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Determination of Mechanical Properties of Fruit Shell Powders Reinforced Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) Materials and Case Study for I-Type Snap-Fit Model

Year 2023, Volume: 26 Issue: 3, 1243 - 1253, 01.10.2023

Fulya Erdemir Murat Tolga Özkan

https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1230901
Cited By: 1

Abstract

High quality material production has been among the work of many researchers in recent years. These materials, which are obtained mostly by the production of composite materials, enable the production of lighter, more durable and less costly products. Increasing environmental pollution in recent years, protection of natural resources and ensuring recycling have increased the importance of wood plastic composite material production. In this study, wood plastic composite material was obtained by using ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) plastic material and six different fruit shell powders (walnut, pistachio, peanut, almond, hazelnut and apricot shell). The mechanical properties of the obtained composite material were determined and its effect on the I type snap-fits was analyzed in ANSYS software. When the resulting composite material's mechanical properties were tested, it was found that the density and tensile strength decreased while the Vicat softening point value and melt flow rate increased. In the analysis performed using the ANSYS software, it was found that the composite I type snap-fit design of the same size can resist 12.6% N less force when the material is subjected to its maximum values when it achieves the elongation at break value.

Keywords

Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) Fruit Shells Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Snap-fits.

Supporting Institution

GAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ BAP BİRİMİ

Project Number

07/2019-02

Thanks

This work was supported by Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Gazi University. Project number was 07/2019-02. The authors would like to the contributions of General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration and Bursa Technical University for preparing of the test specimens.

References

  • [1] Wang, C., Mei, J., Zhang, L., “High-added-value biomass-derived composites by chemically coupling post-consumer plastics with agricultural and forestry wastes”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 284: 124768, (2021).
  • [2] Väisänen, T., Haapala, A., Lappalainen, R., Tomppo, L., “Utilization of agricultural and forest industry waste and residues in natural fiber-polymer composites: A review”, Waste Management, 54:62-73, (2016).
  • [3] Pratheep, V., G., Priyanka, E.,B., Thangavel, S., Gousanal, J., J., Bijoy Antony, P.,T., Kavin, E.,D., “Investigation and analysis of corn cob, coir pith with wood plastic composites”, Materials Today: Proceedings, 44(1): 549-555, (2021).
  • [4] Abhiram, Y., Das, A., Kumar Sharma, K., “Green composites for structural and non-structural applications: A review”, Materials Today: Proceedings, 44(1): 2658-2664, (2021).
  • [5] Gardner, D.J., Han, Y. & Wang, L, “Wood–Plastic Composite Technology”, Curr Forestry Rep, 1:139–150, (2015).
  • [6] de Prá Andrade, M., Piazza, D., Poletto, M., ”Pecan nutshell: morphological, chemical and thermal characterization”, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 13:2229-2238, (2021).
  • [7] Álvarez-Chávez, C., R., Sánchez-Acosta, D., L., Encinas-Encinas, J., C., Esquer, J., Quintana-Owen, P., and Madera-Santana, T., J., “Characterization of Extruded Poly(lactic acid)/Pecan Nutshell Biocomposites”, International Journal of Polymer Science, 2017:1-12, (2017).
  • [8] Orue, A., Eceiza, A.,Arbelaiz, A., “Preparation and characterization of poly(lactic acid) plasticized with vegetable oils and reinforced with sisal fibers”, Industrial Crops and Products, 145:1-9, (2017).
  • [9] Zahedi, M., Pirayesh, H., Khanjanzadeh, H., Tabara, M.,M., “Organo-modified montmorillonite reinforced walnut shell/polypropylene composites”, Materials and Design, 51:803-809, (2013).
  • [10] N., Kaymakci, A., Ozdemir, F., “Physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of polypropylene composites filled with walnut shell flour”, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 19(3): 908-914, (2013).
  • [11] Barczewski, M., Sałasińska, K., Szulcc, J., “Application of sunflower husk, hazelnut shell and walnut shell as waste agricultural fillers for epoxy-based composites: A study into mechanical behavior related to structural and rheological properties”, Polymer Testing, 75:1-11, (2019).
  • [12] Pirayesh, H., Khanjanzadeh, H., Salari, A., “Effect of using walnut/almond shells on the physical, mechanical properties and formaldehyde emission of particleboard”, Composites Part B: Engineering, 45(1): 858-863, (2013).
  • [13] Quiles-Carrillo, L., Montanes, N., Sammon, C., Balart, R., Torres-Giner, S., “Compatibilization of highly sustainable polylactide/almond shell flour composites by reactive extrusion with maleinized linseed oil”, Industrial Crops and Products, 111:878-888, (2018).
  • [14] Quiles-Carrillo, L., Montanes, N., Garcia-Garcia, D., Carbonell-Verdu A.,, Balart, R., Torres-Giner, S.,” Effect of different compatibilizers on injection-molded green composite pieces based on polylactide filled with almond shell flour”, Composites Part B-engineering, 147: 76-85, (2018).
  • [15] McCaffrey, Z., Torres, L., Flynn, S., Cao, T., Chiou, B-S., Klamczynski, A., Glenn, G., Orts, W., “Recycled polypropylene-polyethylene torrefied almond shell biocomposites”, Industrial Crops and Products, 125:425-432, (2018).
  • [16] Boran Torun, S., Dizman Tomak, E., Donmez Cavdar, A., Mengeloglu, F., “Characterization of weathered MCC / nutshell reinforced composites”, Polymer Testing, 101:107290, (2021).
  • [17] Boran Torun, S., Dizman Tomak, E., Donmez Cavdar, A., “Biological properties of nutshell and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) filled high density polyethylene composites”, Archives of Materials Science and Engineering, 78:71-77, (2016).
  • [18] Yıldırım, K., “Evaluation of Hazelnut Shells in Polypropylene Based Polymer Composite Production”, International Journal of Science and Society (IJSOC), 2(4):40-45, (2020).
  • [19] Demirer, H., Kartal, İ., Yıldırım, A., Büyükkaya, K., “The Utilisability of Ground Hazelnut Shell as Filler in Polypropylene Composites”, Acta Phys. Pol. A, 134: 254–256, (2018).
  • [20] Balart, J.F., García-Sanoguera, D., Balart, R., Boronat, T., Sánchez-Nacher, L, “Manufacturing and properties of biobased thermoplastic composites from poly(lactid acid) and hazelnut shell wastes”, Polymer Composites, 39:1-10, (2016).
  • [21] Pradhan, P. and Satapathy, A. “Investigation on sliding wear behaviour of walnut shell powder (WSP) filled polyester composites using finite element method”, Materials Today: Proceedings, (44)6, 4190-4195, (2021).
  • [22] Pashaei S.;Hosseinzadeh S. “Sliding Wear Behaviour of Walnut Shell Powder Filled Vinyl Ester/WSP Green Composites”, Iran Chem Commun, 5, 138 – 146, (2017).
  • [23] Obidiegwu, M. U. ; Nwanonenyi, S. C. ; Eze, I. O. ; Egbuna, I. C. “The effect of walnut shell powder on the properties of polypropylene filled composite”, International Asian Research Journal, 2 (2), 22-29, (2014). ISSN : 2310-337X.
  • [24] Palaniyappan, S.;Veeman, D.; Sivakumar,N. K.; and Natrayan,L., “Development and optimization of lattice structure on the walnut shell reinforced PLA composite for the tensile strength and dimensional error properties”, Structures, 45,163-178, (2022).
  • [25] Zaaba, N., F., Ismail, H., Jaafar, M., ”Effect of peanut shell powder content on the properties of recycled polypropylene (RPP)/peanut shell powder (PSP) composites”, BioResources , 8(4): 5826-5841, (2013).
  • [26] Zaaba, N., F., Ismail, H., Jaafar, M., “Utilization of Polyvinyl Alcohol on Properties of Recycled Polypropylene/Peanut Shell Powder Composites”, Procedia Chemistry, 19: 763 – 769, (2016).
  • [27] Zaaba, N., F., Ismail, H., “A Review on Peanut Shell Powder Reinforced Polymer Composites”, Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 58:1-17, (2018).
  • [28] García, E., Louvier-Hernández, J.,F., Cervantes-Vallejo, F.,J., Flores-Martínez, M., Hernández, R., Alcaraz-Caracheo, L.,A., Hernández-Navarro, C., “Mechanical, dynamic and tribological characterization of HDPE/peanut shell composites”, Polymer Testing, 98:107075, (2021).
  • [29] Garcia Garcia, D., Carbonell, A., Jordá-Vilaplana, A., Balart, R., Garcia-Sanoguera, D., “Development and characterization of green composites from bio-based polyethylene and peanut Shell”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 133:1-12, (2016).
  • [30] Karabulut A. F. “Yer fıstığı kabuğundan yanmaz, su tutmaz polimerik kompozit yonga levha üretimi”, Politeknik Dergisi, 25(2): 685-689, (2022).
  • [31] Zohary, D., Hopf, M., “Domestication of plants in the old world”, 3rd ed, Oxford University Press, Oxfordshire, (2000).
  • [32] Duke JA., “Handbook of nuts”, CRC Press, London, (1989).
  • [33] Andrzej, K., Bledzki,, A., Mamun, A., Volk, J., “Barley husk and coconut shell reinforced polypropylene composites: The effect of fibre physical, chemical and surface properties”, Composites Science and Technology, 70(5):840-846, (2010).
  • [34] Sari, N.,H., Suteja, S., Fudholi, A., Zamzuriadi, A., Sulistyowati, E., D., Pandiatmi, P., Sinarep, S., Zainuri, A., “Morphology and mechanical properties of coconut shell powder-filled untreated cornhusk fibre-unsaturated polyester composites”, Polymer, 222:123657, (2021).
  • [35] Babji, R., Reddy, U.,Mokshegna, B., Shakthivel, S., “Characteristic Investigation and Comparison between Vetiver fiber -reinforced polypropylene and polyethylene with Coconut shell powder and Maleic anhydride as filler and coupling agents”, Materials Today: Proceedings, 24:2339-2351, (2020).
  • [36] Quiles-Carrillo, L.; Montanes, N.; Sammon, C.; Balart, R.; Sunaga, Y., Ogoe, S., Aoki, K., Ito, H., Teramoto, Y., “Profitable mass-production of acid-modified recovered resins for value-added mechanical recycling as a compatibilizer for composites”, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng, 6, 12110-12118, (2018).
  • [37] Mei, J., Liao, T., Liang, J., Qiao, Y.X., Dou, S.X., Sun, Z.Q., “Toward promising cathode catalysts for nonlithium metaleoxygen batteries”, Adv. Energy Mater, 10, 1901997, (2020).
  • [38] Teuber, L., Osburg, V.S., Toporowski, W., Militz, H., Krause, A., “Wood polymer composites and their contribution to cascading utilisation”, J. Clean. Prod, 110, 9-15, (2016).
  • [39] Gultekin Toroslu A., ”Geri dönüşümlü Akrilonitril Bütadiyen Stiren (ABS) plastik malzemesinin kalıplama parametrelerine etkisi”, Politeknik Dergisi, 23(1): 1-6, (2020).
  • [40] Altın B., Altınbay Bekem A. and Ünal A., “Determination of Design Criteria for Composite Drive Shaft in Automobiles”, Journal of Polytechnic, (erken görünüm), (2023).
  • [41] Erdemir, F. “Esneyerek kilitlenen bağlantı elemanlarının tasarımı ve yapay sinir ağları (YSA) ile modellenmesi”, Yüksek lisans tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, (2019).

Meyve Kabuğu tozları Takviyeli Ahşap Plastik Kompozit (APK) Malzemelerin Mekanik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi ve I-Tipi Snap-Fit Modeli için Örnek Çalışma

Year 2023, Volume: 26 Issue: 3, 1243 - 1253, 01.10.2023

Fulya Erdemir Murat Tolga Özkan

https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1230901
Cited By: 1

Abstract

Kaliteli malzeme üretimi son yıllarda birçok araştırmacının çalışmaları arasında yer almaktadır. Daha çok kompozit malzemelerin üretimi ile elde edilen bu malzemeler daha hafif, daha dayanıklı ve daha az maliyetli ürünlerin üretilmesini sağlar. Son yıllarda artan çevre kirliliği, doğal kaynakların korunması ve geri dönüşümün sağlanması ahşap plastik kompozit malzeme üretiminin önemini artırmıştır. Bu çalışmada ABS (Akrilonitril bütadien stiren) plastik malzeme ve altı farklı ağaç malzeme (ceviz, antep fıstığı, fıstık, badem, fındık ve kayısı kabuğu) kullanılarak ahşap plastik kompozit malzeme elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen kompozit malzemenin mekanik özellikleri belirlenmiş ve I tipi snap-fit bağlantılara etkisi ANSYS yazılımında analiz edilmiştir. Mekanik özellikler incelendiğinde elde edilien kompozit malzeme yoğunluğunun, çekme mukavemetinin azaldığı buna karşın eriyik akış hızının ve Vicat erime noktası değerinin arttığı gözlemlenmiştir. ANSYS yazılımında yapılan analizde malzemenin kopma uzaması değerine ulaştığında alabileceği maksimum değerler incelendiğinde, aynı boyuttaki kompozit I tipi geçmeli tasarımın %12,6 N daha az kuvvete dayanabileceği gözlemlenmiştir.

Keywords

Ahşap Plastik Kompozit (APK) Meyve kabukları Akrilonitril bütadien stiren (ABS) Snap-fits.

Project Number

07/2019-02

References

  • [1] Wang, C., Mei, J., Zhang, L., “High-added-value biomass-derived composites by chemically coupling post-consumer plastics with agricultural and forestry wastes”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 284: 124768, (2021).
  • [2] Väisänen, T., Haapala, A., Lappalainen, R., Tomppo, L., “Utilization of agricultural and forest industry waste and residues in natural fiber-polymer composites: A review”, Waste Management, 54:62-73, (2016).
  • [3] Pratheep, V., G., Priyanka, E.,B., Thangavel, S., Gousanal, J., J., Bijoy Antony, P.,T., Kavin, E.,D., “Investigation and analysis of corn cob, coir pith with wood plastic composites”, Materials Today: Proceedings, 44(1): 549-555, (2021).
  • [4] Abhiram, Y., Das, A., Kumar Sharma, K., “Green composites for structural and non-structural applications: A review”, Materials Today: Proceedings, 44(1): 2658-2664, (2021).
  • [5] Gardner, D.J., Han, Y. & Wang, L, “Wood–Plastic Composite Technology”, Curr Forestry Rep, 1:139–150, (2015).
  • [6] de Prá Andrade, M., Piazza, D., Poletto, M., ”Pecan nutshell: morphological, chemical and thermal characterization”, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 13:2229-2238, (2021).
  • [7] Álvarez-Chávez, C., R., Sánchez-Acosta, D., L., Encinas-Encinas, J., C., Esquer, J., Quintana-Owen, P., and Madera-Santana, T., J., “Characterization of Extruded Poly(lactic acid)/Pecan Nutshell Biocomposites”, International Journal of Polymer Science, 2017:1-12, (2017).
  • [8] Orue, A., Eceiza, A.,Arbelaiz, A., “Preparation and characterization of poly(lactic acid) plasticized with vegetable oils and reinforced with sisal fibers”, Industrial Crops and Products, 145:1-9, (2017).
  • [9] Zahedi, M., Pirayesh, H., Khanjanzadeh, H., Tabara, M.,M., “Organo-modified montmorillonite reinforced walnut shell/polypropylene composites”, Materials and Design, 51:803-809, (2013).
  • [10] N., Kaymakci, A., Ozdemir, F., “Physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of polypropylene composites filled with walnut shell flour”, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 19(3): 908-914, (2013).
  • [11] Barczewski, M., Sałasińska, K., Szulcc, J., “Application of sunflower husk, hazelnut shell and walnut shell as waste agricultural fillers for epoxy-based composites: A study into mechanical behavior related to structural and rheological properties”, Polymer Testing, 75:1-11, (2019).
  • [12] Pirayesh, H., Khanjanzadeh, H., Salari, A., “Effect of using walnut/almond shells on the physical, mechanical properties and formaldehyde emission of particleboard”, Composites Part B: Engineering, 45(1): 858-863, (2013).
  • [13] Quiles-Carrillo, L., Montanes, N., Sammon, C., Balart, R., Torres-Giner, S., “Compatibilization of highly sustainable polylactide/almond shell flour composites by reactive extrusion with maleinized linseed oil”, Industrial Crops and Products, 111:878-888, (2018).
  • [14] Quiles-Carrillo, L., Montanes, N., Garcia-Garcia, D., Carbonell-Verdu A.,, Balart, R., Torres-Giner, S.,” Effect of different compatibilizers on injection-molded green composite pieces based on polylactide filled with almond shell flour”, Composites Part B-engineering, 147: 76-85, (2018).
  • [15] McCaffrey, Z., Torres, L., Flynn, S., Cao, T., Chiou, B-S., Klamczynski, A., Glenn, G., Orts, W., “Recycled polypropylene-polyethylene torrefied almond shell biocomposites”, Industrial Crops and Products, 125:425-432, (2018).
  • [16] Boran Torun, S., Dizman Tomak, E., Donmez Cavdar, A., Mengeloglu, F., “Characterization of weathered MCC / nutshell reinforced composites”, Polymer Testing, 101:107290, (2021).
  • [17] Boran Torun, S., Dizman Tomak, E., Donmez Cavdar, A., “Biological properties of nutshell and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) filled high density polyethylene composites”, Archives of Materials Science and Engineering, 78:71-77, (2016).
  • [18] Yıldırım, K., “Evaluation of Hazelnut Shells in Polypropylene Based Polymer Composite Production”, International Journal of Science and Society (IJSOC), 2(4):40-45, (2020).
  • [19] Demirer, H., Kartal, İ., Yıldırım, A., Büyükkaya, K., “The Utilisability of Ground Hazelnut Shell as Filler in Polypropylene Composites”, Acta Phys. Pol. A, 134: 254–256, (2018).
  • [20] Balart, J.F., García-Sanoguera, D., Balart, R., Boronat, T., Sánchez-Nacher, L, “Manufacturing and properties of biobased thermoplastic composites from poly(lactid acid) and hazelnut shell wastes”, Polymer Composites, 39:1-10, (2016).
  • [21] Pradhan, P. and Satapathy, A. “Investigation on sliding wear behaviour of walnut shell powder (WSP) filled polyester composites using finite element method”, Materials Today: Proceedings, (44)6, 4190-4195, (2021).
  • [22] Pashaei S.;Hosseinzadeh S. “Sliding Wear Behaviour of Walnut Shell Powder Filled Vinyl Ester/WSP Green Composites”, Iran Chem Commun, 5, 138 – 146, (2017).
  • [23] Obidiegwu, M. U. ; Nwanonenyi, S. C. ; Eze, I. O. ; Egbuna, I. C. “The effect of walnut shell powder on the properties of polypropylene filled composite”, International Asian Research Journal, 2 (2), 22-29, (2014). ISSN : 2310-337X.
  • [24] Palaniyappan, S.;Veeman, D.; Sivakumar,N. K.; and Natrayan,L., “Development and optimization of lattice structure on the walnut shell reinforced PLA composite for the tensile strength and dimensional error properties”, Structures, 45,163-178, (2022).
  • [25] Zaaba, N., F., Ismail, H., Jaafar, M., ”Effect of peanut shell powder content on the properties of recycled polypropylene (RPP)/peanut shell powder (PSP) composites”, BioResources , 8(4): 5826-5841, (2013).
  • [26] Zaaba, N., F., Ismail, H., Jaafar, M., “Utilization of Polyvinyl Alcohol on Properties of Recycled Polypropylene/Peanut Shell Powder Composites”, Procedia Chemistry, 19: 763 – 769, (2016).
  • [27] Zaaba, N., F., Ismail, H., “A Review on Peanut Shell Powder Reinforced Polymer Composites”, Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 58:1-17, (2018).
  • [28] García, E., Louvier-Hernández, J.,F., Cervantes-Vallejo, F.,J., Flores-Martínez, M., Hernández, R., Alcaraz-Caracheo, L.,A., Hernández-Navarro, C., “Mechanical, dynamic and tribological characterization of HDPE/peanut shell composites”, Polymer Testing, 98:107075, (2021).
  • [29] Garcia Garcia, D., Carbonell, A., Jordá-Vilaplana, A., Balart, R., Garcia-Sanoguera, D., “Development and characterization of green composites from bio-based polyethylene and peanut Shell”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 133:1-12, (2016).
  • [30] Karabulut A. F. “Yer fıstığı kabuğundan yanmaz, su tutmaz polimerik kompozit yonga levha üretimi”, Politeknik Dergisi, 25(2): 685-689, (2022).
  • [31] Zohary, D., Hopf, M., “Domestication of plants in the old world”, 3rd ed, Oxford University Press, Oxfordshire, (2000).
  • [32] Duke JA., “Handbook of nuts”, CRC Press, London, (1989).
  • [33] Andrzej, K., Bledzki,, A., Mamun, A., Volk, J., “Barley husk and coconut shell reinforced polypropylene composites: The effect of fibre physical, chemical and surface properties”, Composites Science and Technology, 70(5):840-846, (2010).
  • [34] Sari, N.,H., Suteja, S., Fudholi, A., Zamzuriadi, A., Sulistyowati, E., D., Pandiatmi, P., Sinarep, S., Zainuri, A., “Morphology and mechanical properties of coconut shell powder-filled untreated cornhusk fibre-unsaturated polyester composites”, Polymer, 222:123657, (2021).
  • [35] Babji, R., Reddy, U.,Mokshegna, B., Shakthivel, S., “Characteristic Investigation and Comparison between Vetiver fiber -reinforced polypropylene and polyethylene with Coconut shell powder and Maleic anhydride as filler and coupling agents”, Materials Today: Proceedings, 24:2339-2351, (2020).
  • [36] Quiles-Carrillo, L.; Montanes, N.; Sammon, C.; Balart, R.; Sunaga, Y., Ogoe, S., Aoki, K., Ito, H., Teramoto, Y., “Profitable mass-production of acid-modified recovered resins for value-added mechanical recycling as a compatibilizer for composites”, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng, 6, 12110-12118, (2018).
  • [37] Mei, J., Liao, T., Liang, J., Qiao, Y.X., Dou, S.X., Sun, Z.Q., “Toward promising cathode catalysts for nonlithium metaleoxygen batteries”, Adv. Energy Mater, 10, 1901997, (2020).
  • [38] Teuber, L., Osburg, V.S., Toporowski, W., Militz, H., Krause, A., “Wood polymer composites and their contribution to cascading utilisation”, J. Clean. Prod, 110, 9-15, (2016).
  • [39] Gultekin Toroslu A., ”Geri dönüşümlü Akrilonitril Bütadiyen Stiren (ABS) plastik malzemesinin kalıplama parametrelerine etkisi”, Politeknik Dergisi, 23(1): 1-6, (2020).
  • [40] Altın B., Altınbay Bekem A. and Ünal A., “Determination of Design Criteria for Composite Drive Shaft in Automobiles”, Journal of Polytechnic, (erken görünüm), (2023).
  • [41] Erdemir, F. “Esneyerek kilitlenen bağlantı elemanlarının tasarımı ve yapay sinir ağları (YSA) ile modellenmesi”, Yüksek lisans tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, (2019).
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Fulya Erdemir 0000-0002-1383-6857

Murat Tolga Özkan 0000-0001-7260-5082

Project Number 07/2019-02
Early Pub Date August 17, 2023
Publication Date October 1, 2023
Submission Date January 7, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 26 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Erdemir, F., & Özkan, M. T. (2023). Determination of Mechanical Properties of Fruit Shell Powders Reinforced Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) Materials and Case Study for I-Type Snap-Fit Model. Politeknik Dergisi, 26(3), 1243-1253. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1230901
AMA Erdemir F, Özkan MT. Determination of Mechanical Properties of Fruit Shell Powders Reinforced Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) Materials and Case Study for I-Type Snap-Fit Model. Politeknik Dergisi. October 2023;26(3):1243-1253. doi:10.2339/politeknik.1230901
Chicago Erdemir, Fulya, and Murat Tolga Özkan. “Determination of Mechanical Properties of Fruit Shell Powders Reinforced Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) Materials and Case Study for I-Type Snap-Fit Model”. Politeknik Dergisi 26, no. 3 (October 2023): 1243-53. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1230901.
EndNote Erdemir F, Özkan MT (October 1, 2023) Determination of Mechanical Properties of Fruit Shell Powders Reinforced Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) Materials and Case Study for I-Type Snap-Fit Model. Politeknik Dergisi 26 3 1243–1253.
IEEE F. Erdemir and M. T. Özkan, “Determination of Mechanical Properties of Fruit Shell Powders Reinforced Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) Materials and Case Study for I-Type Snap-Fit Model”, Politeknik Dergisi, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 1243–1253, 2023, doi: 10.2339/politeknik.1230901.
ISNAD Erdemir, Fulya - Özkan, Murat Tolga. “Determination of Mechanical Properties of Fruit Shell Powders Reinforced Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) Materials and Case Study for I-Type Snap-Fit Model”. Politeknik Dergisi 26/3 (October 2023), 1243-1253. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1230901.
JAMA Erdemir F, Özkan MT. Determination of Mechanical Properties of Fruit Shell Powders Reinforced Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) Materials and Case Study for I-Type Snap-Fit Model. Politeknik Dergisi. 2023;26:1243–1253.
MLA Erdemir, Fulya and Murat Tolga Özkan. “Determination of Mechanical Properties of Fruit Shell Powders Reinforced Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) Materials and Case Study for I-Type Snap-Fit Model”. Politeknik Dergisi, vol. 26, no. 3, 2023, pp. 1243-5, doi:10.2339/politeknik.1230901.
Vancouver Erdemir F, Özkan MT. Determination of Mechanical Properties of Fruit Shell Powders Reinforced Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) Materials and Case Study for I-Type Snap-Fit Model. Politeknik Dergisi. 2023;26(3):1243-5.

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