National Security and Integration Codes in the Leadership Secrets of the Hun Turk Attila and in the Orkhon Inscriptions
Abstract
In this article, the concept of national/social cohesion in the international literature is analyzed in the perspective of a case study of the European Hun Empire and Orkhon Inscriptions. Orkhon Inscriptions and Wess Roberts’s Hun Attila’s Leadership Secrets are among the works that carry important codes in terms of Turkish culture. At the same time, these works contain a wealth of research topics for both sociologists, historians and international relations researchers. In this article; The keys to administrative and social success of the Turks are analyzed together with the internal balancing strategy in the neorealist theory of international relations and the concepts of national/social integration, which have become more current in the 21st century. In the study, it is aimed to make a modest contribution to the importance of national integration both in terms of security and in increasing the resilience of the society. It is quite significant that the USA, France and England refer to the concept of national social integration in their latest national security and strategy documents. When the Turks achieved their national integration with the internal balancing strategy, they managed to become the most important states of their time with a world-wide vision, and they faced great difficulties and pain when they could not achieve their national cohesion.
Keywords
Leadership Secrets of Attila the Hun Orkhon Inscriptions Internal Balancing Social Cohesion National Cohesion
References
- Ahmetbeyoğlu, A. (2001). Avrupa Hun imparatorluğu. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
- Ahmetbeyoğlu, A. (2017). Hunları ve Hun İmparatoru Atilla’yı konuştuk - Kültürden medeniyete. TRT Avaz. Erişim: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHRUKIzKDAs
- Ahmetbeyoğlu, A. (2019). Tarihi kaynaklardaki Hun ve Attila algısı üzerine değerlendirme. Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları, 121, 11-20.
- Atabey, İ. (2015). Taşı dillendiren Türk: Tonyukuk. Türk Yurdu Dergisi, Erişim: www.turkyurdu.com.tr/yazar-yazi.php?id=2285.
- Beer, F. A. ve Hariman, R. (2012). Realism and rhetoric in international relations. F. A. Beer ve R. Hariman (Ed.). Post-realism: The rhetorical turn in international relations. Michigan: Michigan State University Press.
- Bollen, K. A. ve Hoyle, R. H. (1990). Perceived cohesion: A conceptual and empirical examination. Social Forces, 69(2), 479-504.
- Bottoni, G. (2018). Validation of a social cohesion theoretical framework: A multiple group SEM strategy. Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, 52(3), 1081-1102.
- Carr, D. (1986). Time, narrative, and history. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
- Chan, J., To, H. P. and Chan, E. (2006). Reconsidering social cohesion: Developing a definition and analytical framework for empirical research. Social Indicators Research, 75, 273-302.
- Christensen, T. J. (1997). Useful adversaries: Grand strategy, domestic mobilization, and Sino-American conflict, 1947-1958. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Cuellar, R. (2009). Social cohesion and democracy. IDEA, Erişim: https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/chapters/the-role-of-the-european-union-in-democracy-building/eu-democracy-building-discussion-paper-27.pdf
- Delhey, J., Boehnke, K., Dragolov, G., Ignácz, Z. S., Larsen, M., Lorenz, J. ve Koch, M. (2018). Social cohesion and its correlates: A comparison of Western and Asian societies. Comparative Sociology, 17(3–4), 426–455.
- Eckersley, R. (2011). Whatever happened to Western Civilization. the cultural crisis, 20 years later. The Futurist, 16-22.
- Ergin, M. (2019). Orhun Abideleri. Istanbul: Boğaziçi Yayınları.
- Ersoy, M.A. (2017). Safahat. Say Yayınları.
- Fonseca, X., Lukosch, S. ve Brazier, F. (2019). Social cohesion revisited: A new definition and how to characterize it. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 32(2), 231–253.
- France Presidency. (2013). French white paper defence and national security. Erişim: http://www.livreblancdefenseetsecurite.gouv.fr/pdf/the_white_paper_defence_2013.pdf
- The General Secretariat for Defence and National Security. (2022). France National Strategic Review. Erişim: http://www.sgdsn.gouv.fr/uploads/2022/12/rns-uk-20221202.pdf
- Gedikli, Y. (2020). Avrupa Hunları ve Avrupa Hun Türkçesi. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat.
- Holloway, K. ve Sturridge, C. (2022). Social cohesion in displacement: The state of play. HPG working paper. London: ODI. Erişim: www.odi.org/en/publications/ social-cohesion-indisplacement-the-state-of-play
- Ilgın, F. M. D. (2021). Nibelungen Destanı ve Kağan Attila. Güneydoğu Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi, (36), 1-15.
- Jenson, J. (1998). Mapping social cohesion: The state of Canadian research. Ottawa: Canadian Policy Research Networks.
- Lalot, F., Abrams, D., Broadwood, J., Davies Hayon, K. Ve Platts‐Dunn, I. (2022). The social cohesion investment: Communities that invested in integration programmes are showing greater social cohesion in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 32(3), 536-554.
- Leininger, J., Burchi, F., Fiedler, C., Mross, K., Nowack, D., von Schiller, A., Sommer, C., Strupat, C. ve Ziaja, S. (2021). Social cohesion: A new definition and a proposal for its measurement in Africa. Discussion Paper. Bonn: German Development Institute. Erişim: www.die-gdi.de/discussionpaper/article/social-cohesion-a-new-definition-and-a-proposal-for-its-measurement-in-africa.
- Levi, M. ve Stoker, L. (2000). Political trust and trustworthiness. Annual Review of Political Science, 3(1), 475–507.
- Lieber, K. ve Alexander, G. (2005). Waiting for balancing: Why the world is not pushing back. International Security, 30(1), 109–139.
- Mert, O. ve Albayrak, F. (2013). Köl Tigin ve Bilge Kağan Yazıtlarının metinlerinde ünlülerin yazımıyla ilgili karşılaşılan farklılıklar. Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim (TEKE) Dergisi, 2(2), 86-115.
- Narayan, D. (1999). Bonds and bridges: Social capital and poverty. Policy Research Working Paper No. 2167. Washington DC: World Bank. Erişim: https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documentsreports/documentdetail/989601468766526606/bonds-and-bridges-social-and-poverty)
- Nexon, D. H. (2009). The balance of power in the balance. World Politics, 61(2), 330–359.
- Olofsson, G. ve Gough, I. (1999). Capitalism and social cohesion: Essays on exclusion and integration. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Roberts, G. (2006). History, theory and the narrative turn in IR. Review of International Studies, 32(4),703–714.
- Roberts, W. (1989). Leadership secrets of Attila the Hun. New York, NY: Warner Books.
- Schroeder, P. (1994). Historical reality vs. neo-realist theory. International Security, 19(1), 108–148.
- Süleymanoğlu Kürüm, R. (2021). Uluslararası ilişkilerde nitel yöntemlerle makale yazımı: Vaka analizi ve incelikleri. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (42), 149-169.
- Şanlı, M. ve Köç, A. (2021). Orhun Abidelerinde sosyal bilgiler dersi öğretim programında yer alan ortak değerler. Journal of Innovative Research in Social Studies, 4(1), 48-68.
- Taşağıl, A. (2004). Çin kaynaklarına göre eski Türk Boyları. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
- Tekin, T. (1998). Orhon Yazıtları: Kul Tigin, Bilge Kağan, Tunyukuk. Simurg.
- The White House. (2021). Interim national security strategic guidance. Erişim: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/NSC-1v2.pdf.
- Thompson, W. R. (1992). Dehio, long cycles, and the geohistorical context of structural transition. World Politics, 45(1), 127–152.
- UK Cabinet Office. (2021). Global Britain in a competitive age: The integrated review of security, defence, development and foreign policy. Erişim: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/975077/Global_Britain_in_a_Competitive_Age-_the_Integrated_Review_of_Security__Defence__Development_and_Foreign_Policy.pdf.
- Uslaner, E.M. ve Brown, M. (2003). Inequality, trust, and civic engagement. American Politics Research, 31, 1-28.
- Waltz, K. N. (1993). Theory of international politics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
- Wilkinson, R. ve Pickett, K. (2010). The spirit level: Why more equal societies always do better. London: Penguin Books.
- Yılmaz, A. (2016). Attila’nın siyasi hayatı, şahsiyeti ve karakteri. Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2(1),141-164.
Abstract
Bu makalede dünya genelindeki siyaset bilimi ve uluslararası ilişkilerde yer alan milli/sosyal bütünleşme kavramı, özgün bir sentezle Türk tarihinde önemli yeri olan Avrupa Hun İmparatoru Attila ve Orhun Yazıtları özelinde analiz edilmektedir. Orhun Yazıtları ile Wess Roberts’in Hun Attila’nın Liderlik Sırları kitabı Türk kültürü açısından önemli kodlar taşıyan eserler arasındadır. Söz konusu eserler, aynı zamanda hem sosyologlar hem tarihçiler hem de uluslararası ilişkiler araştırmacıları için zengin araştırma konularını da barındırmaktadır. Bu makalede; Türklerin yönetsel ve toplumsal başarı anahtarları, uluslararası ilişkiler neorealist teorisindeki iç dengeleme stratejisi ve 21. yüzyılda güncelliği artan milli/sosyal bütünleşme kavramları ile birlikte analiz edilmektedir. Çalışmada milli bütünleşmenin hem güvenlik açısından hem de toplumun dirençliliğinin artmasındaki önemine mütevazı bir katkı sağlanması hedeflenmiştir. Bu bakımdan; ABD, Fransa ve İngiltere’nin son milli güvenlik ve strateji belgelerinde milli sosyal bütünleşme kavramına atıf yapmaları oldukça anlamlıdır. Türkler iç dengeleme stratejisi ile milli bütünleşmelerini sağladıkları zamanlarda cihan şümul bir vizyonla dönemlerinin en önemli devletleri olmayı başarmışlar, milli bütünleşmelerini sağlayamadıkları zamanlarda çok büyük zorluklar ve acılar ile karşılaşmışlardır.
Keywords
Attila'nın Liderlik Sırları Orhun Yazıtları iç dengeleme sosyal bütünleşme milli bütünleşme
References
- Ahmetbeyoğlu, A. (2001). Avrupa Hun imparatorluğu. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
- Ahmetbeyoğlu, A. (2017). Hunları ve Hun İmparatoru Atilla’yı konuştuk - Kültürden medeniyete. TRT Avaz. Erişim: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHRUKIzKDAs
- Ahmetbeyoğlu, A. (2019). Tarihi kaynaklardaki Hun ve Attila algısı üzerine değerlendirme. Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları, 121, 11-20.
- Atabey, İ. (2015). Taşı dillendiren Türk: Tonyukuk. Türk Yurdu Dergisi, Erişim: www.turkyurdu.com.tr/yazar-yazi.php?id=2285.
- Beer, F. A. ve Hariman, R. (2012). Realism and rhetoric in international relations. F. A. Beer ve R. Hariman (Ed.). Post-realism: The rhetorical turn in international relations. Michigan: Michigan State University Press.
- Bollen, K. A. ve Hoyle, R. H. (1990). Perceived cohesion: A conceptual and empirical examination. Social Forces, 69(2), 479-504.
- Bottoni, G. (2018). Validation of a social cohesion theoretical framework: A multiple group SEM strategy. Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, 52(3), 1081-1102.
- Carr, D. (1986). Time, narrative, and history. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
- Chan, J., To, H. P. and Chan, E. (2006). Reconsidering social cohesion: Developing a definition and analytical framework for empirical research. Social Indicators Research, 75, 273-302.
- Christensen, T. J. (1997). Useful adversaries: Grand strategy, domestic mobilization, and Sino-American conflict, 1947-1958. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Cuellar, R. (2009). Social cohesion and democracy. IDEA, Erişim: https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/chapters/the-role-of-the-european-union-in-democracy-building/eu-democracy-building-discussion-paper-27.pdf
- Delhey, J., Boehnke, K., Dragolov, G., Ignácz, Z. S., Larsen, M., Lorenz, J. ve Koch, M. (2018). Social cohesion and its correlates: A comparison of Western and Asian societies. Comparative Sociology, 17(3–4), 426–455.
- Eckersley, R. (2011). Whatever happened to Western Civilization. the cultural crisis, 20 years later. The Futurist, 16-22.
- Ergin, M. (2019). Orhun Abideleri. Istanbul: Boğaziçi Yayınları.
- Ersoy, M.A. (2017). Safahat. Say Yayınları.
- Fonseca, X., Lukosch, S. ve Brazier, F. (2019). Social cohesion revisited: A new definition and how to characterize it. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 32(2), 231–253.
- France Presidency. (2013). French white paper defence and national security. Erişim: http://www.livreblancdefenseetsecurite.gouv.fr/pdf/the_white_paper_defence_2013.pdf
- The General Secretariat for Defence and National Security. (2022). France National Strategic Review. Erişim: http://www.sgdsn.gouv.fr/uploads/2022/12/rns-uk-20221202.pdf
- Gedikli, Y. (2020). Avrupa Hunları ve Avrupa Hun Türkçesi. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat.
- Holloway, K. ve Sturridge, C. (2022). Social cohesion in displacement: The state of play. HPG working paper. London: ODI. Erişim: www.odi.org/en/publications/ social-cohesion-indisplacement-the-state-of-play
- Ilgın, F. M. D. (2021). Nibelungen Destanı ve Kağan Attila. Güneydoğu Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi, (36), 1-15.
- Jenson, J. (1998). Mapping social cohesion: The state of Canadian research. Ottawa: Canadian Policy Research Networks.
- Lalot, F., Abrams, D., Broadwood, J., Davies Hayon, K. Ve Platts‐Dunn, I. (2022). The social cohesion investment: Communities that invested in integration programmes are showing greater social cohesion in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 32(3), 536-554.
- Leininger, J., Burchi, F., Fiedler, C., Mross, K., Nowack, D., von Schiller, A., Sommer, C., Strupat, C. ve Ziaja, S. (2021). Social cohesion: A new definition and a proposal for its measurement in Africa. Discussion Paper. Bonn: German Development Institute. Erişim: www.die-gdi.de/discussionpaper/article/social-cohesion-a-new-definition-and-a-proposal-for-its-measurement-in-africa.
- Levi, M. ve Stoker, L. (2000). Political trust and trustworthiness. Annual Review of Political Science, 3(1), 475–507.
- Lieber, K. ve Alexander, G. (2005). Waiting for balancing: Why the world is not pushing back. International Security, 30(1), 109–139.
- Mert, O. ve Albayrak, F. (2013). Köl Tigin ve Bilge Kağan Yazıtlarının metinlerinde ünlülerin yazımıyla ilgili karşılaşılan farklılıklar. Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim (TEKE) Dergisi, 2(2), 86-115.
- Narayan, D. (1999). Bonds and bridges: Social capital and poverty. Policy Research Working Paper No. 2167. Washington DC: World Bank. Erişim: https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documentsreports/documentdetail/989601468766526606/bonds-and-bridges-social-and-poverty)
- Nexon, D. H. (2009). The balance of power in the balance. World Politics, 61(2), 330–359.
- Olofsson, G. ve Gough, I. (1999). Capitalism and social cohesion: Essays on exclusion and integration. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Roberts, G. (2006). History, theory and the narrative turn in IR. Review of International Studies, 32(4),703–714.
- Roberts, W. (1989). Leadership secrets of Attila the Hun. New York, NY: Warner Books.
- Schroeder, P. (1994). Historical reality vs. neo-realist theory. International Security, 19(1), 108–148.
- Süleymanoğlu Kürüm, R. (2021). Uluslararası ilişkilerde nitel yöntemlerle makale yazımı: Vaka analizi ve incelikleri. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (42), 149-169.
- Şanlı, M. ve Köç, A. (2021). Orhun Abidelerinde sosyal bilgiler dersi öğretim programında yer alan ortak değerler. Journal of Innovative Research in Social Studies, 4(1), 48-68.
- Taşağıl, A. (2004). Çin kaynaklarına göre eski Türk Boyları. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
- Tekin, T. (1998). Orhon Yazıtları: Kul Tigin, Bilge Kağan, Tunyukuk. Simurg.
- The White House. (2021). Interim national security strategic guidance. Erişim: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/NSC-1v2.pdf.
- Thompson, W. R. (1992). Dehio, long cycles, and the geohistorical context of structural transition. World Politics, 45(1), 127–152.
- UK Cabinet Office. (2021). Global Britain in a competitive age: The integrated review of security, defence, development and foreign policy. Erişim: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/975077/Global_Britain_in_a_Competitive_Age-_the_Integrated_Review_of_Security__Defence__Development_and_Foreign_Policy.pdf.
- Uslaner, E.M. ve Brown, M. (2003). Inequality, trust, and civic engagement. American Politics Research, 31, 1-28.
- Waltz, K. N. (1993). Theory of international politics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
- Wilkinson, R. ve Pickett, K. (2010). The spirit level: Why more equal societies always do better. London: Penguin Books.
- Yılmaz, A. (2016). Attila’nın siyasi hayatı, şahsiyeti ve karakteri. Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2(1),141-164.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Political Science |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 30, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 5 Issue: 1 |
