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Coğrafya Nedir?

Year 2020, Volume: 25 Issue: 99, 145 - 162, 30.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.771132

Abstract

Bu çalışmada coğrafi disiplinin en temel sorusu olan “coğrafya nedir” sorusu üzerine odaklanılmıştır. Bu tür bir soruyu elbette her disiplin kendi içerisinde sormakta ve sorgulamaktadır. Zira disiplinlerin zaman zaman nereye doğru evrildikleri ve bilim yapma şekilleri üzerine düşünmeleri sıkça rastlanılan bir durumdur. Böylece disiplinler kendi pratiklerine refleksif bir şekilde yaklaşırken aynı zamanda disiplinlerinin çizdiği yol üzerine de çıkarımlar yapmaktadırlar. Bu anlayıştan yola çıkarak çalışmamızda “coğrafya nedir” sorusuyla; coğrafyada yaşanan değişimleri, dönüşümleri, anlayışları ve coğrafyanın diğer disiplinlerle olan ilişkilerini bu soru üzerinden okumaya çalıştık. Çalışma boyunca disiplinlerin bilim yapma pratiklerinde tam bağımsız olmadıkları fikrini benimsediğimiz için, geniş bir şekilde sosyal bilimler felsefesinden, farklı yaklaşımlardan ve diğer disiplinlerden yararlanma yoluna gidilmiştir. Coğrafya nedir sorusuna yanıtlar ararken bilimsel alanlarda keskin sınırların ve sınıflandırmaların olmadığın; ilişkiselliğin merkezi konumuna; disiplinlerarası yaklaşımların önemine daha fazla vurgu yapmaya çalıştık. Çalışmada; Coğrafya tanımında meydan gelen değişiklikler, Beck’in metodolojik milliyetçilik kavramı, disiplinlerarası yaklaşımların gerekliliği, Coğrafyada tarih yazımı konularına daha ayrıntılı yer verilmiştir. Özellikle disipliner sınırların neden katı olamayacağı üzerine eleştirel bir yaklaşım getirilmiştir.

References

  • Acemoglu, D. & Robinson, J. (2012). Why nations fail: the origins of power, prosperity, and poverty. Random House Digital, Inc.
  • Agnew, J. (2002). Geopolitics London: Routledge (second edition).
  • Agnew, J. (2003). Making Political Geography London: Arnold.
  • Agnew, J. (2011). Space and place. In J.A. Agnew & D. Livingstone (Eds.), Sage handbook of geographical knowledge. London: SAGE.
  • Ankersmit, F. R., Domańska, E. & Kellner, H. (eds.) (2009). Re-figuring Hayden White. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Anlı, Ö. F. (2016). Pozitivist ve konvansiyonalist bilim anlayışları bağlamında coğrafya disiplininin konumu. Düşünme Dergisi/Journal of Thinking, 9, 37-59.
  • Anlı, Ö. F. (2017). Bilim, sosyal bilim ve coğrafya: bilgi-kuramsal bir yeniden ziyaret. Kilikya Felsefe Dergisi, 4(3), 34-73.
  • Arı, Y. (2017). Çevresel determinizmden politik ekolojiye: Son 100 yılda Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de insan-çevre coğrafyasındaki yaklaşımlar. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 22(37), 1-34.
  • Arı, Y. (2019). Yenilik ve bilimsel gelişme: Türk coğrafya tartışma listesinin (coğrafya) içerik analizi (1997-2012). International Journal of Geography and Geography Education, 39, 95-120.
  • Bachmann-Medick, D. (2007). Cultural Turns: Neuorientierungen in den Kulturwissenschaften (2nd ed.). Reinbek: Rowohlt.
  • Bathelt, H. & Glückler, J. (2011). The Relational Economy: Geographies of Knowing and Learning. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Beck, U. (2009). World at Risk. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Bilgili, M. (2020). Coğrafyada Mekân Felsefesi Üzerine Yaklaşımlar. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education , (41) , 88-102.
  • Bondi, M. (2014)."Changing voices: Authorial voice in abstracts." In Abstracts in academic discourse: Variation and change. , by M. Bondi, & R. Lor_es Sanz (Eds.), Bern: Peter Lang.
  • Coe N. M., Kelly, P. F. & Yeung, H. (2019). Economic Geography. 5th Edition.Wiley Blackwell.
  • Crang P. (1997). Cultural turns and the (re)constitution of economic geography: introduction to section one in Lee R and Wills J (eds), Geographies of economies Arnold, London 3–16.
  • Cresswell, T. (2012). Geographic Thought: A Critical Introduction. Hoboken: Wiley.
  • Deniz, A. (2020). Who Cares Whom? Gendered Care Circuits And Transnational Migration of Ukrainians in Turkey, DTCF Dergisi 60.1 (2020): 312-334.
  • Dodds, K., Kuus, M., & Sharp, J. (eds) (2013). The Ashgate Research Companion to Critical Geopolitics. Farnham: Ashgate.
  • Fairclough, N. (2013) Language and Power. 2nd ed. Routledge. Foucault, M. ( 1972) The Archaeology of Knowledge, New York: Pantheon
  • Frodeman, R. (2017). The Future of Interdisciplinarity: An Introduction to the 2nd Edition. In: The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity, Second Edition. Edited by Robert Frodeman, Julie Thompson Klein, and Roberto C. S. Pacheco: Oxford University Press.
  • Gren, M. (2009): ‘Time geography’, in Kitchin, R. And Thrift, N. (eds): International Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 279–284.
  • Gregory, D. (2009). Geography. In Johnston, R. J., Gregory, D., Pratt, G. Watts, M, Whatmore, S. (eds.) The Dictionary of Human Geography (5th ed.), Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Harvey, D. (2012). Rebel Cities: From the right to the city to the urban revolution. London: Verso.
  • Hobsbawm, E. (1983). Introduction: Inventing traditions. In E. Hobsbawm & T. Ranger (Eds.), The invention of tradition (pp. 1-14). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hubbard, P., Kitchin, R., Bartley, B. & Fuller, D. (2002). Thinking Geographically: Space, theory and contemporary human geography. London:Continuum.
  • Jenkins, K. (1991). Re-thinking History, London and New York: Routledge
  • Jessop B. &Sum N.L. ( 2003). On Pre- and Post-Disciplinarity in (Cultural) Political Economy, Économie et société-Cahiers de l’ISMEA, 39(6), 993-1015.
  • Johnston, R. & Sidaway, J. D. (2015). Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography Since 1945. Broken Sound Pkwy: Taylor and Francis.
  • Klein, J. T. (2017). Typologies of Interdisciplinarity: The Boundary Work of Definition. In: The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity, Second Edition. Edited by Robert Frodeman, Julie Thompson Klein, and Roberto C. S. Pacheco: Oxford University Press.
  • Klein, J. T. & Frodeman, R. (2017). Interdisciplining Humanities: A Historical Overview. In: The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity, Second Edition. Edited by Robert Frodeman, Julie Thompson Klein, and Roberto C. S. Pacheco: Oxford University Press.
  • Kurtar, S. (2020). Mekân Varyasyonları, Senem Kurtar (editör), NotaBene Yayınları.
  • Lacoste, Y. (1976). Coğrafya Savaşmak İçindir. (Çev.A. Arayıcı) (1998) Özne Yayınları. İstanbul
  • Livingstone, D. (2009). History of Geography. In Johnston, R. J., Gregory, D., Pratt, G. Watts, M, Whatmore, S. (eds.) The Dictionary of Human Geography (5th ed.), Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Livingstone, D. (1992). The geographical tradition: episodes in the history of a contested enterprise. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
  • Mesle, C. R. (2008). Process-relational philosophy: An introduction to Alfred North Whitehead. West Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Foundation Press.
  • Mirioğlu, G. (2018). Kentlere feminist coğrafya perspektifinden bakmak. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 27 (2), 183-194
  • Moran, J. (2002). Interdisciplinarity. London, UK, and New York: Routledge.
  • Munslow, A. (1997). Deconstructing history, London: Routledge.
  • Munslow, A. (2000) The Routledge Companion to Historical Studies, London, Routledge
  • Nardo, D. (2002). Greek and Roman Mythology, New York: Greenhaven Press.
  • Nayak, A. & Jeffrey, A. (2011). Geographical Thought. Taylor and Francis.
  • Nelson, L. & Seager, J. (Eds.). 2005. Companion to Feminist Geography. Blackwell, London.
  • Öksüz, M. & Deniz, A. (2019). Toplumsal Cinsiyetin, Mekânın ve Zamanın Tektipleştirilmesi: Tecavüz İçerikli Karikatürler ve Gerçek Temsiller Üzerine Bir Araştırma, Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi/ Turkish Journal of Geographical Sciences, 17(1), 170-192.
  • Özgür, E. M. (2018). Türk beşeri coğrafyasında yenileşme eğilimleri: değişim aktörlerinin perspektifinden bir değerlendirme. International Journal of Geography and Geography Education (IGGE), 38, 142-170.
  • Özgür, E., M. (2019). Yaşlanmanın Coğrafyaları: Coğrafi Gerontolojide İlerleme, Tartışmalar ve Araştırma Gündemi (The Geographies of Ageing: Progress, Debates and Research Agenda in Geographical Gerontology) Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 17(1), 78-109.
  • Özkaya, A. (2020). Post-Coğrafya, Kırmızı Çatı Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Packer, M. (2011). The Science of Qualitative Research (p. 24). Cambridge University Press.
  • Peet R. (1998). Modern Geographical Thought (Blackwell, Oxford).
  • Sayer, A. (1992) Method in Social Science. London: Routledge.
  • Sayer, A. (2000) Realism and Social Science. London: Sage.
  • Sharp, J. (2008). Critical geopolitics (1996). Gearóid Ó Tuathail. In Hubbard, P., Kitchin, R., & Valentine, G. (eds), Key Texts in Human Geography, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 189–196.
  • Springer, S. (2018). Anarşizm ve Coğrafya: Anarşist Coğrafyanın Kısa Bir Şeceresi, Çeviren: Mehmet Ali Toprak, Posseible Düşünme Dergisi, Sayı: 12.
  • Srf Kültür (2016). https://www.srf.ch/play/tv/sternstunde-philosophie/video/slavoj-zizek-nieder-mit-der-ideologie?id=3f5e 5a47-36d7-43c0-ae5f-28deeaae256b adresinden 7 Mayıs 2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Tuathail, G. (1996). Critical Geopolitics. London: Routledge
  • Tuathail, G., & Dalby, S. (1998). Rethinking geopolitics: Towards a critical geopolitics. In Ó Tuathail, G., & Dalby, S. (eds), Rethinking Geopolitics, London: Routledge, 1‐15.
  • Tuncer, S. (2018). Women and Public Space in Turkey: Gender, Modernity and the Urban Experience. New York: I.B. Tauris.
  • Tüysüz, S. & Gülmez, R. (2019). Instrumentalisation of gerrymandering in recentralization in Turkey: The case of Ankara. International Journal of Geography and Geography Education (IGGE), 40, 139-150.
  • Uysal, A. (2015). Çocuk Coğrafyaları ve Çocukların Gündelik Mekânları (Children Geographies and Everyday Spaces of Children), İdealkent, Sayı 17, ss. 46-61.
  • White, H. (1987). The Content of the Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Yakar, M. & Südaş, İ. (2019). Türkiye’de yabancı nüfusun yeni coğrafyaları. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 28(2), 129-164.

What is Geography?

Year 2020, Volume: 25 Issue: 99, 145 - 162, 30.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.771132

Abstract

In this study, we focused on the question of- what is geography, which is the most basic question of the geographical discipline. Admittedly, every discipline asks and ponders on this kind of question. Therefore, it is very common for disciplines to frequently think about the direction they have taken and the ways of doing science. Thus, as disciplines approach their own practices in a reflexive manner, they also make inferences on the path of their discipline that takes. Based on this understanding, we tried to interpret the changes, transformations, understandings and their relations with other disciplines through the question of what is geography. While doing this, we tried to make use of the philosophy of social sciences, different approaches and other disciplines; in that we believe that disciplines are not totally independent when it comes to practicing science. By trying to find answers to the question of what is geography, more emphasis put especially on not constructing the sharp boundaries and classifications; the central position of relationality; the importance of the interdisciplinary approaches in scientific endeavours. In this study, definitional changes in geography, Beck’s concept of methodological nationalism, the need for interdisciplinary approaches, and geographical historiography are covered in more detail. In particular, a critical approach has been adopted as to why disciplinary boundaries cannot be strict.

References

  • Acemoglu, D. & Robinson, J. (2012). Why nations fail: the origins of power, prosperity, and poverty. Random House Digital, Inc.
  • Agnew, J. (2002). Geopolitics London: Routledge (second edition).
  • Agnew, J. (2003). Making Political Geography London: Arnold.
  • Agnew, J. (2011). Space and place. In J.A. Agnew & D. Livingstone (Eds.), Sage handbook of geographical knowledge. London: SAGE.
  • Ankersmit, F. R., Domańska, E. & Kellner, H. (eds.) (2009). Re-figuring Hayden White. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Anlı, Ö. F. (2016). Pozitivist ve konvansiyonalist bilim anlayışları bağlamında coğrafya disiplininin konumu. Düşünme Dergisi/Journal of Thinking, 9, 37-59.
  • Anlı, Ö. F. (2017). Bilim, sosyal bilim ve coğrafya: bilgi-kuramsal bir yeniden ziyaret. Kilikya Felsefe Dergisi, 4(3), 34-73.
  • Arı, Y. (2017). Çevresel determinizmden politik ekolojiye: Son 100 yılda Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de insan-çevre coğrafyasındaki yaklaşımlar. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 22(37), 1-34.
  • Arı, Y. (2019). Yenilik ve bilimsel gelişme: Türk coğrafya tartışma listesinin (coğrafya) içerik analizi (1997-2012). International Journal of Geography and Geography Education, 39, 95-120.
  • Bachmann-Medick, D. (2007). Cultural Turns: Neuorientierungen in den Kulturwissenschaften (2nd ed.). Reinbek: Rowohlt.
  • Bathelt, H. & Glückler, J. (2011). The Relational Economy: Geographies of Knowing and Learning. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Beck, U. (2009). World at Risk. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Bilgili, M. (2020). Coğrafyada Mekân Felsefesi Üzerine Yaklaşımlar. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education , (41) , 88-102.
  • Bondi, M. (2014)."Changing voices: Authorial voice in abstracts." In Abstracts in academic discourse: Variation and change. , by M. Bondi, & R. Lor_es Sanz (Eds.), Bern: Peter Lang.
  • Coe N. M., Kelly, P. F. & Yeung, H. (2019). Economic Geography. 5th Edition.Wiley Blackwell.
  • Crang P. (1997). Cultural turns and the (re)constitution of economic geography: introduction to section one in Lee R and Wills J (eds), Geographies of economies Arnold, London 3–16.
  • Cresswell, T. (2012). Geographic Thought: A Critical Introduction. Hoboken: Wiley.
  • Deniz, A. (2020). Who Cares Whom? Gendered Care Circuits And Transnational Migration of Ukrainians in Turkey, DTCF Dergisi 60.1 (2020): 312-334.
  • Dodds, K., Kuus, M., & Sharp, J. (eds) (2013). The Ashgate Research Companion to Critical Geopolitics. Farnham: Ashgate.
  • Fairclough, N. (2013) Language and Power. 2nd ed. Routledge. Foucault, M. ( 1972) The Archaeology of Knowledge, New York: Pantheon
  • Frodeman, R. (2017). The Future of Interdisciplinarity: An Introduction to the 2nd Edition. In: The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity, Second Edition. Edited by Robert Frodeman, Julie Thompson Klein, and Roberto C. S. Pacheco: Oxford University Press.
  • Gren, M. (2009): ‘Time geography’, in Kitchin, R. And Thrift, N. (eds): International Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 279–284.
  • Gregory, D. (2009). Geography. In Johnston, R. J., Gregory, D., Pratt, G. Watts, M, Whatmore, S. (eds.) The Dictionary of Human Geography (5th ed.), Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Harvey, D. (2012). Rebel Cities: From the right to the city to the urban revolution. London: Verso.
  • Hobsbawm, E. (1983). Introduction: Inventing traditions. In E. Hobsbawm & T. Ranger (Eds.), The invention of tradition (pp. 1-14). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hubbard, P., Kitchin, R., Bartley, B. & Fuller, D. (2002). Thinking Geographically: Space, theory and contemporary human geography. London:Continuum.
  • Jenkins, K. (1991). Re-thinking History, London and New York: Routledge
  • Jessop B. &Sum N.L. ( 2003). On Pre- and Post-Disciplinarity in (Cultural) Political Economy, Économie et société-Cahiers de l’ISMEA, 39(6), 993-1015.
  • Johnston, R. & Sidaway, J. D. (2015). Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography Since 1945. Broken Sound Pkwy: Taylor and Francis.
  • Klein, J. T. (2017). Typologies of Interdisciplinarity: The Boundary Work of Definition. In: The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity, Second Edition. Edited by Robert Frodeman, Julie Thompson Klein, and Roberto C. S. Pacheco: Oxford University Press.
  • Klein, J. T. & Frodeman, R. (2017). Interdisciplining Humanities: A Historical Overview. In: The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity, Second Edition. Edited by Robert Frodeman, Julie Thompson Klein, and Roberto C. S. Pacheco: Oxford University Press.
  • Kurtar, S. (2020). Mekân Varyasyonları, Senem Kurtar (editör), NotaBene Yayınları.
  • Lacoste, Y. (1976). Coğrafya Savaşmak İçindir. (Çev.A. Arayıcı) (1998) Özne Yayınları. İstanbul
  • Livingstone, D. (2009). History of Geography. In Johnston, R. J., Gregory, D., Pratt, G. Watts, M, Whatmore, S. (eds.) The Dictionary of Human Geography (5th ed.), Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Livingstone, D. (1992). The geographical tradition: episodes in the history of a contested enterprise. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
  • Mesle, C. R. (2008). Process-relational philosophy: An introduction to Alfred North Whitehead. West Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Foundation Press.
  • Mirioğlu, G. (2018). Kentlere feminist coğrafya perspektifinden bakmak. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 27 (2), 183-194
  • Moran, J. (2002). Interdisciplinarity. London, UK, and New York: Routledge.
  • Munslow, A. (1997). Deconstructing history, London: Routledge.
  • Munslow, A. (2000) The Routledge Companion to Historical Studies, London, Routledge
  • Nardo, D. (2002). Greek and Roman Mythology, New York: Greenhaven Press.
  • Nayak, A. & Jeffrey, A. (2011). Geographical Thought. Taylor and Francis.
  • Nelson, L. & Seager, J. (Eds.). 2005. Companion to Feminist Geography. Blackwell, London.
  • Öksüz, M. & Deniz, A. (2019). Toplumsal Cinsiyetin, Mekânın ve Zamanın Tektipleştirilmesi: Tecavüz İçerikli Karikatürler ve Gerçek Temsiller Üzerine Bir Araştırma, Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi/ Turkish Journal of Geographical Sciences, 17(1), 170-192.
  • Özgür, E. M. (2018). Türk beşeri coğrafyasında yenileşme eğilimleri: değişim aktörlerinin perspektifinden bir değerlendirme. International Journal of Geography and Geography Education (IGGE), 38, 142-170.
  • Özgür, E., M. (2019). Yaşlanmanın Coğrafyaları: Coğrafi Gerontolojide İlerleme, Tartışmalar ve Araştırma Gündemi (The Geographies of Ageing: Progress, Debates and Research Agenda in Geographical Gerontology) Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 17(1), 78-109.
  • Özkaya, A. (2020). Post-Coğrafya, Kırmızı Çatı Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Packer, M. (2011). The Science of Qualitative Research (p. 24). Cambridge University Press.
  • Peet R. (1998). Modern Geographical Thought (Blackwell, Oxford).
  • Sayer, A. (1992) Method in Social Science. London: Routledge.
  • Sayer, A. (2000) Realism and Social Science. London: Sage.
  • Sharp, J. (2008). Critical geopolitics (1996). Gearóid Ó Tuathail. In Hubbard, P., Kitchin, R., & Valentine, G. (eds), Key Texts in Human Geography, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 189–196.
  • Springer, S. (2018). Anarşizm ve Coğrafya: Anarşist Coğrafyanın Kısa Bir Şeceresi, Çeviren: Mehmet Ali Toprak, Posseible Düşünme Dergisi, Sayı: 12.
  • Srf Kültür (2016). https://www.srf.ch/play/tv/sternstunde-philosophie/video/slavoj-zizek-nieder-mit-der-ideologie?id=3f5e 5a47-36d7-43c0-ae5f-28deeaae256b adresinden 7 Mayıs 2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Tuathail, G. (1996). Critical Geopolitics. London: Routledge
  • Tuathail, G., & Dalby, S. (1998). Rethinking geopolitics: Towards a critical geopolitics. In Ó Tuathail, G., & Dalby, S. (eds), Rethinking Geopolitics, London: Routledge, 1‐15.
  • Tuncer, S. (2018). Women and Public Space in Turkey: Gender, Modernity and the Urban Experience. New York: I.B. Tauris.
  • Tüysüz, S. & Gülmez, R. (2019). Instrumentalisation of gerrymandering in recentralization in Turkey: The case of Ankara. International Journal of Geography and Geography Education (IGGE), 40, 139-150.
  • Uysal, A. (2015). Çocuk Coğrafyaları ve Çocukların Gündelik Mekânları (Children Geographies and Everyday Spaces of Children), İdealkent, Sayı 17, ss. 46-61.
  • White, H. (1987). The Content of the Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Yakar, M. & Südaş, İ. (2019). Türkiye’de yabancı nüfusun yeni coğrafyaları. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 28(2), 129-164.
There are 61 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Araştırma
Authors

Münür Bilgili

Ali Osman Kocalar 0000-0002-7827-9043

Publication Date September 30, 2020
Submission Date July 18, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 25 Issue: 99

Cite

APA Bilgili, M., & Kocalar, A. O. (2020). Coğrafya Nedir?. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, 25(99), 145-162. https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.771132