Öz
Just as the fox's skin is the enemy of his life, so the abundant waters and seas of Afghanistan are also the enemy of the life of this land. The life of many parts of Iran and even Pakistan depends on the flowing waters of Afghanistan. The history of the water problems between these two countries is as old as the historical history of both countries. The same water problems between the two countries could have become more obvious and problematic when Iran was not ready to recognize the independence of Afghanistan. In order to take water from Afghanistan due to the repeated pressure and threats, Iran
had to reluctantly recognize the independence of Afghanistan at the Paris Conference. Despite all these different views, fortunately there has been no direct war or conflict due to this rivalry between Iran and Afghanistan for the centuries-old water problem. However, indirectly disruptive actions from Iran
have been realized and observed many times. Afghanistan until 2018 believed that by controlling its outgoing waters towards Iran, it was able to control the behavior and political decisions of Iran in the field of selling cheap oil and accepting immigrants.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- ABID, A.H.H. “Iran-Afghan Dispute over the Helmand Waters”, 1977.
- ALIKHANI, A. The Shah and I (London: I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd., 1991).
- DEHGAN, A. PALMER-MOLONEY, J. and MIRZAEE, M. “Water Security: Potential Destabilization in Western Afghanistan”, 2009.
- HITOSHI, S. “The Nature of the State in Afghanistan and Its Relations with Neighboring Countries” Institute of Development Economies, 2006.
- W. WHITNEY, J. “Geology, Water, and Wind in the Lower Helmand Basin, Southern Afghanistan, Scientific Investigations Report”. US Geological Survey, US Department of the interior, 2006.http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5182/pdf/SIR06-5182_508.pdf.
- WEINTHAL, E. TROELL, J. and NAKAYAMA, M. “Water and Post-Conflict Peace building”, 2014, http://environmentalpeacebuilding.org/publications/books/water-and-post-conflict-peace-building/.
- A.I.D. Evaluation Special Study No. 18, the Helmand Valley Project in Afghanistan, US Agency for International Development, December 1983. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnaal028.pdf.
- ENCYCLOPEDIA IRANIC, “Boundaries of Afghanistan”, 2018.
- GOVERNMENT OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN (GIRoA). “Appendix to the Transboundary Water Policy of Afghanistan: Transboundary water issues”, 2007.
- INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY STUDY. “Afghanistan-Iran Boundary”, 1961.
- OFFICE OF THE HISTORIAN, BUREAU OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS. “Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950, The Near East, South Asia, Africa,” Vol. V, Department of State, https://history. state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v05/d824
- THE AFGHAN-IRANIAN HELMAND RIVER WATER TREATY, http://internationalwaterlaw.org/documents/ regionaldocs/1973_Helmand_River_Water_Treaty-Afghanistan-Iran.pdf.
- UNICEF Report on access to clean Water from 2000 to 2017, https://www.unicef.org/reports/progresson- drinking-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-2019
- UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME (UNEP). “Afghanistan’s Environment 2008”, UN Environment Programme, 2008.
Öz
Kaynakça
- ABID, A.H.H. “Iran-Afghan Dispute over the Helmand Waters”, 1977.
- ALIKHANI, A. The Shah and I (London: I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd., 1991).
- DEHGAN, A. PALMER-MOLONEY, J. and MIRZAEE, M. “Water Security: Potential Destabilization in Western Afghanistan”, 2009.
- HITOSHI, S. “The Nature of the State in Afghanistan and Its Relations with Neighboring Countries” Institute of Development Economies, 2006.
- W. WHITNEY, J. “Geology, Water, and Wind in the Lower Helmand Basin, Southern Afghanistan, Scientific Investigations Report”. US Geological Survey, US Department of the interior, 2006.http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5182/pdf/SIR06-5182_508.pdf.
- WEINTHAL, E. TROELL, J. and NAKAYAMA, M. “Water and Post-Conflict Peace building”, 2014, http://environmentalpeacebuilding.org/publications/books/water-and-post-conflict-peace-building/.
- A.I.D. Evaluation Special Study No. 18, the Helmand Valley Project in Afghanistan, US Agency for International Development, December 1983. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnaal028.pdf.
- ENCYCLOPEDIA IRANIC, “Boundaries of Afghanistan”, 2018.
- GOVERNMENT OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN (GIRoA). “Appendix to the Transboundary Water Policy of Afghanistan: Transboundary water issues”, 2007.
- INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY STUDY. “Afghanistan-Iran Boundary”, 1961.
- OFFICE OF THE HISTORIAN, BUREAU OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS. “Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950, The Near East, South Asia, Africa,” Vol. V, Department of State, https://history. state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v05/d824
- THE AFGHAN-IRANIAN HELMAND RIVER WATER TREATY, http://internationalwaterlaw.org/documents/ regionaldocs/1973_Helmand_River_Water_Treaty-Afghanistan-Iran.pdf.
- UNICEF Report on access to clean Water from 2000 to 2017, https://www.unicef.org/reports/progresson- drinking-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-2019
- UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME (UNEP). “Afghanistan’s Environment 2008”, UN Environment Programme, 2008.
Öz
Tilkinin derisi nasıl can düşmanı ise Afganistan'ın bereketli suları ve denizleri de bu toprakların can düşmanıdır. İran'ın ve hatta Pakistan'ın birçok bölgesinin yaşamı Afganistan'ın akan sularına bağlıdır. Bu iki ülke arasındaki su sorunlarının tarihi, her iki ülkenin tarihi kadar eskidir. İki ülke arasındaki aynı su
sorunları, İran Afganistan'ın bağımsızlığını tanımaya hazır olmadığında daha belirgin ve sorunlu hâle gelebilirdi. Tekrar tekrar yaşanan baskı ve tehditlerden ötürü Afganistan’dan su almak için, İran Paris Konferansı’nda Afganistan'ın bağımsızlığını isteksizce tanımak zorunda kaldı. Tüm bu farklı görüşlere rağmen, İran ve Afganistan arasında su sorunu nedeniyle yüzyıllardır süren bu rekabet nedeniyle doğrudan bir savaş ve çatışma yaşanmamış, ancak İran'dan dolaylı olarak yıkıcı hareketler birçok kez gerçekleştirilmiş ve gözlemlenmiştir. 2018’e kadar Afganistan, İran'a giden sularını kontrol ederek, İran'ın ucuz petrol satma ve göçmen kabul etme alanındaki davranışlarını ve siyasi kararlarını kontrol edebileceğine inanıyordu.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- ABID, A.H.H. “Iran-Afghan Dispute over the Helmand Waters”, 1977.
- ALIKHANI, A. The Shah and I (London: I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd., 1991).
- DEHGAN, A. PALMER-MOLONEY, J. and MIRZAEE, M. “Water Security: Potential Destabilization in Western Afghanistan”, 2009.
- HITOSHI, S. “The Nature of the State in Afghanistan and Its Relations with Neighboring Countries” Institute of Development Economies, 2006.
- W. WHITNEY, J. “Geology, Water, and Wind in the Lower Helmand Basin, Southern Afghanistan, Scientific Investigations Report”. US Geological Survey, US Department of the interior, 2006.http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5182/pdf/SIR06-5182_508.pdf.
- WEINTHAL, E. TROELL, J. and NAKAYAMA, M. “Water and Post-Conflict Peace building”, 2014, http://environmentalpeacebuilding.org/publications/books/water-and-post-conflict-peace-building/.
- A.I.D. Evaluation Special Study No. 18, the Helmand Valley Project in Afghanistan, US Agency for International Development, December 1983. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnaal028.pdf.
- ENCYCLOPEDIA IRANIC, “Boundaries of Afghanistan”, 2018.
- GOVERNMENT OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN (GIRoA). “Appendix to the Transboundary Water Policy of Afghanistan: Transboundary water issues”, 2007.
- INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY STUDY. “Afghanistan-Iran Boundary”, 1961.
- OFFICE OF THE HISTORIAN, BUREAU OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS. “Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950, The Near East, South Asia, Africa,” Vol. V, Department of State, https://history. state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v05/d824
- THE AFGHAN-IRANIAN HELMAND RIVER WATER TREATY, http://internationalwaterlaw.org/documents/ regionaldocs/1973_Helmand_River_Water_Treaty-Afghanistan-Iran.pdf.
- UNICEF Report on access to clean Water from 2000 to 2017, https://www.unicef.org/reports/progresson- drinking-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-2019
- UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME (UNEP). “Afghanistan’s Environment 2008”, UN Environment Programme, 2008.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Aralık 2022 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2022 Sayı: 7 |
Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (HEFAD) Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.