Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

The Effects of Fear Levels of Pictures Used in Cigarette Packages on Smoking Cessation Behavior

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 307 - 330, 01.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.17541/optimum.875990

Abstract

Cigarette consumption leads to many health problems. In this context, many studies related to health problems caused by cigarette and prevention of these problems are being dealt with in literature. That the cigarette-related health problems are gradually rising and the starting age for smoking is decreasing day by day is increasing the importance of research conducted to reduce cigarette consumption. In this study, the effects of fear levels of pictures used in cigarette packages on smoking cessation behavior are examined. Planned behavior theory was used to analyze the effects of pictures with different fear levels on smoking cessation behavior. Two different questionnaires with pictures of two different levels of fear (high fear and low fear) were used. The questionnaire forms prepared online were delivered to the participants via social media platforms. In this way, 440 questionnaires were filled out by the participants. The results indicate that the effects of subjective norm and perceived behavioral control on intention are stronger when the pictures with high fear levels are shown compared to the pictures with low fear levels are shown.

References

  • Abraham, C., ve Sheeran, P. (2003). Acting on Intentions: The Role of Anticipated Regret. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42(4), 495–511.
  • Açıkalın, N. (2010). Sigara Paketlerindeki Yazılı Mesajların Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Sigara Alışkanlıkları Üzerine Etkileri.
  • Ajzen, I. (1985). From Intentions to Actions : A Theory of Planned Behavior. In Action Control From Cognition to Behavior (pp. 11–39).
  • Ajzen, I., ve Fishbein, M. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behaviour: An Introduction to Theory and Research.
  • Ajzen, I., ve Madden, T. J. (1986). Prediction of Goal-Directed Behavior: Attitudes, Intentions, and Perceived Behavioral Control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22(5), 453–474.
  • Albarracin, D., Johnson, B. T., Fishbein, M., ve Muellerleile, P. A. (2001). Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior as Models of Condom Use : A Meta-Analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 127(1), 142–161.
  • Ayar, İ. (2019). Tüketicilerin Sürdürülebilir Tüketim Niyetinin Planlı Davranış Teorisi Kapsamında Belirlenmesi.
  • Banerjee, S. C., ve Greene, K. (2007). Antismoking Initiatives: Effects of Analysis versus Production Media Literacy Interventions on Smoking-Related Attitude, Norm, and Behavioral Intention. Health Communication, 22(1), 37–48.
  • Bentler, P. M., ve Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance Tests and Goodness of Fit in Analysis of Covariance Structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606.
  • Berg, C. J., Thrasher, J. F., Westmaas, J. L., Buchanan, T., Pinsker, E. A., ve Ahluwalia, J. S. (2011). College Student Reactions to Health Warning Labels: Sociodemographic and Psychosocial Factors Related to Perceived Effectiveness of Different Approaches. Preventive Medicine, 53(6), 427–430.
  • Boyle, P., ve Maisonneuve, P. (1995). Lung Cancer and Tobacco Smoking. Lung Cancer, 12(3), 167–181.
  • Browne, M. W., ve Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230–258.
  • Bursey, M., ve Craig, D. (2000). Attitudes, Subjective Norm, Perceived Behavioral Control, and Intentions Related to Adult Smoking Cessation After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft surgery. Public Health Nursing, 17(6), 460–467.
  • Çakar, S. (2009). Reklamlarda Korku Çekiciliğinin Kullanılması. Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi.
  • Çelik, R., Durmaz, M., Yorulmaz, R., Varol, T., Polat, F. N., Begüm, Y., … Bacanlı, N. (2016). RİSK İLETİŞİMİ KAPSAMINDA SİGARA PAKETLERİ. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3(25), 1–22.
  • Chung, H., Ahn, E., ve Kang, S. (2016). Processing Anti-smoking Ads among College Students: The Role of Emotional Response and Level of Smoking. Journal of Promotion Management, 22(3), 370–385.
  • Davey, G., Mcclenahan, C., ve Zhao, X. (2013). Smoking Intention among Chinese Youth and Implications for Health Interventions. Asia Pacific Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, (February 2015), 37–41.
  • Demirci, A., ve Utkutuğ, Ç. P. (2013). Sigara Ambalajı Üzerindeki Görsel Uyarıların Etkileri. Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi, 48(1), 38–48.
  • Dijker, A., Koomen, W., ve Kok, G. (1997). Interpersonal Determinants of Fear of People With AIDS: The Moderating Role of Predictable Behavior. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 19(1), 61–79.
  • Dillard, J. P., ve Anderson, J. W. (2004). The Role of Fear in Persuasion. Psychology & Marketing, 21(11), 909–926.
  • Fielding, K. S., McDonald, R., ve Louis, W. R. (2008). Theory of planned behaviour, identity and intentions to engage in environmental activism. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(4), 318–326.
  • Fornell, C., ve Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39.
  • Greenlund, K. J., Johnson, C. C., Webber, L. S., ve Berenson, G. S. (1997). Cigarette Smoking Attitudes and First Use among Third-through Sixth- Grade Students: The Bogalusa Heart Study. American Journal of Public Health, 87(8), 1345–1348.
  • Hu, L. T., ve Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria versus New Alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55.
  • Huchting, K., Lac, A., ve LaBrie, J. W. (2008). An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Sorority Alcohol Consumption. Addictive Behaviors, 33(4), 538–551.
  • Insko, C. A., Arkoff, A. B. E., ve Insko, V. M. (1965). Effects of High and Fear-Arosing Communications upon Opinions toward Smoking. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1, 256–266.
  • Kamışlı, S., Karatay, G., Terzioğlu, F., ve Kublay, G. (2008). Si̇gara ve Ruh Sağlığı (1st ed.). Ankara.
  • Koval, J. J., Aubut, J.-A. L., Pederson, L. L., O’Hegarty, M., ve Chan, S. S. H. (2005). The Potential Effectiveness of Warning Labels on Cigarette Packages. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 96(5), 353–356.
  • Lennon, R., ve Rentfro, R. (2010). Are Young Adults Fear Appeal Effectiveness Ratings Explained by Fear Arousal, Perceived Threat and Perceived Efficacy? Innovative Marketing, 6(1), 58–65.
  • Ng, D. H. L., Roxburgh, S. T. D., Sanjay, S., ve Au Eong, K. G. (2010). Awareness of Smoking Risks and Attitudes Towards Graphic Health Warning Labels on Cigarette Packs: A Cross-Cultural Study of Two Populations in Singapore and Scotland. Eye, 24(5), 864–868.
  • Noar, S. M., Hall, M. G., Francis, D. B., Ribis, K. M., Pepper, J. K., ve Brewer, N. T. (2016). Pictorial Cigarette Pack Warnings: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies. Tobacco Control, 25(3), 341–354.
  • O’Callaghan, F. V., Callan, V. J., ve Baglioni, A. (1999). Cigarette Use by Adolescents: Attitude-Behavior Relationships. Substance Use and Misuse, 34(3), 455–468.
  • Öztürk, M. (2015). Sigara Paketleri Üzerindeki Uyarı Amaçlı Resim ve Metinlerin Sigara İçme Davranışı Üzerine Etkisi: Sağlık Bakanlığı’na Bağlı Hastanelerde Çalışanlar Üzerine Bir Araştırma.
  • Pechmann, C., ve Reibling, E. T. (2006). Antismoking Advertisements for Youths : An Independent Evaluation of Health , Counter-Industry , and Industry Approaches. Research and Practice, 96(5), 906–913.
  • Rise, J., Kovac, V., Kraft, P., ve Moan, I. S. (2008). Predicting the Intention to Quit Smoking and Quitting Behaviour: Extending the Theory of Planned Behaviour. British Journal of Health Psychology, 13(2), 291–310.
  • Tanasic, B. R. (2018). What is Actually the Warning Label on the Package of Cigarettes? International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, 9(02), 20383–20392.
  • Terblanche-Smit, M., ve Terblanche, N. S. (2010). Race and Attitude Formation in HIV/Aids Fear Advertising. Journal of Business Research, 63(2), 121–125.
  • Topa, G., ve Moriano, J. A. (2010). Theory of Planned Behavior and Smoking: Meta-Analysis and SEM Model. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 23–33.
  • Vries, H. de, Kuhlman, P., ve Dijkstra, M. (1988). Self Efficacy: The Third Factor Besides Attitude and Subjective Norm as A Predictor of Behavioral Intentions. Health Education Research, 3(3), 273–282.
  • White, V., Webster, B., ve Wakefield, M. (2008). Do Graphic Health Warning Labels Have an Impact on Adolescents’ Smoking-Related Beliefs and Behaviours? Addiction, 103(9), 1562–1571.
  • Witte, K., ve Allen, M. (2000). A Meta-Analysis of Fear Appeals: Implications for Effective Public Health Campaigns. Health Education and Behavior, 27(5), 591–615.
  • Zeybek, S. (2011). Sigara Paketlerindeki Birleşik Uyarı Etiketlerinin Yol Açtığı Etkilere Yönelik Nitel Bir İnceleme. Nobel Yayıncılık, İstanbul.

Sigara Paketlerinde Kullanılan Resimlerin Korku Düzeylerinin Sigara Bırakma Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkileri

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 307 - 330, 01.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.17541/optimum.875990

Abstract

Sigara tüketimi pek çok rahatsızlığı da beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu bağlamda, sigaranın yol açtığı sağlık sorunları ve bu sorunların önlenmesine ilişkin çok sayıda çalışmanın literatürde yer aldığı görülmektedir. Gerek sigaranın yol açtığı sağlık sorunları gerekse de sigaraya başlama yaşının gün geçtikçe düşmesi sigara tüketimini azaltmak amacıyla yapılan çalışmaların önemini arttırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, sigara paketlerinde kullanılan resimlerin korku düzeylerinin sigara bırakma davranışı üzerindeki etkileri incelenmektedir. Korku düzeyleri farklı olan resimlerin sigara bırakma davranışı üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesinde planlı davranış teorisinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırmanın amacı doğrultusunda iki farklı korku düzeyine ait resimlerin (yüksek korku ve düşük korku) yer aldığı iki farklı anket formu kullanılmıştır. Online olarak hazırlanan anket formları katılımcılara sosyal medya platformlarından ulaştırılmıştır. Bu şekilde katılımcılar tarafından 440 anket formu doldurulmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlar, öznel norm ve algılanan davranışsal kontrolün niyet üzerindeki etkisinin korku düzeyi yüksek olan resimlerin gösterildiği durumlarda, korku düzeyi düşük olan resimlerin gösterildiği durumlara göre daha güçlü olduğuna işaret etmektedir.

References

  • Abraham, C., ve Sheeran, P. (2003). Acting on Intentions: The Role of Anticipated Regret. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42(4), 495–511.
  • Açıkalın, N. (2010). Sigara Paketlerindeki Yazılı Mesajların Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Sigara Alışkanlıkları Üzerine Etkileri.
  • Ajzen, I. (1985). From Intentions to Actions : A Theory of Planned Behavior. In Action Control From Cognition to Behavior (pp. 11–39).
  • Ajzen, I., ve Fishbein, M. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behaviour: An Introduction to Theory and Research.
  • Ajzen, I., ve Madden, T. J. (1986). Prediction of Goal-Directed Behavior: Attitudes, Intentions, and Perceived Behavioral Control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22(5), 453–474.
  • Albarracin, D., Johnson, B. T., Fishbein, M., ve Muellerleile, P. A. (2001). Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior as Models of Condom Use : A Meta-Analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 127(1), 142–161.
  • Ayar, İ. (2019). Tüketicilerin Sürdürülebilir Tüketim Niyetinin Planlı Davranış Teorisi Kapsamında Belirlenmesi.
  • Banerjee, S. C., ve Greene, K. (2007). Antismoking Initiatives: Effects of Analysis versus Production Media Literacy Interventions on Smoking-Related Attitude, Norm, and Behavioral Intention. Health Communication, 22(1), 37–48.
  • Bentler, P. M., ve Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance Tests and Goodness of Fit in Analysis of Covariance Structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606.
  • Berg, C. J., Thrasher, J. F., Westmaas, J. L., Buchanan, T., Pinsker, E. A., ve Ahluwalia, J. S. (2011). College Student Reactions to Health Warning Labels: Sociodemographic and Psychosocial Factors Related to Perceived Effectiveness of Different Approaches. Preventive Medicine, 53(6), 427–430.
  • Boyle, P., ve Maisonneuve, P. (1995). Lung Cancer and Tobacco Smoking. Lung Cancer, 12(3), 167–181.
  • Browne, M. W., ve Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230–258.
  • Bursey, M., ve Craig, D. (2000). Attitudes, Subjective Norm, Perceived Behavioral Control, and Intentions Related to Adult Smoking Cessation After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft surgery. Public Health Nursing, 17(6), 460–467.
  • Çakar, S. (2009). Reklamlarda Korku Çekiciliğinin Kullanılması. Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi.
  • Çelik, R., Durmaz, M., Yorulmaz, R., Varol, T., Polat, F. N., Begüm, Y., … Bacanlı, N. (2016). RİSK İLETİŞİMİ KAPSAMINDA SİGARA PAKETLERİ. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3(25), 1–22.
  • Chung, H., Ahn, E., ve Kang, S. (2016). Processing Anti-smoking Ads among College Students: The Role of Emotional Response and Level of Smoking. Journal of Promotion Management, 22(3), 370–385.
  • Davey, G., Mcclenahan, C., ve Zhao, X. (2013). Smoking Intention among Chinese Youth and Implications for Health Interventions. Asia Pacific Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, (February 2015), 37–41.
  • Demirci, A., ve Utkutuğ, Ç. P. (2013). Sigara Ambalajı Üzerindeki Görsel Uyarıların Etkileri. Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi, 48(1), 38–48.
  • Dijker, A., Koomen, W., ve Kok, G. (1997). Interpersonal Determinants of Fear of People With AIDS: The Moderating Role of Predictable Behavior. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 19(1), 61–79.
  • Dillard, J. P., ve Anderson, J. W. (2004). The Role of Fear in Persuasion. Psychology & Marketing, 21(11), 909–926.
  • Fielding, K. S., McDonald, R., ve Louis, W. R. (2008). Theory of planned behaviour, identity and intentions to engage in environmental activism. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(4), 318–326.
  • Fornell, C., ve Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39.
  • Greenlund, K. J., Johnson, C. C., Webber, L. S., ve Berenson, G. S. (1997). Cigarette Smoking Attitudes and First Use among Third-through Sixth- Grade Students: The Bogalusa Heart Study. American Journal of Public Health, 87(8), 1345–1348.
  • Hu, L. T., ve Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria versus New Alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55.
  • Huchting, K., Lac, A., ve LaBrie, J. W. (2008). An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Sorority Alcohol Consumption. Addictive Behaviors, 33(4), 538–551.
  • Insko, C. A., Arkoff, A. B. E., ve Insko, V. M. (1965). Effects of High and Fear-Arosing Communications upon Opinions toward Smoking. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1, 256–266.
  • Kamışlı, S., Karatay, G., Terzioğlu, F., ve Kublay, G. (2008). Si̇gara ve Ruh Sağlığı (1st ed.). Ankara.
  • Koval, J. J., Aubut, J.-A. L., Pederson, L. L., O’Hegarty, M., ve Chan, S. S. H. (2005). The Potential Effectiveness of Warning Labels on Cigarette Packages. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 96(5), 353–356.
  • Lennon, R., ve Rentfro, R. (2010). Are Young Adults Fear Appeal Effectiveness Ratings Explained by Fear Arousal, Perceived Threat and Perceived Efficacy? Innovative Marketing, 6(1), 58–65.
  • Ng, D. H. L., Roxburgh, S. T. D., Sanjay, S., ve Au Eong, K. G. (2010). Awareness of Smoking Risks and Attitudes Towards Graphic Health Warning Labels on Cigarette Packs: A Cross-Cultural Study of Two Populations in Singapore and Scotland. Eye, 24(5), 864–868.
  • Noar, S. M., Hall, M. G., Francis, D. B., Ribis, K. M., Pepper, J. K., ve Brewer, N. T. (2016). Pictorial Cigarette Pack Warnings: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies. Tobacco Control, 25(3), 341–354.
  • O’Callaghan, F. V., Callan, V. J., ve Baglioni, A. (1999). Cigarette Use by Adolescents: Attitude-Behavior Relationships. Substance Use and Misuse, 34(3), 455–468.
  • Öztürk, M. (2015). Sigara Paketleri Üzerindeki Uyarı Amaçlı Resim ve Metinlerin Sigara İçme Davranışı Üzerine Etkisi: Sağlık Bakanlığı’na Bağlı Hastanelerde Çalışanlar Üzerine Bir Araştırma.
  • Pechmann, C., ve Reibling, E. T. (2006). Antismoking Advertisements for Youths : An Independent Evaluation of Health , Counter-Industry , and Industry Approaches. Research and Practice, 96(5), 906–913.
  • Rise, J., Kovac, V., Kraft, P., ve Moan, I. S. (2008). Predicting the Intention to Quit Smoking and Quitting Behaviour: Extending the Theory of Planned Behaviour. British Journal of Health Psychology, 13(2), 291–310.
  • Tanasic, B. R. (2018). What is Actually the Warning Label on the Package of Cigarettes? International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, 9(02), 20383–20392.
  • Terblanche-Smit, M., ve Terblanche, N. S. (2010). Race and Attitude Formation in HIV/Aids Fear Advertising. Journal of Business Research, 63(2), 121–125.
  • Topa, G., ve Moriano, J. A. (2010). Theory of Planned Behavior and Smoking: Meta-Analysis and SEM Model. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 23–33.
  • Vries, H. de, Kuhlman, P., ve Dijkstra, M. (1988). Self Efficacy: The Third Factor Besides Attitude and Subjective Norm as A Predictor of Behavioral Intentions. Health Education Research, 3(3), 273–282.
  • White, V., Webster, B., ve Wakefield, M. (2008). Do Graphic Health Warning Labels Have an Impact on Adolescents’ Smoking-Related Beliefs and Behaviours? Addiction, 103(9), 1562–1571.
  • Witte, K., ve Allen, M. (2000). A Meta-Analysis of Fear Appeals: Implications for Effective Public Health Campaigns. Health Education and Behavior, 27(5), 591–615.
  • Zeybek, S. (2011). Sigara Paketlerindeki Birleşik Uyarı Etiketlerinin Yol Açtığı Etkilere Yönelik Nitel Bir İnceleme. Nobel Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gamze İleri 0000-0002-7184-8872

Behçet Yalın Özkara 0000-0002-4178-832X

Publication Date July 1, 2021
Submission Date February 7, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

APA İleri, G., & Özkara, B. Y. (2021). Sigara Paketlerinde Kullanılan Resimlerin Korku Düzeylerinin Sigara Bırakma Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkileri. Optimum Ekonomi Ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(2), 307-330. https://doi.org/10.17541/optimum.875990
AMA İleri G, Özkara BY. Sigara Paketlerinde Kullanılan Resimlerin Korku Düzeylerinin Sigara Bırakma Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkileri. OJEMS. July 2021;8(2):307-330. doi:10.17541/optimum.875990
Chicago İleri, Gamze, and Behçet Yalın Özkara. “Sigara Paketlerinde Kullanılan Resimlerin Korku Düzeylerinin Sigara Bırakma Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkileri”. Optimum Ekonomi Ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi 8, no. 2 (July 2021): 307-30. https://doi.org/10.17541/optimum.875990.
EndNote İleri G, Özkara BY (July 1, 2021) Sigara Paketlerinde Kullanılan Resimlerin Korku Düzeylerinin Sigara Bırakma Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkileri. Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi 8 2 307–330.
IEEE G. İleri and B. Y. Özkara, “Sigara Paketlerinde Kullanılan Resimlerin Korku Düzeylerinin Sigara Bırakma Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkileri”, OJEMS, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 307–330, 2021, doi: 10.17541/optimum.875990.
ISNAD İleri, Gamze - Özkara, Behçet Yalın. “Sigara Paketlerinde Kullanılan Resimlerin Korku Düzeylerinin Sigara Bırakma Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkileri”. Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi 8/2 (July 2021), 307-330. https://doi.org/10.17541/optimum.875990.
JAMA İleri G, Özkara BY. Sigara Paketlerinde Kullanılan Resimlerin Korku Düzeylerinin Sigara Bırakma Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkileri. OJEMS. 2021;8:307–330.
MLA İleri, Gamze and Behçet Yalın Özkara. “Sigara Paketlerinde Kullanılan Resimlerin Korku Düzeylerinin Sigara Bırakma Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkileri”. Optimum Ekonomi Ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 2, 2021, pp. 307-30, doi:10.17541/optimum.875990.
Vancouver İleri G, Özkara BY. Sigara Paketlerinde Kullanılan Resimlerin Korku Düzeylerinin Sigara Bırakma Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkileri. OJEMS. 2021;8(2):307-30.

Please click for the statistics of Google Scholar.