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Küçük Devletlerin Hayatta Kalma Stratejileri: Ukrayna-Finlandiya'nın Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 137 - 151, 08.01.2024

Abstract

Bu makalenin amacı, küçük devletlerin komşu nükleer büyük bir güce karşı stratejilerini analiz etmek ve küçük devlet stratejilerindeki farklılığın nedenlerini açıklayarak literatüre katkı sağlamaktır. Soğuk Savaş sırasında NATO’ya katılmayan küçük bir devlet olan Finlandiya vakası nevi şahsına münhasır bir durumdur. “Finlandiyalaşma” terimi, Soğuk Savaş sırasında jeopolitik olarak güçlü bir komşu olan komünist Sovyetler Birliği’ne karşı hayatta kalmak için küçük bir devlet olarak Finlandiya’nın uyguladığı dış politika olarak anılmaktadır. NATO, Soğuk Savaş’tan sonra bile güvenlik mimarisinin kilit bir bileşeni olmaya devam etmektedir ve üyelerinin çoğunluğu küçük devletler olarak sınıflandırılabilir. Soğuk Savaş boyunca NATO üyesi olmayan Finlandiya’nın Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı’ndan sonra Finlandiyalaşmayı terk ettiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Jeopolitikte tarafsızlık politikası barışta ve hatta Soğuk Savaş’ta geçerli bir strateji olmasına rağmen savaşta farklı parametreler öne çıkmaktadır. Bu makalede bu hususlar Ukrayna ve Finlandiya özelinde karşılaştırmalı vaka analizi metodu ile incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak; Finlandiya, Finlandiyalaşmayı terk ederek NATO’ya katılmayı başarırken, Ukrayna toprak ve ağır can kayıplar vermesine rağmen NATO’ya giremedi.

References

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Survival Strategies of Small States: Comparative Analysis of Ukraine - Finland

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 137 - 151, 08.01.2024

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to analyze the strategies of small states against a neighboring nuclear big power and to contribute to the literature by explaining the reasons for the difference in small-state strategies. The case of Finland, a small country that did not join NATO during the Cold War, is a sui generis case. “Finlandization” refers to the foreign policy of Finland as a small state to survive against the communist Soviet Union, which was a powerful geopolitical neighbor during the Cold War. NATO remains a key component of the security architecture even after the Cold War, and the majority of its members can be classified as small states. Finland, which was not a NATO member during the Cold War, abandoned Finlandization after the Russia-Ukraine War. Although the policy of neutrality in geopolitics is a valid strategy in peace and even in the Cold War, different parameters come to the fore in war. In this article, these issues are examined with the comparative case study method. In conclusion, Finland succeeded in joining NATO by abandoning the Finlandization model, but Ukraine could not enter NATO while losing land and heavy casualties.

References

  • Adcock, R. & Collier, D. (2001). Measurement validity: A shared standard for qualitative and quantitative research. The American Political Science Review, 95(3), 529-546.
  • Alkanalka, M. (2023). The path to war: Ukraine’s Nato membership. Journal of International Relations and Political Science Studies, (7), 55-75.
  • Allison, G. (2020). The new spheres of influence sharing the globe with other great powers. Foreign Policy, [Available online at: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-02-10/new-spheres-influence], Retrieved on August 12, 2023.
  • Arter, D. (2023). From Finlandisation and post-Finlandisation to the end of Finlandisation? Finland’s road to a NATO application. European Security, 32(2), 171-189.
  • Atabay, F. N. (2020). Küçük devlet neden süper güç ittifakından ayrılır? Soğuk savaş dönemi Irak, Mısır ve İran örnekleri. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 61-97.
  • Baehr, P. R. (1975). Small States: A Tool for Analysis? World Politics, 27(3), 456–466. http://doi.org/10.2307/2010129.
  • Baldersheim H. & Keating M. (2015). Small states in the modern world : vulnerabilities and opportunities. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Carr, E. H. (1990). What is history?. London: Penguin Books.
  • Christmas-Møller, W. (1983). Some thoughts on the scientific applicability of the small state concept: A research history and a discussion. In Höll, O. (Eds.), Small states in Europe and dependence (pp. 35-53). Vienna: Braumüller.
  • Ciobanu, I. (1998). Russian roulette: Ukraine and NATO membership. Harvard International Review, 20(2), 13-14. Coomonwealth Advisory Group. (1997). A Future for Small States: Overcoming Vulnerability, London, Coomonwealth Secreteriat.
  • David, V. (1967). The inequality of states: A study of the small power in international relations. Clarendon Press. Domisse, A. (2016). Enlargement to the North?: Sweden, Finland and NATO. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, No: 212, 1-7.
  • East, M. A. (1973). Size and Foreign Policy Behavior: A Test of Two Models. World Politics, 25(4), 556–576. http://doi.org/10.2307/2009952 .
  • Efremova, K. (2019). Small states in great power politics: understanding the "buffer effect". Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, 13(1), 100-121.
  • Elman, M. F. (1995). The foreign policies of small states: Challenging neorealism in its own backyard. British Journal of Political Science, 25(2), 171–217.
  • Erlanger, S. and Shear, M. D. (2022). NATO formally invites Finland and Sweden to join the alliance. The New York Times, June 29, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/29/world/europe/nato-sweden-finland.html , Retrieved on November 03, 2023.
  • Fox, A. B. (1959). The power of small states: diplomacy in world war ıı. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. George, A. L. & Bennett, A. (2005). Case studies and theory development in the social sciences. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
  • Goetschel L. (2011). Small states inside and outside the European Union : interests and policies. Springer. Haltiwanger, J. (2023). Putin said Finland joining NATO didn’t pose a threat, but now that it’s a done deal, Russia is warning it will have to take action. Insider, [Available online at: https://www.businessinsider.com/after-putin-downplayed-it-russia-threatens-finland-as-it-joins-nato-2023-4], Retrieved on August 12, 2023.
  • Handel M. I. (2016). Weak states in the international system. Routledge.
  • Hey J. A. K. (2003). Small states in world politics : explaining foreign policy behavior. Lynne Rienner.
  • Katzenstein, P. J. (2003). Small states and small states revisited. New Political Economy, 8(1), 9-30.
  • Kauranen, A. & Gray, A. (2023). Finland joins NATO in historic shift, Russia threatens ‘counter-measures’. Reuters, [Available online at: https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/finland-set-join-nato-historic-shift-while-sweden-waits-2023-04-04/], Retrieved on August 12, 2023.
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  • Kurecic, P. (2017). Small states in the multi-polar world. World Review of Political Economy, 8(3), 280-294.
  • Labs, E. J. (1992). Do weak states Bandwagon?. Security Studies, 1(3), 383-416.
  • Long, T. (2017). Small states, great power? Gaining influence through intrinsic, derivative, and collective power. International Studies Review, 19(2), 185–205.
  • Mäkelä, J. (2016). “Nordik ikili birbirinden ayrılmamalı” – NATO üyeliği üzerine Finlandiya’da basılan bir çalışma. NATO Review, https://www.nato.int/docu/review/tr/articles/2016/05/19/nordik-ikili-birbirinden-ayrilmamali-nato-ueyeligi-uezerine-finlandiyada-basilan-bir-calisma/index.html , Retrieved on November 03, 2023.
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  • Mearsheimer, J. J. (2014). Why the Ukraine crisis is the west’s fault: The liberal delusions that provoked Putin. Foreign Affairs, 93(5), 77-89.
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  • Ministry of Defense of Ukraine (2012). 2011 white paper. [Available online at: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/167335/WB_Eng_final_2011.pdf], Retrieved on August 14, 2023.
  • Muzamildown, P. (2022). Roots of the war: A peek into Russia-Ukraine conflict. Outlook, [Available online at: https://www.outlookindia.com/international/roots-of-the-war-a-peek-into-russo-ukraine-conflict-news-245495], Retrieved on August 10, 2023.
  • Nagourney, E., Bilefsky, D. & Pérez-Peña, R. (2023). A year of war in Ukraine: The roots of the crisis. New York Times, [Available online at: https://www.nytimes.com/article/russia-ukraine-nato-europe.html], Retrieved on August 10, 2023.
  • NATO (2020). NATO recognises Ukraine as Enhanced Opportunities Partner. [Available online at: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_176327.htm], Retrieved on April 15, 2023.
  • NATO (2023). Relations with Ukraine. [Available online at: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_37750.htm], Retrieved on April 15, 2023.
  • Neumann, I. B. & Gstöhl, S. (2004). Lilliputians in Gulliver’s world? Small states in international relations. Centre for Small State Studies University of Iceland, [Available online at: https://rafhladan.is/bitstream/handle/10802/5122/Lilliputians%20Endanlegt%202004.pdf?sequence=1], Retrieved on August 12, 2023.
  • Niinistö, S. (2022). Niinistö: Polls demonstrate required popular support for Nato membership. YLE News, 03.03.2022, https://yle.fi/news/3-12384116 , Retrieved on November 03, 2023.
  • Nyberg, R. (2016). Finland and the unpredictable neighbor. Speech at the Atlantic Council.
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  • Putin, V. (2021). On the historical unity of Russians and Ukrainians. Presidency of Russia, [Available online at: http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/66181], (translated in google), Retrieved on August 11, 2023.
  • Rafique, S. (2021). Conceptualizing strategic risk-taking by small states under game theory (a constructivist analysis). The Journal of Social Science, 5(9), 16-33.
  • Rothstein, R. L. (1968). Alliances and small powers. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Salminen, E. (1999). Finlandisation: A European Nightmare. In Campling, J. (Eds.), The Silenced Media: The Propaganda War between Russia and the West in Northern Europe (pp. 152-167). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Schweller, R. L. (1992). Domestic structure and preventive war: Are democracies more pacific?. World Politics, 44(2), 235-269.
  • Simpson, A. W. (2006). Small states in world politics. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 19(4), 649-649. Singleton, F. (1981). The myth of ‘Finlandisation’. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 57(2), 270-285.
  • Siverson, R. M. & Starr, H. (1994). Regime change and the restructuring of alliances. American Journal of Political Science, 38(1), 145-161.
  • Smith, S. J. (2023). From ‘Finlandisation’ to ‘Natoisation’. The Statesman, [Available online at: https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/from-finlandisation-to-natoisation-1503171023.html], Retrieved on August 11, 2023.
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There are 63 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Policy and Administration (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mehmet Alkanalka 0000-0002-2311-935X

Veysel Babahanoğlu 0000-0003-3734-7430

Publication Date January 8, 2024
Submission Date August 15, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 11 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Alkanalka, M., & Babahanoğlu, V. (2024). Survival Strategies of Small States: Comparative Analysis of Ukraine - Finland. Optimum Ekonomi Ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(1), 137-151.
AMA Alkanalka M, Babahanoğlu V. Survival Strategies of Small States: Comparative Analysis of Ukraine - Finland. OJEMS. January 2024;11(1):137-151.
Chicago Alkanalka, Mehmet, and Veysel Babahanoğlu. “Survival Strategies of Small States: Comparative Analysis of Ukraine - Finland”. Optimum Ekonomi Ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi 11, no. 1 (January 2024): 137-51.
EndNote Alkanalka M, Babahanoğlu V (January 1, 2024) Survival Strategies of Small States: Comparative Analysis of Ukraine - Finland. Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi 11 1 137–151.
IEEE M. Alkanalka and V. Babahanoğlu, “Survival Strategies of Small States: Comparative Analysis of Ukraine - Finland”, OJEMS, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 137–151, 2024.
ISNAD Alkanalka, Mehmet - Babahanoğlu, Veysel. “Survival Strategies of Small States: Comparative Analysis of Ukraine - Finland”. Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi 11/1 (January 2024), 137-151.
JAMA Alkanalka M, Babahanoğlu V. Survival Strategies of Small States: Comparative Analysis of Ukraine - Finland. OJEMS. 2024;11:137–151.
MLA Alkanalka, Mehmet and Veysel Babahanoğlu. “Survival Strategies of Small States: Comparative Analysis of Ukraine - Finland”. Optimum Ekonomi Ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 11, no. 1, 2024, pp. 137-51.
Vancouver Alkanalka M, Babahanoğlu V. Survival Strategies of Small States: Comparative Analysis of Ukraine - Finland. OJEMS. 2024;11(1):137-51.

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