Abstract
With the Covid-19 epidemic in our world, masks have started to be used in schools. The mask, which covered half of the face, revealed problems such as hearing sounds, speaking, pronunciation, understanding language, seeing facial expressions, and lip reading. This situation has brought up research on the effect of the mask on students' language skills. In this study, scientific studies dealing with the effects of masked education on students' language skills were examined. Case study, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the research, and studies published in 2020 and 2021 were selected. Using various keywords on the subject, 42 studies were reached, 10 of them were excluded and 32 scientific studies were examined. The findings obtained as a result of the research were analyzed and interpreted. It was determined that most of the studies examined were aimed at preschool and primary school students, quantitative methods were used, and the data were collected through interviews. In the research, it was determined that the effects of masked education focused on breathing, voice, speaking and pronunciation, perceiving and understanding words, facial expressions and nonverbal communication, language learning and reading, and language skills development. It has been determined that students have problems such as hearing sounds, speaking, understanding pronunciation, not being able to see facial expressions, and not developing their language skills sufficiently. At the end of the research, suggestions were made to the teachers such as speaking loudly, using a microphone, making short sentences, making more use of body language, and using a transparent mask.
References
- Carbon, C. C. (2020). Wearing face masks strongly confuses counterparts in reading emotions. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2526.
- Cohn, M., Pycha, A., & Zellou, G. (2021). Intelligibility of face-masked speech depends on speaking style: Comparing casual, clear, and emotional speech. Cognition, 210, 104570.
- Choquette, C. (2020). ICI Radio-Canada Première. (s. d.). Le masque, barrière à la communication? 18 Ocak 2021 tarihinde aşağıdaki adresten ulaşılmıştır.https://ici.radiocanada.ca/premiere/emissions/les-annees lumiere/segments/reportage/172263/communication-masque-covid-coronavirus-personne-agee-autiste-malentendants-sourd .
- Corey, R. M., Jones, U. et Singer, A. C. (2020). Acoustics effects of medical, cloth, transparent face masks on speech signals. The journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 148, 2371
- EEF(2020). The Speech Link Multimedia Study, https:// educationendowmentfoundation. org.uk/ adresinden 20.06.2021 tarihinde ulaşılmıştır.
- Fiorella, M. L., Cavallaro, G., Di Nicola, V., & Quaranta, N. (2021). Voice differences when wearing and not wearing a surgical mask. Journal of Voice.
- Goldin, A., Weinstein, B., & Shiman, N. (2020). How do medical masks degrade speech perception? Hearing Review, 27(5), 8-9.
- Kaiser, S.Wehrle,T. Schenkel,K.(2014). Expression faciale,in Traité de psychologie des émotions, Edit: David Sander, Klaus R.Scherer, Psycho Sup,Editeur Dunod.
- Kyung, S. Y, Kim, Y., Hwang, H., Park, J. W., & Jeong, S. H. (2020). Risks of N95 face mask use in subjects with COPD. Respiratory Care, 65(5) 658-664.
- Magee, M., Lewis, C., Noffs, G., Reece, H., Chan, J. C., Zaga, C. J. & Vogel, A. P. (2020). Effects of face masks on acoustic analysis and speech perception: Implications for peri-pandemic protocols. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 148(6), 3562-3568.
- Maryn, Y., Wuyts, F., & Zarowski, A. (2021). Are acoustic markers of voice and speech signals affected by nose-and-mouth-covering respiratory protective masks? Journal of Voice.
- MGEN.(2020). Port du Masque & Pratique Vocale Professionnelle, Paris: MGEN Groupe VYV, Mutuelle Générale de l’Éducation Nationale.
- Mehrabian, A. (2009). "Silent Messages",A Wealth of Information About Nonverbal Communication (Body Language)". Personality & Emotion Tests & Software: Psychological Books & Articles of Popular Interest. Los Angeles, CA: self published. http://www.kaaj.com/psych/smorder.html [archive].
- Mheidly, N., Fares, M. Y., Zalzale, H. et Fares, J. (2020). Effect of Face Masks on Interpersonal Communication During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 898.
- Muzzi, E., Chermaz, C., Castro, V., Zaninoni, M., Saksida, A., & Orzan, E. (2021). Short report on the effects of SARS-CoV-2 face protective equipment on verbal communication. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-020-06535-1
- Piquard-Kipffer, A., Cavadini, T., Sprenger-Charolles, L. & Gentaz, É. (2021). Impact of lip-reading on speech perception in French-speaking children at risk for reading failure assessed from age 5 to 7. L’Année psychologique/ Topics in Cognitive Psychology, 121(2), 3-18. https://doi.org/10.3917/anpsy1.212.0003
- Remacle,A. & Bernardoni,N.H. (2021). Communiquer et enseigner avec un masque :réflexions scientifiques et cliniques, ULiège, Belgique & GIPSA-lab, France.
- Ribeiro, V. V., Dassie-Leite, A. P., Pereira, E. C., Santos, A. D. N., Martins, P. et de Alencar Irineu, R. (2020). Effect of wearing a face mask on vocal self-perception during a pandemic. Journal of Voice.
- Ruba, A. L., & Pollak, S. D. (2020). Children’s emotion inferences from masked faces : Implications for social interactions during COVID-19. PloS one, 15(12), e0243708. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243708
- Saunders, G. H., Jackson, I. R. et Visram, A. S. (2020). Impacts of face coverings on communication: an indirect impact of COVID-19. International journal of audiology, 1-12.
- Schlögl, M., & Jones, C. A. (2020). Maintaining our humanity through the mask: Mindful communication during COVID-19. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 68(5), E12-E13.
- Shack, A. R., Arkush, L., Reingold, S., & Weiser, G. (2020). Masked paediatricians during the COVID ‐19 pandemic and communication with children. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 56(9), 1475 1476. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.15087
- Spitzer, M. (2020). Masked education ? The benefits and burdens of wearing face masks in schools during the current Corona pandemic. Trends in neuroscience and education, 20 (101613233), 100138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tine.2020.100138
- Terrier,C. (2013). Communication, webmaster@cterrier.com ; http://www.cterrier.com, adresinden 06.06 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
- Vanneufville, S.( 2007). La communication, Association des Maires du Territoire de Belfort, Consilance.
- Zorn, C. (2016). La communication, Fiche synthétique, Formation PAF.
- Zorn, C.(2016). La communication, Fiche synthétique, Formation PAF.Formation PAF Lundi 18 janvier 2016 Fiche synthétique ...https://www.ac-strasbourg.fr › PAF › PAF_2015-16 adresinden 04.06 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Abstract
Dünyamızda Covid-19 salgınıyla birlikte okullarda maske kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Yüzün yarısını kapatan maske derslerde sesleri duyma, konuşma, telaffuz, dili anlama, yüz ifadelerini görme, dudak okuma gibi sorunları ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu durum maskenin öğrencilerin dil becerilerine etkisine yönelik araştırmaları gündeme getirmiştir. Bu araştırmada maskeli eğitimin öğrencilerin dil becerilerine etkilerini ele alan bilimsel çalışmalar incelenmiştir. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden durum çalışması kullanılmış, 2020 ve 2021 yılında yayımlanmış araştırmalar seçilmiştir. Konuyla ilgili çeşitli anahtar kelimeler kullanılarak 42 araştırmaya ulaşılmış, bunlardan 10’u kapsam dışı bırakılarak 32 bilimsel çalışma incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucu ulaşılan bulgular analiz edilmiş ve yorumlanmıştır. İncelenen çalışmaların çoğunun okulöncesi ve ilkokul öğrencilerine yönelik olduğu, nicel yöntemlerin kullanıldığı ve verilerin görüşme yoluyla toplandığı belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada maskeli eğitimin etkilerinin nefes alma, ses, konuşma ve telaffuz, sözleri algılama ve anlama, yüz ifadeleri ve sözsüz iletişim, dil öğrenme ve okuma ile dil becerilerini geliştirme alanlarında yoğunlaştığı saptanmıştır. Öğrencilerin sesleri duyma, konuşma, telaffuzu anlama, yüz ifadelerini görememe, dil becerilerini yeterince geliştirmeme gibi sorunlar yaşadıkları görülmüştür. Araştırma sonunda öğretmenlere derste yüksek sesle konuşma, mikrofon kullanma, kısa cümleler kurma, beden dilinden daha fazla yararlanma, şeffaf maske kullanma gibi öneriler getirilmiştir.
Keywords
References
- Carbon, C. C. (2020). Wearing face masks strongly confuses counterparts in reading emotions. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2526.
- Cohn, M., Pycha, A., & Zellou, G. (2021). Intelligibility of face-masked speech depends on speaking style: Comparing casual, clear, and emotional speech. Cognition, 210, 104570.
- Choquette, C. (2020). ICI Radio-Canada Première. (s. d.). Le masque, barrière à la communication? 18 Ocak 2021 tarihinde aşağıdaki adresten ulaşılmıştır.https://ici.radiocanada.ca/premiere/emissions/les-annees lumiere/segments/reportage/172263/communication-masque-covid-coronavirus-personne-agee-autiste-malentendants-sourd .
- Corey, R. M., Jones, U. et Singer, A. C. (2020). Acoustics effects of medical, cloth, transparent face masks on speech signals. The journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 148, 2371
- EEF(2020). The Speech Link Multimedia Study, https:// educationendowmentfoundation. org.uk/ adresinden 20.06.2021 tarihinde ulaşılmıştır.
- Fiorella, M. L., Cavallaro, G., Di Nicola, V., & Quaranta, N. (2021). Voice differences when wearing and not wearing a surgical mask. Journal of Voice.
- Goldin, A., Weinstein, B., & Shiman, N. (2020). How do medical masks degrade speech perception? Hearing Review, 27(5), 8-9.
- Kaiser, S.Wehrle,T. Schenkel,K.(2014). Expression faciale,in Traité de psychologie des émotions, Edit: David Sander, Klaus R.Scherer, Psycho Sup,Editeur Dunod.
- Kyung, S. Y, Kim, Y., Hwang, H., Park, J. W., & Jeong, S. H. (2020). Risks of N95 face mask use in subjects with COPD. Respiratory Care, 65(5) 658-664.
- Magee, M., Lewis, C., Noffs, G., Reece, H., Chan, J. C., Zaga, C. J. & Vogel, A. P. (2020). Effects of face masks on acoustic analysis and speech perception: Implications for peri-pandemic protocols. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 148(6), 3562-3568.
- Maryn, Y., Wuyts, F., & Zarowski, A. (2021). Are acoustic markers of voice and speech signals affected by nose-and-mouth-covering respiratory protective masks? Journal of Voice.
- MGEN.(2020). Port du Masque & Pratique Vocale Professionnelle, Paris: MGEN Groupe VYV, Mutuelle Générale de l’Éducation Nationale.
- Mehrabian, A. (2009). "Silent Messages",A Wealth of Information About Nonverbal Communication (Body Language)". Personality & Emotion Tests & Software: Psychological Books & Articles of Popular Interest. Los Angeles, CA: self published. http://www.kaaj.com/psych/smorder.html [archive].
- Mheidly, N., Fares, M. Y., Zalzale, H. et Fares, J. (2020). Effect of Face Masks on Interpersonal Communication During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 898.
- Muzzi, E., Chermaz, C., Castro, V., Zaninoni, M., Saksida, A., & Orzan, E. (2021). Short report on the effects of SARS-CoV-2 face protective equipment on verbal communication. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-020-06535-1
- Piquard-Kipffer, A., Cavadini, T., Sprenger-Charolles, L. & Gentaz, É. (2021). Impact of lip-reading on speech perception in French-speaking children at risk for reading failure assessed from age 5 to 7. L’Année psychologique/ Topics in Cognitive Psychology, 121(2), 3-18. https://doi.org/10.3917/anpsy1.212.0003
- Remacle,A. & Bernardoni,N.H. (2021). Communiquer et enseigner avec un masque :réflexions scientifiques et cliniques, ULiège, Belgique & GIPSA-lab, France.
- Ribeiro, V. V., Dassie-Leite, A. P., Pereira, E. C., Santos, A. D. N., Martins, P. et de Alencar Irineu, R. (2020). Effect of wearing a face mask on vocal self-perception during a pandemic. Journal of Voice.
- Ruba, A. L., & Pollak, S. D. (2020). Children’s emotion inferences from masked faces : Implications for social interactions during COVID-19. PloS one, 15(12), e0243708. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243708
- Saunders, G. H., Jackson, I. R. et Visram, A. S. (2020). Impacts of face coverings on communication: an indirect impact of COVID-19. International journal of audiology, 1-12.
- Schlögl, M., & Jones, C. A. (2020). Maintaining our humanity through the mask: Mindful communication during COVID-19. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 68(5), E12-E13.
- Shack, A. R., Arkush, L., Reingold, S., & Weiser, G. (2020). Masked paediatricians during the COVID ‐19 pandemic and communication with children. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 56(9), 1475 1476. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.15087
- Spitzer, M. (2020). Masked education ? The benefits and burdens of wearing face masks in schools during the current Corona pandemic. Trends in neuroscience and education, 20 (101613233), 100138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tine.2020.100138
- Terrier,C. (2013). Communication, webmaster@cterrier.com ; http://www.cterrier.com, adresinden 06.06 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
- Vanneufville, S.( 2007). La communication, Association des Maires du Territoire de Belfort, Consilance.
- Zorn, C. (2016). La communication, Fiche synthétique, Formation PAF.
- Zorn, C.(2016). La communication, Fiche synthétique, Formation PAF.Formation PAF Lundi 18 janvier 2016 Fiche synthétique ...https://www.ac-strasbourg.fr › PAF › PAF_2015-16 adresinden 04.06 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Studies on Education |
| Journal Section | Makaleler |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | November 15, 2021 |
| Submission Date | August 21, 2021 |
| Acceptance Date | November 12, 2021 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021 Volume: 6 Issue: 3 |
