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The Relationship Between the Stigmatizing Attitude Of Turkish Society Towards Healthcare Professionals During the COVID-19 Outbreak and Fear Of COVID-19

Year 2023, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 1 - 10, 29.07.2023

Seval Cüceler Behire Sançar

Abstract

This descriptive and cross-sectional research was carried out with 556 individuals in order to examine the relationship between the stigmatizing attitudes of Turkish society towards healthcare workers and fear of COVID-19 during the COVID-19 outbreak. Data were collected online using a demographic characteristics form, the Attitudes Stigmatizing Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Outbreak questionnaire, and the Fear of Coronavirus (COVID-19) Scale. The relationship between the Fear of COVID-19 Scale and the stigmatizing attitude questionnaire was examined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient.The stigmatizing attitude questionnaire scores of the participants at the primary education level were higher than the participants at the other education level, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). In addition, Fear of COVID-19 Scale scores of the participants with primary level education were higher than those of the participants with high school and graduate education levels, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05).The stigmatizing attitude questionnaire scores and the Fear of COVID-19 Scale scores of the participants whose relatives had died due to COVID-19 were higher than those of the participants who had not lost relatives, and the difference was significant (p<0.05). The correlation analysis showed a statistically significant positive and moderate level correlation between the Fear of COVID-19 Scale scores and the stigmatizing attitude questionnaire scores (r: 0.377; p<001). It is recommended that nurses, the healthcare professionals in closest contact with the public, supply correct information about COVID-19 and engage in anti-stigmatization activities, and that research with wider participation be carried out in line with this study.

Keywords

Stigma fear of COVID-19 healthcare professionals

References

  • Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2022). The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(3), 1537–1545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
  • Andrade, E. F., Pereira, L. J., Oliveira, A. P. L. de, Orlando, D. R., Alves, D. A. G., Guilarducci, J. de S., & Castelo, P. M. (2022). Perceived fear of COVID-19 infection according to sex, age and occupational risk using the Brazilian version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. Death Studies, 46(3), 533–542. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1809786
  • Atac, M., & Kaplan, A. (2021). Psychological Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Nurses and Protection of Mental Health. Journal of Education and Research in Nursing, 18(Supp1), S54–S59. https://doi.org/10.5152/jern.2021.58855
  • Ayre, C., & Scally, A. J. (2014). Critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio: Revisiting the original methods of calculation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 47(1), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175613513808
  • Bagcchi, S. (2020). Stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases, 20(7), 782. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30498-9
  • Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2021). Fear of COVID-19 and Positivity: Mediating Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(6), 2369–2382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00331-y
  • Bendau, A., Plag, J., Petzold, M. B., & Ströhle, A. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and related fears and anxiety. International Immunopharmacology, 97. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INTIMP.2021.107724
  • Bhattacharya, P., Banerjee, D., & Rao, T. S. (2020). The “Untold” Side of COVID-19: Social Stigma and Its Consequences in India. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 42(4), 382–386. https://doi.org/10.1177/0253717620935578
  • Broche-Pérez, Y., Fernández-Fleites, Z., Jiménez-Puig, E., Fernández-Castillo, E., & Rodríguez-Martin, B. C. (2022). Gender and Fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban Population Sample. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11469-020-00343-8
  • Burani, K., & Nelson, B. D. (2020). Gender differences in anxiety: The mediating role of sensitivity to unpredictable threat. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 153, 127–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJPSYCHO.2020.05.001
  • Büyüköztürk, S. (2011). Veri Analizi El Kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi. Cassiani-Miranda, C. A., Álvarez-Solorza, I., Campo-Arias, A., Arismendy-López, Y. A., Tirado-Otálvaro, A. F., Bustamante-Montes, L. P., & Toxqui-Tlachino, M. J. G. (2021). Factors associated with the stigma-discrimination complex towards healthcare workers among university students during the coronavirus pandemic in Mexico. MedRxiv, 2021.03.14.21253547. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.14.21253547
  • Cassiani-Miranda, C. A., Campo-Arias, A., Tirado-Otálvaro, A. F., Botero-Tobón, L. A., Upegui-Arango, L. D., Rodríguez-Verdugo, M. S., Botero-Tobón, M. E., Arismendy-López, Y. A., Robles-Fonnegra, W. A., Niño, L., & Scoppetta, O. (2021). Stigmatisation associated with COVID-19 in the general Colombian population. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 67(6), 728–736. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020972445
  • Erkin, Ö. (2021). Değişen Dünyada Hemşirelik Bilimine Çok Yönlü Yaklaşımlar (Ö. Erkin (ed.)). Astana Yayınları. ERTEM, M. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemisi ve Sosyal Damgalama. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 135–138. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ikcusbfd/issue/55773/740099
  • Haddad, C., Bou Malhab, S., Malaeb, D., Sacre, H., Saadeh, D., Mourtada, V., & Salameh, P. (2021). Stigma toward people with COVID-19 among the Lebanese population: a cross-sectional study of correlates and mediating effects. BMC Psychology, 9(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40359-021-00646-Y/TABLES/5
  • Hayran M.&Hayran M. (2011). Sağlık Araştırmaları İçin Temel İstatistik. (Birinci Basım), Ankara: Omega Araştırma.Jafree, S. R., Momina, A. ul, & Naqi, S. A. (2020). Significant Other Family Members and Their Experiences of COVID-19 in Pakistan: A Qualitative Study With Implications for Social Policy. Stigma and Health, 5(4), 380–389. https://doi.org/10.1037/SAH0000269
  • Kalafatoğlu, M. R., & Yam, F. C. (2021). Bireylerin Covid-19 Korkularının Bazı Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi. Humanistic Perspective, 3(2), 306–323. https://doi.org/10.47793/HP.942883
  • Kwaghe, A. V., Kwaghe, V. G., Habib, Z. G., Kwaghe, G. V., Ilesanmi, O. S., Ekele, B. A., Umeokonkwo, C. D., & Balogun, M. S. (2021). Stigmatization and psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on frontline healthcare Workers in Nigeria: a qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/S12888-021-03540-4
  • Köklü, N., Büyüköztürk, Ş. &Bokeoglu, Ç. Ö. (2019). Sosyal Bilimler İçin İstatistik. (22. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem
  • Akademik Yayıncılık.L. Williams, J., Gonzalez-Medina, D. J., & Vu Le, Q. (2011). Infectious diseases and social stigma. Medical and Health Science Journal, 7, 2–14. https://doi.org/10.15208/MHSJ.2011.127
  • Lin, C.-Y. (2020). Social reaction toward the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Social Health and Behavior, 3(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.4103/shb.shb_11_20
  • Ornell, F., Schuch, J. B., Sordi, A. O., & Kessler, F. H. P. (2020). “Pandemic fear” and COVID-19: mental health burden and strategies. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 42(3), 232–235. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0008
  • Özel, Y., & Özkan, B. (2020). Kayıp ve Yasa Psikososyal Yaklaşım. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 12(3), 352–367. https://doi.org/10.18863/PGY.652126
  • Pasay-an, E., Alshammari, F., Mostoles, R., Gattud, V., Cajigal, J., & Buta, J. (2022). [A qualitative study on nurses’ experiences with social stigma in the context of COVID-19]. Enfermeria Clinica, 32(2), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENFCLI.2021.05.004
  • Sánchez-Teruel, D., Robles-Bello, M. A., Lara-Cabrera, M., & Valencia-Naranjo, N. (2022). Gender implications of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale in the Spanish population: A validation study. Psychological Trauma : Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 14(2), 258–265. https://doi.org/10.1037/TRA0001062
  • Shao, A. T., Zhou, K. Z. (2002). Marketing research: An aid to decision making, Cincinnati, Ohio:South-Western/Thomson Learning.
  • Social Stigma associated with COVID-19. (n.d.). Retrieved September 12, 2022, from https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/covid19-stigma-guide.pdf
  • Taylor, S., Landry, C. A., Rachor, G. S., Paluszek, M. M., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020). Fear and avoidance of healthcare workers: An important, under-recognized form of stigmatization during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 75. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JANXDIS.2020.102289
  • Trapp, M. D. C., Wiskur, B. J., Suh, J. H., Brand, M. W., Kuhn, K. G., & Rojas, J. (2022). Sex Differences between Medical Students in the Assessment of the Fear of COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH19063372
  • Yılmaz, Y., Erdoğan, A., & Hocaoglu, C. (2021). COVID-19 ve Damgalanma. Kocaeli Tıp Dergisi, 10(Supp:1), 47–55. https://doi.org/10.5505/KTD.2021.99266
  • Zhang, T. M., Yao, H., Fang, Q., & Ran, M. S. (2021). Public Stigma of COVID-19 and Its Correlates in the General Population of China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11718. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH182111718

COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Türk Toplumunun Sağlık Çalışanlarına Yönelik Damgalayıcı Tutumlarının COVID-19 Korkusu İle İlişkisi

Year 2023, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 1 - 10, 29.07.2023

Seval Cüceler Behire Sançar

Abstract

Bu tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel araştırma, COVID-19 pandemisi sürecinde Türk toplumunun sağlık çalışanlarına yönelik damgalayıcı tutumları ile COVID-19 korkusu arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek amacıyla 556 kişi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler, kişisel bilgi formu, Covid-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Sağlık Çalışanlarını Damgalayıcı Tutum Anketi ve Koronavirüs Korkusu (COVID-19) Ölçeği kullanılarak çevrimiçi olarak toplanmıştır. COVID-19 Korkusu Ölçeği ile damgalayıcı tutum anketi arasındaki ilişki Pearson korelasyon katsayısı kullanılarak incelenmiştir. İlköğretim düzeyindeki katılımcıların damgalayıcı tutum anketi puanları diğer eğitim düzeyindeki katılımcılara göre daha yüksekti ve aradaki fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlıydı (p<0,05). Ayrıca ilköğretim düzeyinde eğitime sahip katılımcıların COVID-19 Korkusu Ölçeği puanları lise ve lisansüstü eğitim düzeyine sahip katılımcılara göre daha yüksek bulundu ve aradaki fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlıydı (p<0,05).Yakınını COVID-19 nedeniyle kaybeden katılımcıların damgalayıcı tutum anketi puanları ve COVID-19 Korkusu Ölçeği puanları, yakınını kaybetmeyen katılımcılara göre daha yüksekti ve aradaki fark anlamlıydı (p<0,05). Yapılan korelasyon analizi sonucunda, Covid-19 korkusu ölçek puanları ile damgalayıcı tutum anketi puanları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı pozitif ve orta düzey bir ilişki olduğu görüldü. (r: 0.377; p<001). Topluma en yakın sağlık profesyoneli olarak hemşirelerin, COVID-19 hakkında toplumu doğru bilgilendirmesi ve damgalama karşıtı faaliyetler yürütmesi, bizim çalışmamız doğrultusunda daha geniş katılımlı çalışmaların yapılması önerilmektedir.

Keywords

Damgalama COVID-19 korkusu sağlık profesyonelleri

References

  • Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2022). The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(3), 1537–1545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
  • Andrade, E. F., Pereira, L. J., Oliveira, A. P. L. de, Orlando, D. R., Alves, D. A. G., Guilarducci, J. de S., & Castelo, P. M. (2022). Perceived fear of COVID-19 infection according to sex, age and occupational risk using the Brazilian version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. Death Studies, 46(3), 533–542. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1809786
  • Atac, M., & Kaplan, A. (2021). Psychological Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Nurses and Protection of Mental Health. Journal of Education and Research in Nursing, 18(Supp1), S54–S59. https://doi.org/10.5152/jern.2021.58855
  • Ayre, C., & Scally, A. J. (2014). Critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio: Revisiting the original methods of calculation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 47(1), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175613513808
  • Bagcchi, S. (2020). Stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases, 20(7), 782. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30498-9
  • Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2021). Fear of COVID-19 and Positivity: Mediating Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(6), 2369–2382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00331-y
  • Bendau, A., Plag, J., Petzold, M. B., & Ströhle, A. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and related fears and anxiety. International Immunopharmacology, 97. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INTIMP.2021.107724
  • Bhattacharya, P., Banerjee, D., & Rao, T. S. (2020). The “Untold” Side of COVID-19: Social Stigma and Its Consequences in India. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 42(4), 382–386. https://doi.org/10.1177/0253717620935578
  • Broche-Pérez, Y., Fernández-Fleites, Z., Jiménez-Puig, E., Fernández-Castillo, E., & Rodríguez-Martin, B. C. (2022). Gender and Fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban Population Sample. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11469-020-00343-8
  • Burani, K., & Nelson, B. D. (2020). Gender differences in anxiety: The mediating role of sensitivity to unpredictable threat. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 153, 127–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJPSYCHO.2020.05.001
  • Büyüköztürk, S. (2011). Veri Analizi El Kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi. Cassiani-Miranda, C. A., Álvarez-Solorza, I., Campo-Arias, A., Arismendy-López, Y. A., Tirado-Otálvaro, A. F., Bustamante-Montes, L. P., & Toxqui-Tlachino, M. J. G. (2021). Factors associated with the stigma-discrimination complex towards healthcare workers among university students during the coronavirus pandemic in Mexico. MedRxiv, 2021.03.14.21253547. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.14.21253547
  • Cassiani-Miranda, C. A., Campo-Arias, A., Tirado-Otálvaro, A. F., Botero-Tobón, L. A., Upegui-Arango, L. D., Rodríguez-Verdugo, M. S., Botero-Tobón, M. E., Arismendy-López, Y. A., Robles-Fonnegra, W. A., Niño, L., & Scoppetta, O. (2021). Stigmatisation associated with COVID-19 in the general Colombian population. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 67(6), 728–736. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020972445
  • Erkin, Ö. (2021). Değişen Dünyada Hemşirelik Bilimine Çok Yönlü Yaklaşımlar (Ö. Erkin (ed.)). Astana Yayınları. ERTEM, M. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemisi ve Sosyal Damgalama. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 135–138. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ikcusbfd/issue/55773/740099
  • Haddad, C., Bou Malhab, S., Malaeb, D., Sacre, H., Saadeh, D., Mourtada, V., & Salameh, P. (2021). Stigma toward people with COVID-19 among the Lebanese population: a cross-sectional study of correlates and mediating effects. BMC Psychology, 9(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40359-021-00646-Y/TABLES/5
  • Hayran M.&Hayran M. (2011). Sağlık Araştırmaları İçin Temel İstatistik. (Birinci Basım), Ankara: Omega Araştırma.Jafree, S. R., Momina, A. ul, & Naqi, S. A. (2020). Significant Other Family Members and Their Experiences of COVID-19 in Pakistan: A Qualitative Study With Implications for Social Policy. Stigma and Health, 5(4), 380–389. https://doi.org/10.1037/SAH0000269
  • Kalafatoğlu, M. R., & Yam, F. C. (2021). Bireylerin Covid-19 Korkularının Bazı Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi. Humanistic Perspective, 3(2), 306–323. https://doi.org/10.47793/HP.942883
  • Kwaghe, A. V., Kwaghe, V. G., Habib, Z. G., Kwaghe, G. V., Ilesanmi, O. S., Ekele, B. A., Umeokonkwo, C. D., & Balogun, M. S. (2021). Stigmatization and psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on frontline healthcare Workers in Nigeria: a qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/S12888-021-03540-4
  • Köklü, N., Büyüköztürk, Ş. &Bokeoglu, Ç. Ö. (2019). Sosyal Bilimler İçin İstatistik. (22. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem
  • Akademik Yayıncılık.L. Williams, J., Gonzalez-Medina, D. J., & Vu Le, Q. (2011). Infectious diseases and social stigma. Medical and Health Science Journal, 7, 2–14. https://doi.org/10.15208/MHSJ.2011.127
  • Lin, C.-Y. (2020). Social reaction toward the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Social Health and Behavior, 3(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.4103/shb.shb_11_20
  • Ornell, F., Schuch, J. B., Sordi, A. O., & Kessler, F. H. P. (2020). “Pandemic fear” and COVID-19: mental health burden and strategies. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 42(3), 232–235. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0008
  • Özel, Y., & Özkan, B. (2020). Kayıp ve Yasa Psikososyal Yaklaşım. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 12(3), 352–367. https://doi.org/10.18863/PGY.652126
  • Pasay-an, E., Alshammari, F., Mostoles, R., Gattud, V., Cajigal, J., & Buta, J. (2022). [A qualitative study on nurses’ experiences with social stigma in the context of COVID-19]. Enfermeria Clinica, 32(2), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENFCLI.2021.05.004
  • Sánchez-Teruel, D., Robles-Bello, M. A., Lara-Cabrera, M., & Valencia-Naranjo, N. (2022). Gender implications of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale in the Spanish population: A validation study. Psychological Trauma : Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 14(2), 258–265. https://doi.org/10.1037/TRA0001062
  • Shao, A. T., Zhou, K. Z. (2002). Marketing research: An aid to decision making, Cincinnati, Ohio:South-Western/Thomson Learning.
  • Social Stigma associated with COVID-19. (n.d.). Retrieved September 12, 2022, from https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/covid19-stigma-guide.pdf
  • Taylor, S., Landry, C. A., Rachor, G. S., Paluszek, M. M., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020). Fear and avoidance of healthcare workers: An important, under-recognized form of stigmatization during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 75. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JANXDIS.2020.102289
  • Trapp, M. D. C., Wiskur, B. J., Suh, J. H., Brand, M. W., Kuhn, K. G., & Rojas, J. (2022). Sex Differences between Medical Students in the Assessment of the Fear of COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH19063372
  • Yılmaz, Y., Erdoğan, A., & Hocaoglu, C. (2021). COVID-19 ve Damgalanma. Kocaeli Tıp Dergisi, 10(Supp:1), 47–55. https://doi.org/10.5505/KTD.2021.99266
  • Zhang, T. M., Yao, H., Fang, Q., & Ran, M. S. (2021). Public Stigma of COVID-19 and Its Correlates in the General Population of China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11718. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH182111718
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Nursing (Other), Health Care Administration
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Seval Cüceler 0000-0003-2343-7558

Behire Sançar 0000-0003-1053-6688

Early Pub Date July 28, 2023
Publication Date July 29, 2023
Submission Date December 6, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 3 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Cüceler, S., & Sançar, B. (2023). The Relationship Between the Stigmatizing Attitude Of Turkish Society Towards Healthcare Professionals During the COVID-19 Outbreak and Fear Of COVID-19. Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 1-10.