Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Okulöncesi Otizmli Çocukların Postür ve Yürüyüş Özelliklerinin Akranları ile Karşılaştırılması

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 51 - 60, 07.05.2024

Fisun Yanardağ

https://doi.org/10.30720/ered.1396534

Öz

Amaç: Otizm spektrum bozukluğu (OSB) olan okulöncesi çocukların postür ve yürüyüş bozukluklarını inceleyerek OSB’li olmayan akranlarıyla karşılaştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya 15 OSB’li ve 10 OSB’li olmayan, 4-7 yaş arasında çocuk dahil edilmiştir. OSB’li çocukların otizmden etkilenme düzeyi Gilliam Otizm Derecelendirme Ölçeği (GARS-2) ile belirlenmiştir. Katılımcıların uzamsal-zamansal yürüyüş özellikleri (yürüyüş hızı, kadens, adım ve çift adım uzunluğu, tek ve çift ayak destek yüzeyi, duruş ve sallanma fazı süresi ve ayak basma açıları) 8 metrelik elektronik yürüyüş parkurunda altı tekrar alınarak değerlendirilmiştir (GaitRite 739P). Ayrıca katılımcıların gözler açık, ayaktayken denge ve ağırlık merkezi ölçümleri bilgisayarlı dinamik postürografi (Smart Balance Master, NeuroCom) ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuçlar: Araştırma ve kontrol grubu arasında yaş, vücut ağırlığı ve boy uzunlukları arasında anlamlı farklılık bulunmamıştır (p0,05). Yürüyüşün uzamsal-zamansal parametreleri bakımından araştırma ve kontrol grubu arasında anlamlı farklılık tespit edilmemiştir (p0,05). OSB’li çocuklar mediolateral yönde daha fazla salınım gösterse de bu fark anlamlı düzeyde değilken (p0,05), denge puanları akranlarına göre anlamlı düzeyde düşük bulunmuştur (p=0,026). Otizmden etkilenme derecesi ile denge ve yürüyüş puanları arasında anlamlı bir ilişki saptanmamıştır (p0,05). Tartışma: Otizmden etkilenen çocuklarda ortaya çıkabilecek yürüyüş ve denge gibi temel motor sorunların varlığını okulöncesi dönemde tespit etmek üzere bilgisayar temelli ölçümlerle objektif değerlendirmek erken müdahale için yararlı olup otizm semptomlarının daha yoğun olduğu çocuklarda muhtemel postür ve yürüyüş anormallikleri okul çağında takip edilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Otizm Yürüyüş Postür Motor Beceri Değerlendirme

Kaynakça

  • American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5, (5. Baskı). American Psychiatric Association.
  • Atun-Einy, O., Lotan, M., Harel, Y., Shavit, E., Burstein, S., & Kempner, G. (2013). Physical therapy for young children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders–clinical frameworks model in an Israeli setting. Front Pediatr, 1, 19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2013.00019
  • Bar-Haim, Y., & Bart, O. (2006). Motor function and social participation in kindergarten children. Soc Dev, 15, 2, 296-310. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-9507.2006.00342.x
  • Barkocy, M., Dexter, J., & Petranovich, C. (2017). Kinematic gait changes following serial casting and bracing to treat toe walking in a child with autism. Pediatr Phys Ther, 29(3), 270-274. https://doi.org/10.1097/pep.0000000000000404
  • Bart, O., Hajami, D., & Bar-Haim. Y. (2007). Predicting school adjustment from motor abilities in kindergarten. Infant Child Dev, 16, 597-615.https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.514
  • Bhat, A. N. (2021). Motor impairment increases in children with autism spectrum disorder as a function of social communication, cognitive and functional impairment, repetitive behavior severity, and comorbid diagnoses: a spark study report. Autism Res, 14, 202-219. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2453
  • Bo, J., Lee, C.-M., Colbert, A., & Shen, B. (2016). Do children with autism spectrum disorders have motor learning difficulties? Res Autism Spectr Disord, 23, 50-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2015.12.001
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2019). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı (25. Baskı). Pegem Akademi.
  • Cheldavi, H., Shakerian, S., Boshehri, S. N. S., & Zarghami, M. (2014). The effects of balance training intervention on postural control of children with autism spectrum disorder: role of sensory information. Res Autism Spectr Disord, 8(1), 8-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2013.09.016
  • Coll, S. M., Foster, N. E., Meilleur, A., Brambati, S. M., & Hyde, K. L. (2020). Sensorimotor skills in autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis. Res Autism Spectr Disord, 76, 101570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101570
  • Cone, B. L., Goble, D. J., & Rhea, C. K. (2017). Relationship between changes in vestibular sensory reweighting and postural control complexity. Exp Brain Res, 235, 547-554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-016-4814-2
  • Craig, F., Lorenzo, A., Lucarelli, E., Russo, L., Fanizza, I., & Trabacca, A. (2018). Motor competency and social communication skills in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res, 11(6), 893-902. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1939
  • Doumas, M., McKenna, R., & Murphy, B. (2016). Postural control deficits in autism spectrum disorder: the role of sensory integration. Journal of Autism and Dev Disord, 46, 853-861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2621-4
  • Duronjić, M., & Válková, H. (2010). The influence of early intervention movement programs on motor skills development in preschoolers with autist spectrum disordes (case study). Acta Univ Palacki Olomuc Gymn, 40(2), 37–45.
  • Eggleston, J. D., Harry, J. R., Hickman, R. A., & Dufek, J. S. (2017). Analysis of gait symmetry during over-ground walking in children with autism spectrum disorder. Gait Posture, 55, 162-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.04.026
  • Fournier, K. A., Hass, C. J., Naik, S. K., Lodha, N., & Cauraugh, J. H. (2010a). Motor coordination in autism spectrum disorders: a synthesis and meta-analysis. J Autism Dev Disord, 40, 1227-1240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-0981-3
  • Fournier, K. A., Kimberg, C. I., Radonovich, K. J., Tillman, M. D., Chow, J. W., Lewis, M. et.al. (2010b). Decreased static and dynamic postural control in children with autism spectrum disorders. Gait Posture, 32(1), 6-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.02.007
  • Fournier, K. A., Amano, S., Radonovich, K. J., Bleser, T. M., & Hass, C. J. (2014). Decreased dynamical complexity during quiet stance in children with autism spectrum disorders. Gait Posture, 39(1), 420-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.08.016
  • Gilliam, J. E. (2006). GARS: Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-2. Austin, TX: Pro-ed.
  • Gong, L., Liu, Y., Yi, L., Fang, J., Yang, Y., & Wei, K. (2020). Abnormal gait patterns in autism spectrum disorder and their correlations with social impairments. Autism Res, 13(7), 1215-1226. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2302
  • Ham, H.S., Bartolo, A., Coley, M., Rajendran, G., Szabo, A., & Swanson, S. (2011). Exploring the relationship between gestural recognition and imitation: evidence of dyspraxia in autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev elopmental Disord , 41, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-1011-1
  • Hannant, P., Cassidy, S., Tavassoli, T., & Mann, F. (2016). Sensorimotor difficulties are associated with the severity of autism spectrum conditions. Front Integr Neurosci , 10, 28. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2016.00028
  • Hasan, C. Z. C., Jailani, R., Tahir, N. M., Yassin, I. M., & Rizman, Z. I. (2017). Automated classification of autism spectrum disorders gait patterns using discriminant analysis based on kinematic and kinetic gait features. J Appl Biol Sci, 7(1), 150-156.
  • Holloway, J. M., Long, T. M. & Biasini, F. (2018). Relationship between gross motor skills and social function in young boys with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatr Phys Ther, 30(3), 184-190. https://doi.org/10.1097/pep.0000000000000505
  • Jasmin, E., Couture, M., McKinley, P., Reid, G., Fombonne, E., & Gisel, E. (2009). Sensori-motor and daily living skills of preschool children with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord, 39(2), 231-241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-008-0617-z
  • Kaur, M., Srinivasan, S.M. & Bhat, A. N. (2018). Comparing motor performance, praxis, coordination, and interpersonal synchrony between children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Res Dev Disabil, 72, 79-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2017.10.025
  • Kindregan, D., Gallagher, L., & Gormley, J. (2015). Gait deviations in children with autism spectrum disorders: a review. Autism Res Treat, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/741480
  • Kohen-Raz, R., Volkman, F. R., & Cohen, D. J. (1992). Postural control in children with autism. JAutism Dev Disord, 22(3), 419-432. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01048244
  • Lim, B. O., O’Sullivan, D., Choi, B. G., & Kim, M. Y. (2016). Comparative gait analysis between children with autism and age-matched controls: analysis with temporal-spatial and foot pressure variables. J Phys Ther Sci, 28(1), 286-292. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.28.286
  • Mache, M. A., & Todd, T. A. (2016). Gross motor skills are related to postural stability and age in children with autism spectrum disorder. Res Autism Spectr Disord, 23, 179-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2016.01.001
  • MacNeil, L.K., & Mostofsky, S.H. (2012). Specificity of dyspraxia in children with autism. Neuropsychology, 26(2), 165-171. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026955
  • Malhi, P., & Singhi, P. (2014). A retrospective study of toddlers with autism spectrum disorder: clinical and developmental profile. Ann Indian Acad of Neurol , 17(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0972-2327.128537
  • Memari, A. H., Ghanouni, P., Shayestehfar, M., & Ghaheri, B. (2014). Postural control impairments in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: a critical review of current literature. Asian J Sports Med, 5(3), e22963. https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.22963
  • Memari, A. H., Ghanouni, P., Gharibzadeh, S., Eghlidi, J., Ziaee, V., & Moshayedi, P. (2013). Postural sway patterns in children with autism spectrum disorder compared with typically developing children. Res Autism Spectr Disord, 7(2), 325-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2012.09.010
  • Ming, X., Brimacombe, M., & Wagner, G. C. (2007). Prevalence of motor impairment in autism spectrum disorders. Brain Dev, 29(9), 565-570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2007.03.002
  • Minshew, N. J., Sung, K., Jones, B. L., & Furman, J. M. (2004). Underdevelopment of the postural control system in autism. Neurology, 63(11), 2056-2061. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000145771.98657.62
  • Molloy, C. A., Dietrich, K. N., & Bhattacharya, A. (2003). Postural stability in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord , 33, 643-652. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:jadd.0000006001.00667.4c
  • Montgomery, J. M., Newton, B., & Smith, C. (2008). Review of GARS-2: Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-Second Edition [Review of the test Gars-2: Gilliam autism rating scale-Second edition, by J. Gilliam]. J Psychoeduc Assess, 26(4), 395–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282908317116
  • Morris, S. L., Foster, C. J., Parsons, R., Falkmer, M., Falkmer, T., & Rosalie, S. M. (2015). Differences in the use of vision and proprioception for postural control in autism spectrum disorder. Neuroscience, 307, 273-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.040
  • Morrison, S., Armitano, C. N., Raffaele, C. T., Deutsch, S. I., Neumann, S. A., Caracci, H., et. al. (2018). Neuromotor and cognitive responses of adults with autism spectrum disorder compared to neurotypical adults. Exp Brain Res, 236, 2321-2332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-018-5300-9
  • Mosconi, M. W., & Sweeney, J. S. (2015). Sensorimotor dysfunction as primary features of autism spectrum disorders. Sci China Life Sci , 58, 1016-1023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-015-4894-4
  • Mostofsky, S. H., Powell, S. K., Simmonds, D. J., Goldberg, M. C., Caffo, B., & Pekar, J. J. (2009). Decreased connectivity and cerebellar activity in autism during motor task performance. Brain, 132(9), 2413-2425. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awp088
  • Mottron, L., Belleville, S., Rouleau, G. A., & Collignon, O. (2014). Linking neocortical, cognitive, and genetic variability in autism with alterations of brain plasticity: the Trigger-Threshold-Target model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 47, 735-752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.07.012
  • Nebel, M. B., Joel, S. E., Muschelli, J., Barber, A. D., Caffo, B. S., Pekar, J. J., et. al. (2014). Disruption of functional organization within the primary motor cortex in children with autism. Hum Brain Mapp, 35(2), 567-580. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22188
  • NeuroCom International Inc. (2003). Instructions for use: Equitest system operator’s manual. (Version 8). Clackamas: NeuroCom International Inc.
  • Nobile, M., Perego, P., Piccinini, L., Mani, E., Rossi, A., Bellina, M., & Molteni, M. (2011). Further evidence of complex motor dysfunction in drug naive children with autism using automatic motion analysis of gait. Autism, 15(3), 263-283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361309356929
  • Paquet, A., Olliac, B., Golse, B., Vaivre-Douret, L. (2019). Nature of motor impairments in autism spectrum disorder: A comparison with developmental coordination disorder. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol , 41(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2018.1483486
  • Provost, B., Lopez, B. R., & Heimerl, S. (2007). A comparison of motor delays in young children: autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay, and developmental concerns. J Autism Dev Disord , 37, 321-328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0170-6
  • Rinehart, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Iansek, R., McGinley, J., Brereton, A. V., Enticott, P. G., et. al. (2006a). Gait function in newly diagnosed children with autism: cerebellar and basal ganglia related motor disorder. Dev Med and Child Neuro, 48(10), 819-824. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0012162206001769
  • Rinehart, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Bradshaw, J. L., Iansek, R., Enticott, P. G., McGinley, J. (2006b). Gait unction in high-functioning autism and Asperger’s disorder: evidence for basal-ganglia and cerebellar involvement? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 15, 256-264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-006-0530-y
  • Shabana, M. I., El Shennawy, A. M., El Dessouky, T. M., & Sabry, S. A. (2012). Assessment of postural control system in autistic patients. Egypt J Otolaryngol, 28, 44-48. https://doi.org/10.7123/01.EJO.0000411082.28842.4c
  • Schmitz, C., Martineau, J., Barthelemy, C., and Assaiante, C. (2003). Motor control and children with autism: deficit of anticipatory function? Neurosci Lett, 348, 17–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(03)00644-X
  • Stins, J. F., Emck, C., de Vries, E. M., Doop, S., & Beek, P. J. (2015). Attentional and sensory contributions to postural sway in children with autism spectrum disorder. Gait Posture, 42(2), 199-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.05.010
  • Oster, L. M., & Zhou, G. (2022). Balance and vestibular deficits in pediatric patients with autism spectrum disorder: An underappreciated clinical aspect. Autism Res Treat, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7568572
  • Thompson, A., Murphy, D., Dell’Acqua, F., Ecker, C., McAlonan, G., Howells, H. et. al. (2017). Impaired communication between the motor and somatosensory homunculus is associated with poor manual dexterity in autism spectrum disorder. Biol Psychiatry, 81(3), 211-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.06.020
  • Travers, B. G., Mason, A. H., Gruben, K. G., Dean III, D. C., & McLaughlin, K. (2018). Standing balance on unsteady surfaces in children on the autism spectrum: The effects of IQ. Res Autism Spectr Disord, 51, 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2018.03.008
  • Vernazza-Martin, S., Martin, N., Vernazza, A., Lepellec-Muller, A., Rufo, M., Massion, J. et.al. (2005). Goal directed locomotion and balance control in autistic children. J Autism Dev Disord, 35, 91-102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-004-1037-3
  • Weiss, M. J., Moran, M. F., Parker, M. E., & Foley, J. T. (2013). Gait analysis of teenagers and young adults diagnosed with autism and severe verbal communication disorders. FrontIntegr Neurosci, 7, 33. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2013.00033
  • Whyatt, C. P., & Craig, C. M. (2012). Motor skills in children aged 7–10 years, diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord, 42(9), 1799-1809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1421-8

Comparison of Posture and Gait Characteristics of Preschool Children with Autism with Their Peers

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 51 - 60, 07.05.2024

Fisun Yanardağ

https://doi.org/10.30720/ered.1396534

Öz

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the posture and gait disorders of preschool children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and compare them with their peers without ASD. Materials and Methods: The study included 15 children with ASD and 10 children without ASD, aged 4-7 years. The level of autism severity of children with ASD was determined with the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS-2). The participants' spatiotemporal gait characteristics (gait speed, cadence, stride, and double stride length, single- and double-foot support, stance and sway phase duration, and foot landing angles) were assessed using an 8-meter electronic walking track with six repetitions (GaitRite 739P). In addition, equilibrium, and center of gravity measurements of the participants with eyes open and standing were performed by the Computerized Dynamic Posturography (Smart Balance Master, NeuroCom). Results: No significant difference was found between the research and control groups in terms of age, body weight and height (p0,05). No significant difference was found between the experimental and control groups in terms of spatiotemporal parameters of gait (p0,05). Although children with ASD showed more sway in the mediolateral direction, this difference was not significant (p0,05), while their equilibrium scores were significantly lower than their peers (p=0,026). No significant correlation was found between the autism severity and equilibrium & gait scores (p0,05). Discussion: Objective assessment with computer-based measurements to detect the presence of basic motor problems such as gait and balance that may occur in children affected by autism in the preschool period is useful for early intervention, and possible posture and gait abnormalities in children with more intense autism symptoms should be followed up at school age.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Autism Gait Posture Motor Skill Measuring

Kaynakça

  • American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5, (5. Baskı). American Psychiatric Association.
  • Atun-Einy, O., Lotan, M., Harel, Y., Shavit, E., Burstein, S., & Kempner, G. (2013). Physical therapy for young children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders–clinical frameworks model in an Israeli setting. Front Pediatr, 1, 19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2013.00019
  • Bar-Haim, Y., & Bart, O. (2006). Motor function and social participation in kindergarten children. Soc Dev, 15, 2, 296-310. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-9507.2006.00342.x
  • Barkocy, M., Dexter, J., & Petranovich, C. (2017). Kinematic gait changes following serial casting and bracing to treat toe walking in a child with autism. Pediatr Phys Ther, 29(3), 270-274. https://doi.org/10.1097/pep.0000000000000404
  • Bart, O., Hajami, D., & Bar-Haim. Y. (2007). Predicting school adjustment from motor abilities in kindergarten. Infant Child Dev, 16, 597-615.https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.514
  • Bhat, A. N. (2021). Motor impairment increases in children with autism spectrum disorder as a function of social communication, cognitive and functional impairment, repetitive behavior severity, and comorbid diagnoses: a spark study report. Autism Res, 14, 202-219. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2453
  • Bo, J., Lee, C.-M., Colbert, A., & Shen, B. (2016). Do children with autism spectrum disorders have motor learning difficulties? Res Autism Spectr Disord, 23, 50-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2015.12.001
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2019). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı (25. Baskı). Pegem Akademi.
  • Cheldavi, H., Shakerian, S., Boshehri, S. N. S., & Zarghami, M. (2014). The effects of balance training intervention on postural control of children with autism spectrum disorder: role of sensory information. Res Autism Spectr Disord, 8(1), 8-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2013.09.016
  • Coll, S. M., Foster, N. E., Meilleur, A., Brambati, S. M., & Hyde, K. L. (2020). Sensorimotor skills in autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis. Res Autism Spectr Disord, 76, 101570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101570
  • Cone, B. L., Goble, D. J., & Rhea, C. K. (2017). Relationship between changes in vestibular sensory reweighting and postural control complexity. Exp Brain Res, 235, 547-554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-016-4814-2
  • Craig, F., Lorenzo, A., Lucarelli, E., Russo, L., Fanizza, I., & Trabacca, A. (2018). Motor competency and social communication skills in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res, 11(6), 893-902. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1939
  • Doumas, M., McKenna, R., & Murphy, B. (2016). Postural control deficits in autism spectrum disorder: the role of sensory integration. Journal of Autism and Dev Disord, 46, 853-861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2621-4
  • Duronjić, M., & Válková, H. (2010). The influence of early intervention movement programs on motor skills development in preschoolers with autist spectrum disordes (case study). Acta Univ Palacki Olomuc Gymn, 40(2), 37–45.
  • Eggleston, J. D., Harry, J. R., Hickman, R. A., & Dufek, J. S. (2017). Analysis of gait symmetry during over-ground walking in children with autism spectrum disorder. Gait Posture, 55, 162-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.04.026
  • Fournier, K. A., Hass, C. J., Naik, S. K., Lodha, N., & Cauraugh, J. H. (2010a). Motor coordination in autism spectrum disorders: a synthesis and meta-analysis. J Autism Dev Disord, 40, 1227-1240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-0981-3
  • Fournier, K. A., Kimberg, C. I., Radonovich, K. J., Tillman, M. D., Chow, J. W., Lewis, M. et.al. (2010b). Decreased static and dynamic postural control in children with autism spectrum disorders. Gait Posture, 32(1), 6-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.02.007
  • Fournier, K. A., Amano, S., Radonovich, K. J., Bleser, T. M., & Hass, C. J. (2014). Decreased dynamical complexity during quiet stance in children with autism spectrum disorders. Gait Posture, 39(1), 420-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.08.016
  • Gilliam, J. E. (2006). GARS: Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-2. Austin, TX: Pro-ed.
  • Gong, L., Liu, Y., Yi, L., Fang, J., Yang, Y., & Wei, K. (2020). Abnormal gait patterns in autism spectrum disorder and their correlations with social impairments. Autism Res, 13(7), 1215-1226. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2302
  • Ham, H.S., Bartolo, A., Coley, M., Rajendran, G., Szabo, A., & Swanson, S. (2011). Exploring the relationship between gestural recognition and imitation: evidence of dyspraxia in autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev elopmental Disord , 41, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-1011-1
  • Hannant, P., Cassidy, S., Tavassoli, T., & Mann, F. (2016). Sensorimotor difficulties are associated with the severity of autism spectrum conditions. Front Integr Neurosci , 10, 28. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2016.00028
  • Hasan, C. Z. C., Jailani, R., Tahir, N. M., Yassin, I. M., & Rizman, Z. I. (2017). Automated classification of autism spectrum disorders gait patterns using discriminant analysis based on kinematic and kinetic gait features. J Appl Biol Sci, 7(1), 150-156.
  • Holloway, J. M., Long, T. M. & Biasini, F. (2018). Relationship between gross motor skills and social function in young boys with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatr Phys Ther, 30(3), 184-190. https://doi.org/10.1097/pep.0000000000000505
  • Jasmin, E., Couture, M., McKinley, P., Reid, G., Fombonne, E., & Gisel, E. (2009). Sensori-motor and daily living skills of preschool children with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord, 39(2), 231-241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-008-0617-z
  • Kaur, M., Srinivasan, S.M. & Bhat, A. N. (2018). Comparing motor performance, praxis, coordination, and interpersonal synchrony between children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Res Dev Disabil, 72, 79-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2017.10.025
  • Kindregan, D., Gallagher, L., & Gormley, J. (2015). Gait deviations in children with autism spectrum disorders: a review. Autism Res Treat, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/741480
  • Kohen-Raz, R., Volkman, F. R., & Cohen, D. J. (1992). Postural control in children with autism. JAutism Dev Disord, 22(3), 419-432. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01048244
  • Lim, B. O., O’Sullivan, D., Choi, B. G., & Kim, M. Y. (2016). Comparative gait analysis between children with autism and age-matched controls: analysis with temporal-spatial and foot pressure variables. J Phys Ther Sci, 28(1), 286-292. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.28.286
  • Mache, M. A., & Todd, T. A. (2016). Gross motor skills are related to postural stability and age in children with autism spectrum disorder. Res Autism Spectr Disord, 23, 179-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2016.01.001
  • MacNeil, L.K., & Mostofsky, S.H. (2012). Specificity of dyspraxia in children with autism. Neuropsychology, 26(2), 165-171. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026955
  • Malhi, P., & Singhi, P. (2014). A retrospective study of toddlers with autism spectrum disorder: clinical and developmental profile. Ann Indian Acad of Neurol , 17(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0972-2327.128537
  • Memari, A. H., Ghanouni, P., Shayestehfar, M., & Ghaheri, B. (2014). Postural control impairments in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: a critical review of current literature. Asian J Sports Med, 5(3), e22963. https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.22963
  • Memari, A. H., Ghanouni, P., Gharibzadeh, S., Eghlidi, J., Ziaee, V., & Moshayedi, P. (2013). Postural sway patterns in children with autism spectrum disorder compared with typically developing children. Res Autism Spectr Disord, 7(2), 325-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2012.09.010
  • Ming, X., Brimacombe, M., & Wagner, G. C. (2007). Prevalence of motor impairment in autism spectrum disorders. Brain Dev, 29(9), 565-570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2007.03.002
  • Minshew, N. J., Sung, K., Jones, B. L., & Furman, J. M. (2004). Underdevelopment of the postural control system in autism. Neurology, 63(11), 2056-2061. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000145771.98657.62
  • Molloy, C. A., Dietrich, K. N., & Bhattacharya, A. (2003). Postural stability in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord , 33, 643-652. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:jadd.0000006001.00667.4c
  • Montgomery, J. M., Newton, B., & Smith, C. (2008). Review of GARS-2: Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-Second Edition [Review of the test Gars-2: Gilliam autism rating scale-Second edition, by J. Gilliam]. J Psychoeduc Assess, 26(4), 395–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282908317116
  • Morris, S. L., Foster, C. J., Parsons, R., Falkmer, M., Falkmer, T., & Rosalie, S. M. (2015). Differences in the use of vision and proprioception for postural control in autism spectrum disorder. Neuroscience, 307, 273-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.040
  • Morrison, S., Armitano, C. N., Raffaele, C. T., Deutsch, S. I., Neumann, S. A., Caracci, H., et. al. (2018). Neuromotor and cognitive responses of adults with autism spectrum disorder compared to neurotypical adults. Exp Brain Res, 236, 2321-2332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-018-5300-9
  • Mosconi, M. W., & Sweeney, J. S. (2015). Sensorimotor dysfunction as primary features of autism spectrum disorders. Sci China Life Sci , 58, 1016-1023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-015-4894-4
  • Mostofsky, S. H., Powell, S. K., Simmonds, D. J., Goldberg, M. C., Caffo, B., & Pekar, J. J. (2009). Decreased connectivity and cerebellar activity in autism during motor task performance. Brain, 132(9), 2413-2425. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awp088
  • Mottron, L., Belleville, S., Rouleau, G. A., & Collignon, O. (2014). Linking neocortical, cognitive, and genetic variability in autism with alterations of brain plasticity: the Trigger-Threshold-Target model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 47, 735-752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.07.012
  • Nebel, M. B., Joel, S. E., Muschelli, J., Barber, A. D., Caffo, B. S., Pekar, J. J., et. al. (2014). Disruption of functional organization within the primary motor cortex in children with autism. Hum Brain Mapp, 35(2), 567-580. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22188
  • NeuroCom International Inc. (2003). Instructions for use: Equitest system operator’s manual. (Version 8). Clackamas: NeuroCom International Inc.
  • Nobile, M., Perego, P., Piccinini, L., Mani, E., Rossi, A., Bellina, M., & Molteni, M. (2011). Further evidence of complex motor dysfunction in drug naive children with autism using automatic motion analysis of gait. Autism, 15(3), 263-283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361309356929
  • Paquet, A., Olliac, B., Golse, B., Vaivre-Douret, L. (2019). Nature of motor impairments in autism spectrum disorder: A comparison with developmental coordination disorder. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol , 41(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2018.1483486
  • Provost, B., Lopez, B. R., & Heimerl, S. (2007). A comparison of motor delays in young children: autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay, and developmental concerns. J Autism Dev Disord , 37, 321-328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0170-6
  • Rinehart, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Iansek, R., McGinley, J., Brereton, A. V., Enticott, P. G., et. al. (2006a). Gait function in newly diagnosed children with autism: cerebellar and basal ganglia related motor disorder. Dev Med and Child Neuro, 48(10), 819-824. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0012162206001769
  • Rinehart, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Bradshaw, J. L., Iansek, R., Enticott, P. G., McGinley, J. (2006b). Gait unction in high-functioning autism and Asperger’s disorder: evidence for basal-ganglia and cerebellar involvement? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 15, 256-264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-006-0530-y
  • Shabana, M. I., El Shennawy, A. M., El Dessouky, T. M., & Sabry, S. A. (2012). Assessment of postural control system in autistic patients. Egypt J Otolaryngol, 28, 44-48. https://doi.org/10.7123/01.EJO.0000411082.28842.4c
  • Schmitz, C., Martineau, J., Barthelemy, C., and Assaiante, C. (2003). Motor control and children with autism: deficit of anticipatory function? Neurosci Lett, 348, 17–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(03)00644-X
  • Stins, J. F., Emck, C., de Vries, E. M., Doop, S., & Beek, P. J. (2015). Attentional and sensory contributions to postural sway in children with autism spectrum disorder. Gait Posture, 42(2), 199-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.05.010
  • Oster, L. M., & Zhou, G. (2022). Balance and vestibular deficits in pediatric patients with autism spectrum disorder: An underappreciated clinical aspect. Autism Res Treat, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7568572
  • Thompson, A., Murphy, D., Dell’Acqua, F., Ecker, C., McAlonan, G., Howells, H. et. al. (2017). Impaired communication between the motor and somatosensory homunculus is associated with poor manual dexterity in autism spectrum disorder. Biol Psychiatry, 81(3), 211-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.06.020
  • Travers, B. G., Mason, A. H., Gruben, K. G., Dean III, D. C., & McLaughlin, K. (2018). Standing balance on unsteady surfaces in children on the autism spectrum: The effects of IQ. Res Autism Spectr Disord, 51, 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2018.03.008
  • Vernazza-Martin, S., Martin, N., Vernazza, A., Lepellec-Muller, A., Rufo, M., Massion, J. et.al. (2005). Goal directed locomotion and balance control in autistic children. J Autism Dev Disord, 35, 91-102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-004-1037-3
  • Weiss, M. J., Moran, M. F., Parker, M. E., & Foley, J. T. (2013). Gait analysis of teenagers and young adults diagnosed with autism and severe verbal communication disorders. FrontIntegr Neurosci, 7, 33. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2013.00033
  • Whyatt, C. P., & Craig, C. M. (2012). Motor skills in children aged 7–10 years, diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord, 42(9), 1799-1809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1421-8
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Rehabilitasyon
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Fisun Yanardağ 0000-0001-5245-1645

Yayımlanma Tarihi 7 Mayıs 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Kasım 2023
Kabul Tarihi 3 Ocak 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yanardağ, F. (2024). Okulöncesi Otizmli Çocukların Postür ve Yürüyüş Özelliklerinin Akranları ile Karşılaştırılması. Ergoterapi Ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi, 12(2), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.30720/ered.1396534
AMA Yanardağ F. Okulöncesi Otizmli Çocukların Postür ve Yürüyüş Özelliklerinin Akranları ile Karşılaştırılması. Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi. Mayıs 2024;12(2):51-60. doi:10.30720/ered.1396534
Chicago Yanardağ, Fisun. “Okulöncesi Otizmli Çocukların Postür Ve Yürüyüş Özelliklerinin Akranları Ile Karşılaştırılması”. Ergoterapi Ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 12, sy. 2 (Mayıs 2024): 51-60. https://doi.org/10.30720/ered.1396534.
EndNote Yanardağ F (01 Mayıs 2024) Okulöncesi Otizmli Çocukların Postür ve Yürüyüş Özelliklerinin Akranları ile Karşılaştırılması. Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 12 2 51–60.
IEEE F. Yanardağ, “Okulöncesi Otizmli Çocukların Postür ve Yürüyüş Özelliklerinin Akranları ile Karşılaştırılması”, Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi, c. 12, sy. 2, ss. 51–60, 2024, doi: 10.30720/ered.1396534.
ISNAD Yanardağ, Fisun. “Okulöncesi Otizmli Çocukların Postür Ve Yürüyüş Özelliklerinin Akranları Ile Karşılaştırılması”. Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 12/2 (Mayıs 2024), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.30720/ered.1396534.
JAMA Yanardağ F. Okulöncesi Otizmli Çocukların Postür ve Yürüyüş Özelliklerinin Akranları ile Karşılaştırılması. Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi. 2024;12:51–60.
MLA Yanardağ, Fisun. “Okulöncesi Otizmli Çocukların Postür Ve Yürüyüş Özelliklerinin Akranları Ile Karşılaştırılması”. Ergoterapi Ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi, c. 12, sy. 2, 2024, ss. 51-60, doi:10.30720/ered.1396534.
Vancouver Yanardağ F. Okulöncesi Otizmli Çocukların Postür ve Yürüyüş Özelliklerinin Akranları ile Karşılaştırılması. Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi. 2024;12(2):51-60.
 Kapak Resmi İndir

Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi by Hacettepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 Internationalcc.svg?ref=chooser-v1by.svg?ref=chooser-v1nc.svg?ref=chooser-v1