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Tourists as Meme-seekers: A Theoretical Approach

Year 2019, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 22 - 28, 29.09.2019

Abstract




 Tourists seek a variety of experiences and they all participate in tourist mobility in their way. In this study the concept of seeking analysed in the scope of memetics. The tourist meme has identified as a meme that in a close or wide relation with tourist mobility which are carrying information about a place, an era or period of time, a culture, sub-cultures, cultural items, styles, behaviours, individuals themselves, completely imaginary things, a religion or a belief, an event, events or other memes and so on. It is accepted in meme/gene analogy when a meme spread into a brain, it associates with other memes in a kind of package or other words, in a memeplex. For this reason, tourist types accepted as tourist memeplexes and tied theoretically with the concepts of focus and goal. Kanerva’s conception of focus was used to more broadly define what a meme was associated with, as Gabora does. In this statement, memes have accepted in the form of information patterns encoded within the focus indicating the scope and experiential quality of the individual’s awareness. The proposed theoretical model consists of three dimensions. These are tourist memeplex, focus and goal. With this proposal, it is aimed to assess different types of tourist experiences together which were defined by different authors. On the other hand, this model gives a chance to develop a new and complex taxonomy to assess various types of tourist experiences in a single framework.

References

  • Atran, S. (2001). The trouble with memes. Human Nature, 12, 351-381.
  • Baker, M. C. (2006). Differentiation of mating vocalizations in birds: acoustic features in mainland and island populations and evidence of habitat-specific selection on songs. Ethology, 112, pp. 757-771.
  • Baker, M. C. and Gammon, D. E. (2006). Persistence and change of vocal signals in natural populations of chickadees: annual sampling of the gargle call over eight seasons. Behaviour, 143, pp. 1473-1509.
  • Baker, M. C. and Gammon, D. E. (2007). The gargle call of black-capped chickadees: ontogeny, acoustic structure, population patterns, function, and processes leading to sharing of call characteristics. In: Ecology and Behavior of Chickadees and Titmice: an Integrated Approach (Ed. by K. A. Otter), pp. 167-182. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bayraktaroğlu, E. (2016). Turizmi Anlamak: Memetik Bir Yaklaşım. In O. Bahar (Ed.), 17. Ulusal Turizm Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı (pp. 1580 - 1588). Bodrum, Turkey: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Blackmore, S. J. (1991). The Meme Machine. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Boorstin, D. J. (1961). The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Boorstin, D. J. (1992). The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-events in America. New York: Vintage Books.
  • Buck, R. C. (1978). Toward a synthesis in tourism theory. Annals of Tourism Research, 5, 110-111.
  • Burman, J. T. (2012). The misunderstanding of memes: Biography of an unscientific object, 1976–1999. Perspectives on Science, 20.
  • Cohen, E. (1972). Toward a Sociology of International Tourism. Social Research, 39, 164-182.
  • Cohen, E. (1979). A Phenomenology of Tourist Experiences. Sociology, 13, 179-201.
  • Crompton, J. L. (1979). Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of Tourism Research, 6, 408-424.
  • Dann, G. M. S. (1977). Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 4, 184-194.
  • Dann, G. M. S. (1981). Tourist motivation an appraisal. Annals of Tourism Research, 8, 187-219.
  • Dawkins, R. (2006). Memes: The New Replicators. In The Selfish Gene (30. ed., pp. 189-201). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Dennett, D. C. (1995). Darwin’s Dangerous Idea. London: Penguin.
  • Dennett, D. C. (2001). The evolution of culture. Monist, 84, 305-324.
  • Ellul, J. (1973). Propaganda: The Formation of Men’s Attitudes. New York: Random House.
  • Feifer,W. (1985) Going Places. London: Macmillan.
  • Gatherer, D. (1998). Why the Thought Contagion Metaphor is Retarding the Progress of Memetics. Journal of Memetics - Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission.
  • Gilbert, G. C., Peterson, G. L., & Lime, D. W. (1972). Toward a Model of Travel Behavior in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area. Environment and Behavior, 4, 131-157.
  • Graham, G. (2002). Genes: a philosophical inquiry. New York: Routledge.
  • Gray, H. P. (1970). International Travel--international Trade: Heath Lexington Books.
  • Heller, A. 2001. Cultural Memory, Identity and Civil Society. IPG 2, pp. 139-143.
  • Hofstadter, D. (1983). Metamagical themas: virus-like sentences and self-replicating structures. Scientific American, 14-22.
  • Hurst, M. E. E. (1969). The Structure of Movement and Household Travel Behaviour. Urban Studies, 6, 70-82.
  • Lynch, A. (1996). The populatin memetics of birdsong. In Ecology and Evolution of Acoustic Communication in Birds (Ed. D.E. Kroodsma and E.H. Miller), pp. 181- 197. New York: Cornell University Prepp.
  • Lynch, A. and Baker A.J. (1993). A population memetics approach to chaffinch song evolution: meme diversity within populations. American Naturalist, 141, pp.597- 620.
  • Lynch, A., Plunkett, G. M., Baker, A. J. and Jenkins, P. F. 1989. A model of cultural evolution of chaffinch song derived with the meme concept. American Naturalist, 133, pp. 634-653.
  • MacCannell, D. (1973). Staged Authenticity: Arrangements of Social Space in Tourist Settings. American Journal of Sociology, 79, 589-603.
  • MacCannell, D. (1977). Tourist and the new community. Annals of Tourism Research, 4, 208-216.
  • Makhortykh, M. (2015), ‘Everything for the Lulz: Historical Memes and World War II memory on Lurkomor’e’, Digital Icons, 13, pp. 63–90.
  • Martens, J. (1996). Vocalizations and speciation of Palearctic birds. In Ecology and Evolution of Acoustic Communication of Birds (Ed. D. E. Kroodsma and E. H. Miller), pp. 221-240. New York: Cornell University Press.
  • McKercher, B. (2008). The Roots of Stereotypes about Tourists. Society, 45, 345-347.
  • Morton, E. S. (1977). On the occurrence and significance of motivation-structural rules in some bird and mammal sounds. American Naturalist, 111, pp. 855-869.
  • Mundinger, P. C. (1980). Animal cultures and a general theory of cultural evolution. Ethology and Sociobiology, 1, pp. 183-223.
  • Mundinger, P. C. (1982). Microgeographic and macrogeographic variation in acquired vocalizations of birds. In Acoustic Communication in Birds (Ed. D. E. Kroodsma and E. H. Miller), pp. 147-208. New York: Academic Press.
  • O’Shaughnessy, N. (1996). Social propaganda and social marketing: a critical difference? European Journal of Marketing, 30, 54-67.
  • Pizam, A., & Sussmann, S. (1995). Does nationality affect tourist behavior? Annals of Tourism Research, 22, 901- 917.
  • Sheller, M., & Urry, J. (2006). The New Mobilities Paradigm. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 38, 207-226.
  • Slater, P. J. B. (1986). The cultural transmission of bird song. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 1, pp. 94-97.
  • Sparkes-Vian, C. (2014). The Evolution of Propaganda: Investigating Online Electioneering in the UK General Election of 2010. Unpublished Ph.D., De Montfort University, U.K.
  • Sparkes-Vian, C. (2018). Digital Propaganda: The Tyranny of Ignorance. Critical Sociology, 45, 393-409.
  • Sun, X., & Ding, K. (2018). Identifying and tracking scientific and technological knowledge memes from citation networks of publications and patents. Scientometrics, 116, 1735-1748.
  • Waugh, R. E. (1956). Increasing the Validity and Reliability of Tourist Data. Journal of Marketing, 20, 286-288.
  • Williams, A. V., & Zelinsky, W. (1970). On Some Patterns in International Tourist Flows. Economic Geography, 46, 549-567.
Year 2019, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 22 - 28, 29.09.2019

Abstract

References

  • Atran, S. (2001). The trouble with memes. Human Nature, 12, 351-381.
  • Baker, M. C. (2006). Differentiation of mating vocalizations in birds: acoustic features in mainland and island populations and evidence of habitat-specific selection on songs. Ethology, 112, pp. 757-771.
  • Baker, M. C. and Gammon, D. E. (2006). Persistence and change of vocal signals in natural populations of chickadees: annual sampling of the gargle call over eight seasons. Behaviour, 143, pp. 1473-1509.
  • Baker, M. C. and Gammon, D. E. (2007). The gargle call of black-capped chickadees: ontogeny, acoustic structure, population patterns, function, and processes leading to sharing of call characteristics. In: Ecology and Behavior of Chickadees and Titmice: an Integrated Approach (Ed. by K. A. Otter), pp. 167-182. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bayraktaroğlu, E. (2016). Turizmi Anlamak: Memetik Bir Yaklaşım. In O. Bahar (Ed.), 17. Ulusal Turizm Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı (pp. 1580 - 1588). Bodrum, Turkey: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Blackmore, S. J. (1991). The Meme Machine. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Boorstin, D. J. (1961). The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Boorstin, D. J. (1992). The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-events in America. New York: Vintage Books.
  • Buck, R. C. (1978). Toward a synthesis in tourism theory. Annals of Tourism Research, 5, 110-111.
  • Burman, J. T. (2012). The misunderstanding of memes: Biography of an unscientific object, 1976–1999. Perspectives on Science, 20.
  • Cohen, E. (1972). Toward a Sociology of International Tourism. Social Research, 39, 164-182.
  • Cohen, E. (1979). A Phenomenology of Tourist Experiences. Sociology, 13, 179-201.
  • Crompton, J. L. (1979). Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of Tourism Research, 6, 408-424.
  • Dann, G. M. S. (1977). Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 4, 184-194.
  • Dann, G. M. S. (1981). Tourist motivation an appraisal. Annals of Tourism Research, 8, 187-219.
  • Dawkins, R. (2006). Memes: The New Replicators. In The Selfish Gene (30. ed., pp. 189-201). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Dennett, D. C. (1995). Darwin’s Dangerous Idea. London: Penguin.
  • Dennett, D. C. (2001). The evolution of culture. Monist, 84, 305-324.
  • Ellul, J. (1973). Propaganda: The Formation of Men’s Attitudes. New York: Random House.
  • Feifer,W. (1985) Going Places. London: Macmillan.
  • Gatherer, D. (1998). Why the Thought Contagion Metaphor is Retarding the Progress of Memetics. Journal of Memetics - Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission.
  • Gilbert, G. C., Peterson, G. L., & Lime, D. W. (1972). Toward a Model of Travel Behavior in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area. Environment and Behavior, 4, 131-157.
  • Graham, G. (2002). Genes: a philosophical inquiry. New York: Routledge.
  • Gray, H. P. (1970). International Travel--international Trade: Heath Lexington Books.
  • Heller, A. 2001. Cultural Memory, Identity and Civil Society. IPG 2, pp. 139-143.
  • Hofstadter, D. (1983). Metamagical themas: virus-like sentences and self-replicating structures. Scientific American, 14-22.
  • Hurst, M. E. E. (1969). The Structure of Movement and Household Travel Behaviour. Urban Studies, 6, 70-82.
  • Lynch, A. (1996). The populatin memetics of birdsong. In Ecology and Evolution of Acoustic Communication in Birds (Ed. D.E. Kroodsma and E.H. Miller), pp. 181- 197. New York: Cornell University Prepp.
  • Lynch, A. and Baker A.J. (1993). A population memetics approach to chaffinch song evolution: meme diversity within populations. American Naturalist, 141, pp.597- 620.
  • Lynch, A., Plunkett, G. M., Baker, A. J. and Jenkins, P. F. 1989. A model of cultural evolution of chaffinch song derived with the meme concept. American Naturalist, 133, pp. 634-653.
  • MacCannell, D. (1973). Staged Authenticity: Arrangements of Social Space in Tourist Settings. American Journal of Sociology, 79, 589-603.
  • MacCannell, D. (1977). Tourist and the new community. Annals of Tourism Research, 4, 208-216.
  • Makhortykh, M. (2015), ‘Everything for the Lulz: Historical Memes and World War II memory on Lurkomor’e’, Digital Icons, 13, pp. 63–90.
  • Martens, J. (1996). Vocalizations and speciation of Palearctic birds. In Ecology and Evolution of Acoustic Communication of Birds (Ed. D. E. Kroodsma and E. H. Miller), pp. 221-240. New York: Cornell University Press.
  • McKercher, B. (2008). The Roots of Stereotypes about Tourists. Society, 45, 345-347.
  • Morton, E. S. (1977). On the occurrence and significance of motivation-structural rules in some bird and mammal sounds. American Naturalist, 111, pp. 855-869.
  • Mundinger, P. C. (1980). Animal cultures and a general theory of cultural evolution. Ethology and Sociobiology, 1, pp. 183-223.
  • Mundinger, P. C. (1982). Microgeographic and macrogeographic variation in acquired vocalizations of birds. In Acoustic Communication in Birds (Ed. D. E. Kroodsma and E. H. Miller), pp. 147-208. New York: Academic Press.
  • O’Shaughnessy, N. (1996). Social propaganda and social marketing: a critical difference? European Journal of Marketing, 30, 54-67.
  • Pizam, A., & Sussmann, S. (1995). Does nationality affect tourist behavior? Annals of Tourism Research, 22, 901- 917.
  • Sheller, M., & Urry, J. (2006). The New Mobilities Paradigm. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 38, 207-226.
  • Slater, P. J. B. (1986). The cultural transmission of bird song. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 1, pp. 94-97.
  • Sparkes-Vian, C. (2014). The Evolution of Propaganda: Investigating Online Electioneering in the UK General Election of 2010. Unpublished Ph.D., De Montfort University, U.K.
  • Sparkes-Vian, C. (2018). Digital Propaganda: The Tyranny of Ignorance. Critical Sociology, 45, 393-409.
  • Sun, X., & Ding, K. (2018). Identifying and tracking scientific and technological knowledge memes from citation networks of publications and patents. Scientometrics, 116, 1735-1748.
  • Waugh, R. E. (1956). Increasing the Validity and Reliability of Tourist Data. Journal of Marketing, 20, 286-288.
  • Williams, A. V., & Zelinsky, W. (1970). On Some Patterns in International Tourist Flows. Economic Geography, 46, 549-567.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Tourism (Other)
Journal Section Peer-reviewed Articles
Authors

Engin Bayraktaroğlu 0000-0002-9956-2593

Publication Date September 29, 2019
Submission Date September 15, 2019
Acceptance Date September 28, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Bayraktaroğlu, E. (2019). Tourists as Meme-seekers: A Theoretical Approach. Journal of Tourism Leisure and Hospitality, 1(1), 22-28.

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