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Harran Ovası’nda çiftçi koşullarında sulamadan dönen sularda kalite-kantitenin izlenmesi ve su uygulama randımanın saptanması

Year 2021, Volume: 58 Issue: 3, 365 - 376, 05.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.668163

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışma Harran Ovası’nda drenaj suyu ile sulanarak pamuk yetiştirilen çiftçi parselinde (86.6 da) su ve toprağın değişimlerini değerlendirmek amacıyla yürütülmüştür.
Materyal ve Yöntem: Su izlenimlerinde, sulama suyu (drenaj suyu), yüzey akış ve derine sızan sularının kalitesi ve miktarı, askıda katı madde (AKM) taşınımı saptanırken toprakta ise sulamalara göre toprak nem içerikleri, pH ve EC (elektriksel iletkenlik) değişimleri saptanmıştır. Ayrıca pamuk kütlü verimi ve çırçır randımanı belirlenmiştir.
Araştırma Bulguları: Araştırmada 7 sulama gerçekleştirilmiş ve toplamda 2,003 mm su uygulanmıştır. Tüm sulamalarda yüzey akış ve derine sızma kayıpları sırasıyla 34-42 l s-1 ve 2-3 l s-1 arasında ve sulama randımanı %35-43 arasında değişmiştir. Suların pH, EC, DO (çözünmüş oksijen) %Na, SAR, RNaadj (düzeltilen düzeltilmiş sodyum adsorbsiyon oranı) ve RSC (artık sodyum karbonat miktarı) değerleri sırasıyla 7.13-8.44, 508-7,670 µS cm-1, 7.04-8.29 mg l-1, % 21.93-55.12, 0.93-10.97, 1.04-14.33 ve (-36.29)-(-0.52) me l-1 arasında olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Toprakların pH ve EC değerleri 7.53-8.21 ve 0.63-1.32 dS m-1 saptanmıştır. Pamuk hasat döneminde elde edilen numuneler ile ortalama kütlü verimi ve çırçır randımanı 545 kg da-1 ve %44 hesaplanmıştır.
Sonuç: Pilot ölçekli yürütülen araştırma parselinde sulama suyu olarak kullanılan drenaj sularıyla gerçekleştirilen sulamaların aşırı yapıldığı ve sulama randımanının ortalama %39 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Toprakların tuzluluk değerlerine bakıldığında, drenaj sularının sulama suyu olarak kullanılmasında bir sakıncası olmadığı anlaşılmıştır.

Supporting Institution

Harran Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Koordinasyon Kurulu Başkanlığı

Project Number

18107

Thanks

18107 BAP proje no’lu Lisansüstü projesine maddi desteklerinden dolayı Harran Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Koordinasyon Kurulu Başkanlığına teşekkür ederiz.

References

  • Acosta-Martinez, V., T. Zobeck and V. Allen. 2004. Soil microbial, chemical and physical properties in continuous cotton and integrated crop–livestock systems. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 68: 1875-1884.
  • Al-Jayyousi, R. O. 2003. Greywater use: towards sustainable water management. Desalination, 156: 181-192.
  • Al-Shammiri, M., A. Al-Saffar, S. Bohamad and M. Ahmed. 2005. Waste water quality and reuse in irrigation in kuwait using microfiltration technology in treatment. Desalination, 185: 213-225.
  • Anonim, 2015a. ww.ins.itu.edu.tr/labor/dokuman/foylor/AKM_AKM.pdf. Erişim: Ekim, 2017.
  • Anonim, 2015b. Yüzeysel Su Kalitesi Yönetimi Yönetmeliğinde Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Yönetmelik. 15/04/2015 tarihli ve 29327 sayılı Resmî Gazete.
  • Anonim, 2018a. Şanlıurfa ilinin uzun yıllar ve 2017 yılı iklim verileri. Şanlıurfa Meteoroloji Bölge Müdürlüğü, Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Şanlıurfa
  • Anonim, 2018b. T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Şanlıurfa İl Tarım ve Orman Müdürlüğü, Şanlıurfa.
  • Anonim, 2018c. https://www.tarim.bayer.com.tr/static/media/pdf/pamuk-tohumlari/CANDIA%20CNR%2028.01.13.pdf. Erişim: Mayıs, 2018.
  • Anonim, 2019a. https://www.nufusu.com. Erişim: Eylül, 2019.
  • Anonim, 2019b. XV. DSİ Bölge Müdürlüğü, Devlet Su İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Şanlıurfa.
  • Azevedo, P.V., J.R.C. Bezerra and V.P.R. Silva. 2012. Evapotranspiration and water-use efficiency of irrigated colored cotton cultivar in semiarid regions. Agricultural Sciences, 3(05): 714-722.
  • Benami, A. and M.H. Diskin. 1965. Design of sprinkler irrigation. Lowdermilk Faculty of Agricultural Engineering Puplic., 23.
  • Bernstein, L. 1975. Effects of salinity and sodicity on plant growth. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 13: 295–312.
  • Choudhary, K.K., R. Dahiya and V.K. Phogat. 2016. Effect of drip and furrow irrigation methods on yield and water use efficiency in cotton. Research on Crops, 17(4): 823-828.
  • Çopur, O., ve İ. H. Birgül. 2017. Harran Ovası Koşullarında Bazı Pamuk (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Çeşitlerinde Fenolojik Özelliklerin Belirlenmesi. Harran Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 21(2): 196-208.
  • Çullu, M.A., A. Almaca, A.R. Öztürkmen, N. Ağca, F. İnce, R. Derıcı ve A. Seyrek. 2000. Harran Ovası topraklarında tuzluluğun yayılma olasılığının belirlenmesi. Harran Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, GAP Tarımsal Araştırma-İnceleme ve Geliştirme Projesi, No: 4.1 Şanlıurfa.
  • Doneen, L.D. 1954. Salinization of soil by salts in the irrigation water. Trans., Amer. Geophysical Union, 35: 943-950.
  • DSİ, 2019. Toprak ve Su Kaynakları. Devlet Su İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı. (http://www.dsi.gov.tr/toprak-ve-su-kaynaklari) Erişim: Haziran,2019.
  • Eaton, F.M. 1950. Significant of carbonates in irrigation waters. Soil Sci., 69: 123-133.
  • FAO, 1985. Water Quality for Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, 1985.
  • FAO, 2019. Water at a Glance: the relationship between water, agriculture, food security and poverty. Rome. 15 pp. (also available at http://www.fao.org/nr/water/docs/waterataglance.pdf) Erişim: Haziran,2019.
  • Fox, R.W. and A.T. Mcdonald. 1985. Introduction to fluid mechanics. John Wiley, 741 pp., New York.
  • Frank, M.W. 2006. Sixth ed. “fluid mechanics”. McGraw-Hill, New York.
  • Ibanez, J.G., M. Hernandez-Esparza, C. Doria-Serrano, A. Fregoso-Infante and M.M. Singh. 2008. Dissolved oxygen in water. In: Environmental Chemistry. Springer, New York, NY.
  • Ibragimov, N., S.R. Evett, Y. Esanbekov, B.S. Kamilov, L. Mirzaev and J.P.A. Lamers. 2007. Water use efficiency of irrigated cotton in Uzbekistan under drip and furrow irrigation. Agricultural Water Management, 90: 112–120.
  • ICAC, 2018. International cotton advisory committee. This Month, September 4, 2018.
  • James, D.W., R.J. Hanks and J.J. Jurinak. 1982. Modern irrigated soils. John Wiley and Sons Publisher, Ney York, 235p.
  • Janse, J.H. and P.J.T.M. Van Puijenbroek. 1998. Effects of eutrophication in drainage ditches. Environmental Pollution, 102: 547-552.
  • Jarrett, R.D. (1984). Hydraulics of high-gradient streams, J. Hydraul. Eng., 110(11): 1519-1539.
  • Kanber, R. ve M. Ünlü. 2014. Tarımda su ve toprak tuzluluğu. Ç.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Genel Yayın No: 281. Kitap Yayın No: A-87, Adana, 307s.
  • Kieffer, S.W. 1985. The 1983 Hydraulic jump in crystal rapid: implications for river-running and geomorphic evolution in the Grand Canyon. The Journal of Geology, 93(4): 385-406.
  • Kouchakzadeh, M., M. Alikhasi and E. Baniani. 2012. The effect of treated municipal wastewater irrigation in non-agricultural soil on cotton plant. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 14(6): 1357-1364.
  • Peterson, R.G. and L.D. Calvin. 1965. Sampling methods of soil analysis, part 1. Agronomi Series No:9, Amer. Society of Agric. Inc. Publ., Madison-Wisconsin, USA, 5472p.
  • Reddy, J.M., S. Muhammedjanow, K. Jumaboev and D. Eshmuratov. 2012. Analysis of cotton water productivity in Fergana valley of central Asia. Agricultural Sciences, 3(6): 822-834.
  • Richards, L.A., 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. US Salinity Lab., (Ed.), United States Department of Agriculture Handbook, 60:94 California, USA.
  • Scofield, C.S. 1933. South coastal basin investigation, quality of irrigation water. Calif. Dept. Public Works, Div. Water Resources Bull. 40, 95s.
  • Scofield, C.S. 1936. The salinity of irrigation water. Smithsn Inst. Ann. Report., 275-287p.
  • Soomro, A., M.S. Mirjat, F.C. Oad, H. Soomro, M.A. Samo and N.L. OAD. 2001. Effect of irrigation intervals on soil salinity and cotton yield. Journal of Biological Sciences, 1(6): 472-474.
  • Suarez, D. L. 1981. Relation between pHc and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and an alternative method of estimating SAR of soil or drainage waters. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 45:469-475.
  • Taebi, A. and R.L. Droste. 2004. Pollution loads in urban runoff and sanitary wastewater. Science of the Total Environment, 327(1-3): 175–184.
  • Tam, S., and A. Peterson. 2014. Irrigation water quality, B.C. sprinkler irrigation manual. British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Chapter 11, 187-198p.
  • Thind, H.S., G.S. Buttar and M.S. AUJLA. 2010. Yield and water use efficiency of wheat and cotton under alternate furrow and check-basin irrigation with canal and tube well water in Punjab, India. Irrigation Science, 28(6): 489-496. DOI 10.1007/s00271-010-0208-6
  • Turner, A. and G.E. Millward. 2002. Suspended particles: their role in estuarine biogeochemical cycles. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 55(6): 857–883.
  • Wilcox, L.V. and D.C. Magistrad. 1943. Interpretation of analysis of irrigation water and the relative tolerance of crop plants. U.S. Dep. Agri., Bur. Plant Industry, Soil and Agri. Engin., 1-8p.
  • Wondie, T.A. 2009. The impact of urban storm water runoff and domestic waste effluent on water quality of lake Tana and local groundwater near the city of Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Professional Studies, Ithaca, 48p.
  • Yönter, G., ve H. Uysal. 2015. Zeytin atığının tınlı bünyeli bir toprakta yüzey akış, toprak kaybı, drenaj, pH ve EC üzerindeki etkileri. Ege Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 52(3):243-248.
  • Zhao, D., Z. Hao, J. Wang and J. Tao. 2013. Effects of pH in irrigation water on plant growth and flower quality in herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.). Scientia Horticulture, 154: 45–53.

Monitoring of quality-quantity and determination of water application efficiency in water returning from irrigation under farmer conditions in Harran Plain

Year 2021, Volume: 58 Issue: 3, 365 - 376, 05.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.668163

Abstract

Objective: The study was carried out to evaluate changes in water and soil in the (86.6 da) field growing cotton by irrigating with drainage water in Harran Plain at farmer conditions.
Material and Methods: Quality and quantity of irrigation water (drainage water), surface runoff, deep percolation and suspended solid transport by water monitoring and soil moisture content, changes of pH and EC (electrical conductivity) by soil monitoring were determined. Also, yield and gin efficiency of cotton plant were determined.
Results: In the study, 7 irrigation events were done, and a total of 2,003 mm water was applied. Losses of surface flow and deep percolation ranged between 34-42 l s-1 and 2-3 l s-1 and irrigation efficiency ranged between 35-43% in all irrigation events. pH, EC, DO (dissolved oxygen), %Na, SAR, RNAadj (adjusted Sodium Adsorption Ratio), and RSC (residual sodium carbonate) of water were determined as 7.13-8.44, 508-7,670 µS cm-1, 7.04-8.29 me l-1, 21.93-55.12, 0.93-10.97, 1.04-14.33 and (-36.29)-(-0.52) me l-1 respectively. The pH and EC of the soil were determined as 7.53-8.21 and 0.63-1.32 dS m-1. The average yield and gin efficiency of the samples obtained during the cotton harvest period were calculated as 545 kg da-1 and 44%.
Conclusion: In the pilot scale survey, it was determined that the amount of water used as irrigation water was excessive and that irrigation efficiency was 39% on average. Considering the salinity values of the soils, it was understood that there was no problem in using drainage water as irrigation water.

Project Number

18107

References

  • Acosta-Martinez, V., T. Zobeck and V. Allen. 2004. Soil microbial, chemical and physical properties in continuous cotton and integrated crop–livestock systems. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 68: 1875-1884.
  • Al-Jayyousi, R. O. 2003. Greywater use: towards sustainable water management. Desalination, 156: 181-192.
  • Al-Shammiri, M., A. Al-Saffar, S. Bohamad and M. Ahmed. 2005. Waste water quality and reuse in irrigation in kuwait using microfiltration technology in treatment. Desalination, 185: 213-225.
  • Anonim, 2015a. ww.ins.itu.edu.tr/labor/dokuman/foylor/AKM_AKM.pdf. Erişim: Ekim, 2017.
  • Anonim, 2015b. Yüzeysel Su Kalitesi Yönetimi Yönetmeliğinde Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Yönetmelik. 15/04/2015 tarihli ve 29327 sayılı Resmî Gazete.
  • Anonim, 2018a. Şanlıurfa ilinin uzun yıllar ve 2017 yılı iklim verileri. Şanlıurfa Meteoroloji Bölge Müdürlüğü, Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Şanlıurfa
  • Anonim, 2018b. T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Şanlıurfa İl Tarım ve Orman Müdürlüğü, Şanlıurfa.
  • Anonim, 2018c. https://www.tarim.bayer.com.tr/static/media/pdf/pamuk-tohumlari/CANDIA%20CNR%2028.01.13.pdf. Erişim: Mayıs, 2018.
  • Anonim, 2019a. https://www.nufusu.com. Erişim: Eylül, 2019.
  • Anonim, 2019b. XV. DSİ Bölge Müdürlüğü, Devlet Su İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Şanlıurfa.
  • Azevedo, P.V., J.R.C. Bezerra and V.P.R. Silva. 2012. Evapotranspiration and water-use efficiency of irrigated colored cotton cultivar in semiarid regions. Agricultural Sciences, 3(05): 714-722.
  • Benami, A. and M.H. Diskin. 1965. Design of sprinkler irrigation. Lowdermilk Faculty of Agricultural Engineering Puplic., 23.
  • Bernstein, L. 1975. Effects of salinity and sodicity on plant growth. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 13: 295–312.
  • Choudhary, K.K., R. Dahiya and V.K. Phogat. 2016. Effect of drip and furrow irrigation methods on yield and water use efficiency in cotton. Research on Crops, 17(4): 823-828.
  • Çopur, O., ve İ. H. Birgül. 2017. Harran Ovası Koşullarında Bazı Pamuk (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Çeşitlerinde Fenolojik Özelliklerin Belirlenmesi. Harran Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 21(2): 196-208.
  • Çullu, M.A., A. Almaca, A.R. Öztürkmen, N. Ağca, F. İnce, R. Derıcı ve A. Seyrek. 2000. Harran Ovası topraklarında tuzluluğun yayılma olasılığının belirlenmesi. Harran Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, GAP Tarımsal Araştırma-İnceleme ve Geliştirme Projesi, No: 4.1 Şanlıurfa.
  • Doneen, L.D. 1954. Salinization of soil by salts in the irrigation water. Trans., Amer. Geophysical Union, 35: 943-950.
  • DSİ, 2019. Toprak ve Su Kaynakları. Devlet Su İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı. (http://www.dsi.gov.tr/toprak-ve-su-kaynaklari) Erişim: Haziran,2019.
  • Eaton, F.M. 1950. Significant of carbonates in irrigation waters. Soil Sci., 69: 123-133.
  • FAO, 1985. Water Quality for Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, 1985.
  • FAO, 2019. Water at a Glance: the relationship between water, agriculture, food security and poverty. Rome. 15 pp. (also available at http://www.fao.org/nr/water/docs/waterataglance.pdf) Erişim: Haziran,2019.
  • Fox, R.W. and A.T. Mcdonald. 1985. Introduction to fluid mechanics. John Wiley, 741 pp., New York.
  • Frank, M.W. 2006. Sixth ed. “fluid mechanics”. McGraw-Hill, New York.
  • Ibanez, J.G., M. Hernandez-Esparza, C. Doria-Serrano, A. Fregoso-Infante and M.M. Singh. 2008. Dissolved oxygen in water. In: Environmental Chemistry. Springer, New York, NY.
  • Ibragimov, N., S.R. Evett, Y. Esanbekov, B.S. Kamilov, L. Mirzaev and J.P.A. Lamers. 2007. Water use efficiency of irrigated cotton in Uzbekistan under drip and furrow irrigation. Agricultural Water Management, 90: 112–120.
  • ICAC, 2018. International cotton advisory committee. This Month, September 4, 2018.
  • James, D.W., R.J. Hanks and J.J. Jurinak. 1982. Modern irrigated soils. John Wiley and Sons Publisher, Ney York, 235p.
  • Janse, J.H. and P.J.T.M. Van Puijenbroek. 1998. Effects of eutrophication in drainage ditches. Environmental Pollution, 102: 547-552.
  • Jarrett, R.D. (1984). Hydraulics of high-gradient streams, J. Hydraul. Eng., 110(11): 1519-1539.
  • Kanber, R. ve M. Ünlü. 2014. Tarımda su ve toprak tuzluluğu. Ç.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Genel Yayın No: 281. Kitap Yayın No: A-87, Adana, 307s.
  • Kieffer, S.W. 1985. The 1983 Hydraulic jump in crystal rapid: implications for river-running and geomorphic evolution in the Grand Canyon. The Journal of Geology, 93(4): 385-406.
  • Kouchakzadeh, M., M. Alikhasi and E. Baniani. 2012. The effect of treated municipal wastewater irrigation in non-agricultural soil on cotton plant. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 14(6): 1357-1364.
  • Peterson, R.G. and L.D. Calvin. 1965. Sampling methods of soil analysis, part 1. Agronomi Series No:9, Amer. Society of Agric. Inc. Publ., Madison-Wisconsin, USA, 5472p.
  • Reddy, J.M., S. Muhammedjanow, K. Jumaboev and D. Eshmuratov. 2012. Analysis of cotton water productivity in Fergana valley of central Asia. Agricultural Sciences, 3(6): 822-834.
  • Richards, L.A., 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. US Salinity Lab., (Ed.), United States Department of Agriculture Handbook, 60:94 California, USA.
  • Scofield, C.S. 1933. South coastal basin investigation, quality of irrigation water. Calif. Dept. Public Works, Div. Water Resources Bull. 40, 95s.
  • Scofield, C.S. 1936. The salinity of irrigation water. Smithsn Inst. Ann. Report., 275-287p.
  • Soomro, A., M.S. Mirjat, F.C. Oad, H. Soomro, M.A. Samo and N.L. OAD. 2001. Effect of irrigation intervals on soil salinity and cotton yield. Journal of Biological Sciences, 1(6): 472-474.
  • Suarez, D. L. 1981. Relation between pHc and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and an alternative method of estimating SAR of soil or drainage waters. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 45:469-475.
  • Taebi, A. and R.L. Droste. 2004. Pollution loads in urban runoff and sanitary wastewater. Science of the Total Environment, 327(1-3): 175–184.
  • Tam, S., and A. Peterson. 2014. Irrigation water quality, B.C. sprinkler irrigation manual. British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Chapter 11, 187-198p.
  • Thind, H.S., G.S. Buttar and M.S. AUJLA. 2010. Yield and water use efficiency of wheat and cotton under alternate furrow and check-basin irrigation with canal and tube well water in Punjab, India. Irrigation Science, 28(6): 489-496. DOI 10.1007/s00271-010-0208-6
  • Turner, A. and G.E. Millward. 2002. Suspended particles: their role in estuarine biogeochemical cycles. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 55(6): 857–883.
  • Wilcox, L.V. and D.C. Magistrad. 1943. Interpretation of analysis of irrigation water and the relative tolerance of crop plants. U.S. Dep. Agri., Bur. Plant Industry, Soil and Agri. Engin., 1-8p.
  • Wondie, T.A. 2009. The impact of urban storm water runoff and domestic waste effluent on water quality of lake Tana and local groundwater near the city of Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Professional Studies, Ithaca, 48p.
  • Yönter, G., ve H. Uysal. 2015. Zeytin atığının tınlı bünyeli bir toprakta yüzey akış, toprak kaybı, drenaj, pH ve EC üzerindeki etkileri. Ege Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 52(3):243-248.
  • Zhao, D., Z. Hao, J. Wang and J. Tao. 2013. Effects of pH in irrigation water on plant growth and flower quality in herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.). Scientia Horticulture, 154: 45–53.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sabri Akın 0000-0002-9196-3157

Mehmet Şimşek 0000-0002-9552-1743

Project Number 18107
Publication Date September 5, 2021
Submission Date January 6, 2020
Acceptance Date December 11, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 58 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Akın, S., & Şimşek, M. (2021). Harran Ovası’nda çiftçi koşullarında sulamadan dönen sularda kalite-kantitenin izlenmesi ve su uygulama randımanın saptanması. Journal of Agriculture Faculty of Ege University, 58(3), 365-376. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.668163

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