Araştırma Makalesi
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European Union (EU)’s Refugee and Asylum Policy in Syrian War

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 105, 107 - 134, 23.03.2022

Gülşen Şeker Aydın

https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.1009264

Öz

This study focuses on the refugee and asylum policy of the EU in response to the refugee flow that the Syrian War caused. Unlike most studies, the issue is viewed from the historical perspective of European integration. The study aims to show that the EU compromised its respect for human rights in its response to the refugee flow. To this end, first, a discussion on the key concepts is provided. Second, the evolution of the EU’s policy is explored. Third, the refugee flow, Brussels’ initial reaction, and the failed responsibility-sharing are discussed. Fourth, the externalization of the problem through cooperation with Turkey is examined. Fourth, the New Pact on Migration and Asylum is analyzed. The study concludes that before the refugee flow, the EU had already leaned towards securitization, externalization, and unfair responsibility-sharing, and its recourse to securitization and externalization during the crisis in the context of failure of responsibility sharing resulted in human rights violations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

the European Union Syrian War refugee asylum seeker

Kaynakça

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Suriye Savaşı’nda Avrupa Birliği (AB)’nin Mülteci ve Sığınmacı Siyaseti

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 105, 107 - 134, 23.03.2022

Gülşen Şeker Aydın

https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.1009264

Öz

Çalışma, Suriye Savaşı’nın neden olduğu mülteci akınına karşı AB’nin izlediği mülteci ve sığınmacı siyasetini konu almaktadır. Literatürdeki yaygın yaklaşımdan farklı olarak, akına karşı AB’nin izlediği politikalar Avrupa bütünleşmesinin tarihsel perspektifi içine yerleştirilerek ele alınmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı, bu siyasette AB’nin insan haklarına saygıdan ödün verdiğini göstermektir. Bu amaçla, ilkin, çalışmada kullanılan temel kavramlar üzerinde durulmakta, ikinci olarak Avrupa bütünleşme sürecinde mülteci ve sığınmacı siyasetinin tarihsel evrimine değinilmektedir. Üçüncü olarak, mülteci akını, AB’nin bu akın karşısında yaptıkları ve sorumluluk paylaşımının başarısızlığı incelenmektedir. Dördüncü olarak, AB’nin sorunu dışsallaştırması ve Türkiye ile yaptığı işbirliği ele alınmaktadır. Beşinci olarak, Göç ve İltica Üzerine Yeni Pakt tartışılmaktadır. Mülteci akınından önce AB mülteci ve sığınmacı siyasetinde güvenlikleştirme ve dışsallaştırmanın ağırlığının arttığı ve adaletsiz sorumluluk paylaşımına neden olacak düzenlemelerin yapıldığı, akın sırasında da adil sorumluluk paylaşımı sağlanamadığı, AB’nin güvenlikleştirme ve dışsallaştırmaya başvurması sonucunda insan hakları ihlallerinin yaşandığı sonucuna varılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Avrupa Birliği Suriye Savaşı mülteci sığınmacı

Kaynakça

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  • Archick, K. (2016). The European Union: Current challenges and future prospects. Washington: Congress Research Service (CRS) Report R44249.
  • Arnautovic ve Bajric (2020, 26 Ekim). Reports of 'Brutal' Beatings By Croatian Police At Bosnian Border Spark Concerns For Migrants Seeking EU Refuge. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Erişim adresi: https://www.rferl.org/a/bosnia-migrants-brutal-beatings-croatia-eu/30913284.html
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  • BMMYK (2021a). Syria Regional Refugee Response. Erişim adresi: https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria#_ga=2.238257664.1221921441.1629883639-1570990414.1629883639
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  • BMMYK Türkiye Temsilciliği (2021). Sığınmacılar. Erişim adresi: https://www.unhcr.org/tr/siginmacilar
  • Boswell, C. & Geddes, A. (2011). Migration and mobility in the European Union. Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Carrera, S. (2021). “Whose Pact? The Cognitive Dimensions of the EU Pact on Migration and Asylum.” S. Carrera and A. Geddes (Eds.), The EU Pact on Migration and Asylum in light of the United Nations Global Compact on Refugees içinde (s. 1-25). Fiesole: European University Institute.
  • Carrera, S., den Hertog, L., & Stefan, M. (2019). “The EU-Turkey deal: reversing Lisbonisation in EU migration and asylum policies.” Carrera, S., Vara, J. S., & Strik, T. (Eds.). Constitutionalising the external dimensions of EU migration policies in times of crisis içinde (s. 155-174). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Ceccorulli, M. & Lucarelli, S. (2017). Migration and the EU Global Strategy: narratives and dilemmas. The International Spectator, 52(3), 83-102.
  • Ceyhan, A. & Tsoukala, A. (2002). The securitization of migration in Western societies: Ambivalent discourses and policies. Alternatives, 27(1_suppl), 21-39.
  • Constant, A. F. & Zimmermann, K. F. (2016). Towards a new European refugee policy that works. CESifo DICE report, 14(4), 3-8.
  • Dalkıran, M. (2020). Türkiye, Yunanistan ve AB Kıskacında Mülteciler. Perspektif. Erişim adresi: https://www.perspektif.online/turkiye-yunanistan-ve-ab-kiskacinda-multeciler/
  • Deutsche Welle. (2020, 7 Mart). EU-Turkey migration deal is 'dead,' warns Greek PM. Erişim adresi: https://www.dw.com/en/eu-turkey-migration-deal-is-dead-warns-greek-pm/a-52672983
  • Deutsche Welle Türkçe. (2021, 24 Haziran). AB Komisyonu Türkiye'ye "sınır dışı sayısından" memnun değil. Erişim adresi: https://www.dw.com/tr/ab-komisyonu-t%C3%BCrkiyeye-s%C4%B1n%C4%B1r-d%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1-say%C4%B1s%C4%B1ndan-memnun-de%C4%9Fil/a-58025455
  • Euronews (2020, 28 Ekim). AB, Ege'deki geri itmelerle ilgili Frontex'i "acil" toplantıya çağırdı. Erişim adresi: https://tr.euronews.com/2020/10/28/ab-ege-deki-geri-itmelerle-ilgili-frontex-i-acil-toplant-ya-cag-rd
  • European Council on Refugees and Exiles (2021). ECRE comments on the Commission Proposal on Asylum and Migration Management. Erişim adresi: https://www.ecre.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/ECRE-Comments-RAMM.pdf
  • Fisseha, M. (2017). Syrian refugee crisis, from turkey to European Union-methods and challenges. Jurnalul Practicilor Comunitare Pozitive, 17(3), 34-57.
  • Frelick, B. (2020, 5 Mart). Gunshots, Summary Trials, Deportations: The Reality for Refugees in the EU-Turkey Stand-off. Euronews. Erişim adresi: https://www.euronews.com/2020/03/05/gunshots-summary-trials-deportations-reality-for-refugees-in-the-eu-turkey-stand-off-view
  • Frontex (2020, 3 Mart). Statement by the Frontex Management Board. Erişim adresi: https://frontex.europa.eu/media-centre/news-release/statement-by-the-frontex-management-board-z80tXy
  • Goddart, E. (2021, 21 Ağustos). Greece erects fence at Turkey border amid expected surge in Afghan refugees. Independent. Erişim adresi: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/afghanistan-migrants-greece-turkey-taliban-b1906427.html
  • Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü (2019). Düzensiz Göç Hakkında. Erişim adresi: https://www.goc.gov.tr/duzensiz-goc-hakkinda#:~:text=D%C3%BCzensiz%20g%C3%B6%C3%A7%3B%20bir%20%C3%BClkeye%20yasad%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1,ayr%C4%B1%20de%C4%9Ferlendirilmesi%20gereken%20bir%20konudur.,
  • Guarascio, F. & Emmott, R. (2021, 22 Temmuz). As war rages, EU weighs more funds to limit Afghans fleeing to bloc. Reuters. Erişim adresi: https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/war-rages-eu-weighs-more-funds-limit-afghans-fleeing-bloc-2021-07-22/
  • Haddad, E. (2008). The external dimension of EU refugee policy: a new approach to asylum? Government and Opposition, 43(2), 190-205.
  • Hadj-Abdou, L. (2021). From the Migration Crisis to the New Pact on Migration and Asylum: The Status Quo Problem. BRIDGE Network Working Paper, 11, 1-15.
  • Hampshire, J. (2016). European migration governance since the Lisbon treaty: introduction to the special issue. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 42(4), 537-553. Hathaway, J. C. (1993). Harmonizing for Whom: The Devaluation of Refugee Protection in the Era of European Economic Integration. Cornell International Law Journal, 26 (3), 719-735.
  • Hatipoğlu, M. (2020, 15 Ekim). Yunanistan Sığınmacılara Karşı Meriç Sınırına Sağırlık Yapabilecek Ses Üreten Cihazlar Koydu. Anadolu Ajansı. Erişim adresi: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/yunanistan-siginmacilara-karsi-meric-sinirina-sagirlik-yapabilecek-ses-ureten-cihazlar-koydu-/2007939
  • Hein, C. (2021a). Old wine in new bottles? Monitoring the debate on the New EU Pact on Migration and Asylum. Heinrich Böll Stiftung Derneği. Erişim adresi: https://eu.boell.org/en/2021/06/16/old-wine-new-bottles-monitoring-debate-new-eu-pact-migration-and-asylum
  • Hein, C. (2021b). And yet it moves: monitoring the debate on the New EU Pact on Migration and Asylum. Heinrich Böll Stiftung Derneği. Erişim adresi: https://eu.boell.org/en/2021/07/28/and-yet-it-moves-monitoring-debate-new-eu-pact-migration-and-asylum?dimension1=international#_ftn1
  • Henrekson, M., Öner, O. & Sanadaji, S. (2019). The Refugee Crisis and the Reinvigoration of the Nation State: Does the European Union Have a Common Refugee Policy? IFN Working Paper Series, 1265, 1-27.
  • Huysmans, J. (2000). The European Union and the securitization of migration. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 38(5), 751-777.
  • Hürriyet. (2020, 17 Ekim). Yunanistan insanlığa duvar örüyor: sınıra 27 km'lik çit yapımına başlandı. Erişim adresi: https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/yunanistan-insanliga-duvar-oruyor-sinira-27-kmlik-cit-yapimina-baslandi-41638674
  • Ilsley, N. (2015). Germany Backtracks on Decision to Suspend Dublin Regulation. Newsweek. Erişim adresi: https://www.newsweek.com/germany-backtracks-decision-suspend-dublin-regulation-336377
  • İnsan Hakları İzleme Örgütü (Human Rights Watch) (2020). Yunanistan: Sınırdaki Mültecilere Yönelik Şiddet. Erişim adresi: https://www.hrw.org/tr/news/2020/03/17/339568
  • Joly, D. (1996), Haven or Hell?: Asylum Policies and Refugees in Europe. Londra: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Juss, S. S. (2005). The decline and decay of European refugee policy. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 25(4), 749-792.
  • Kale, B. (2017). The Limits of an International Burden-sharing Approach: The Syrian Refugee Protection Crisis and Its Consequences on Turkey’s Refugee Policy. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs, 22(3), 55-84.
  • Kennedy, R. (2020, 28 Şubat). Could the deaths of 33 Turkish soldiers in Syria spark another refugee crisis in Europe? Euronews. Erişim adresi: https://www.euronews.com/2020/02/28/could-the-deaths-of-33-turkish-soldiers-in-syria-spark-another-refugee-crisis-in-europe
  • Khan, M. & Fleming, S. (2020, 2 Mart). EU migration pact with Turkey on brink of collapse. Financial Times. Erişim adresi: https://www.ft.com/content/81e161e0-5ca3-11ea-b0ab-339c2307bcd4
  • Kirişçi, K., M. M. Erdoğan & N. Eminoğlu (2020). The EU’s “New Pact on Migration and Asylum” is missing a true foundation. Erişim adresi: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/11/06/the-eus-new-pact-on-migration-and-asylum-is-missing-a-true-foundation/
  • Külahçı A. (2021). Merkel giderayak yineledi: Türkiye’yi AB’ye tam üye olarak görmüyorum. Hürriyet. Erişim adresi: https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/merkel-giderayak-yineledi-turkiyeyi-abye-tam-uye-olarak-gormuyorum-41858384
  • Larivé, M. H. A. (2015). A Crisis for the Ages the European Union and the Migration Crisis. The Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series, No 15, Miami: European Union Center of Excellence.
  • Lavenex, S. (2001). The Europeanization of refugee policies: Normative challenges and institutional legacies. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 39(5), 851-874.
  • Maldini, P., & Takahashi, M. (2017). Refugee Crisis and the European Union: Do the Failed Migration and Asylum Policies Indicate a Political and Structural Crisis of European Integration?. Communication Management Review, 2(02), 54-72.
  • Martin, D. & Guild, E. (1996). Free Movement of Persons in the European Union. Londra: Butterworths.
  • Muiznieks, N. (2016, 14 Mart). Stop Your Backsliding, Europe. The New York Times. Erişim adresi: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/15/opinion/stop-your-backsliding-europe.html.
  • Niemann, A. & Zaun, N. (2018). EU Refugee Policies and Politics in Times of Crisis: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 56 (1), 3-22.
  • Novotný, V. (2019). Reducing Irregular Migration Flows through EU External Action. European View, 18(1), 116-117.
  • Nugent, N. (2006). The government and politics of the European Union (İkinci baskı). Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Öztürk, N. Ö. (2016). 1951 tarihli Mültecilerin Hukuki Statüsüne İlişkin Sözleşme çerçevesinde mülteci statüsünün sona ermesine yönelik ölçütlerin incelenmesi ve Türk Hukuku üzerindeki yansımalarının değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 65(2), 393-448.
  • Perruchoud R. & Redpath-Cross, J. (2009). Göç Terimleri Sözlüğü (2. Baskı). Cenevre: Uluslararası Göç Örgütü.
  • Plender, R. (1990). Competence, European Community Law and Nationals of Non-Member States. International & Comparative Law Quarterly, 39(3), 599-610. Refugee Rights Europe (2020). Position paper: Pushback and violations at Europe’s borders: the state of play in 2020. Erişim adresi: https://refugee-rights.eu/wp content/uploads/2020/07/RRE_PP_Pushbacks_English.pdf
  • Romeo, G. (2021). The New Pact on Migration and Asylum: the global impact. Brüksel: EuroMed Rights.
  • Saatçioğlu, B. (2020). The EU’s response to the Syrian refugee crisis: a battleground among many Europes. European Politics and Society, 1-16.
  • Šalamon, N. K. & Šeruga, K. (2018). “Refugees and the “Disorganised State of Exception”: EU and States’ Responses to Mass Arrivals through the Western Balkans Migration Route.” I. Ž. Žagar, N. K. Šalamon, & M. L. Hacin (Eds.). The Disaster of European Refugee Policy: Perspectives from the “Balkan Route” içinde (s. 29-54). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Sınır Tanımayan Doktorlar (2020). EU must stop trapping people in miserable conditions on the Greek islands. Erişim adresi: https://www.msf.org/eu-must-stop-trapping-people-greek-islands
  • Sınır Tanımayan Doktorlar (2021). How we’re helping in Greece. Erişim adresi: https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/what-we-do/countries/greece Spijkerboer, T. (2021).‘I Wish There Was a Treaty We Could Sign’. S. Carrera & A. Geddes (Eds.), The EU Pact on Migration and Asylum in light of the United Nations Global Compact on Refugees içinde (s. 61-71). Fiesole: European University Institute.
  • Şimşek, D. (2017). Turkey as a “Safe Third Country”? The Impacts of the EU-Turkey Statement on Syrian Refugees in Turkey. Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, 22(3), 161-182.
  • Thielemann, E. (2018). Why refugee burden‐sharing initiatives fail: Public goods, free‐riding and symbolic solidarity in the EU. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 56(1), 63-82.
  • Topak, Ö. E., & Vives, L. (2020). A comparative analysis of migration control strategies along the Western and Eastern Mediterranean routes: Sovereign interventions through militarization and deportation. Migration Studies, 8(1), 66-89.
  • Tsourdi, L., & Costello, C. (2021). “The Evolution of EU Law on Refugees and Asylum.” P. Craig & G. de Búrca (Eds.). The Evolution of EU Law içinde (s. 793-824). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı (2016). Türkiye-AB Arasında 18 Mart’ta Varılan Mutabakata İlişkin Soru-Cevaplar. Erişim adresi: https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-ab-arasinda-18-mart_ta-varilan-mutabakata-iliskin-soru-cevaplar.tr.mfa
  • Uluslararası Af Örgütü (2013). Avrupa’nın Sınırında Yunanistan’ın Türkiye Sınırında İnsan Hakları İhlalleri. Londra: Uluslararası Af Örgütü Yayınları.
  • Voet, L. (2021). EU migration and asylum pact abandons compassion and human rights. Social Europe, Erişim adresi: https://socialeurope.eu/eu-migration-and-asylum-pact-abandons-compassion-and-human-rights
  • Vosyliūtė, L. (2021). “When principles are compromised: EU return sponsorship in light of the UN Global Compacts.” S. Carrera & A. Geddes (Eds.). The EU Pact on Migration and Asylum in light of the United Nations Global Compact on Refugees içinde (s. 291-314). Fiesole: European University Institute.
  • Yilmaz-Elmas, F. (2020). EU’s Global Actorness in Question: A Debate over the EU-Turkey Migration Deal. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 17(68), 161-177.
Toplam 84 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Araştırma
Yazarlar

Gülşen Şeker Aydın 0000-0003-1288-4053

Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Mart 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Ekim 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 105

Kaynak Göster

APA Şeker Aydın, G. (2022). Suriye Savaşı’nda Avrupa Birliği (AB)’nin Mülteci ve Sığınmacı Siyaseti. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi(105), 107-134. https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.1009264
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