughton, G., Little, H., Sandseter, E., & Bundy, A. (2010). Ten ways to restrict children’s freedom to play: The problem of surplus safety. Contemporary Issues Early Childhood, 11(3), 263–277.
  • Yılmaz, S. (2017). Investigation of 5-year-old preschool children’s biophilia and children’s and their mothers’ outdoor setting preferences. [Doctoral Dissertation, METU].Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. METU: Ankara, Turkey. OpenMETU.
  • Yılmaz, S. (2020). Preschool children’s preferences to take risks in outdoor play: Turkish Sample, International Journal of Education Technology and Scientific Researches, 5(11), 580-595.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Eğitim Üzerine Çalışmalar
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Simge Yılmaz 0000-0002-5092-8670

Oğuzcan Çığ 0000-0003-0448-0016

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Ocak 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Ocak 2022
Kabul Tarihi 22 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 55 Sayı: 55

Kaynak Göster

APA Yılmaz, S., & Çığ, O. (2022). Oyunda Risk Alma Toleransı Ölçeği’nin (ORAT) Türkçe’ye Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 55(55), 198-218. https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.992823