Research Article
Legal Remarks on Command and Control of Armed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in International Area and Internal Security
Abstract
Today, it is seen as a significant advantage by
countries that armed unmanned aerial vehicles (AUAV) have made considerable
contributions to terrestrial and air superiority in combat, have asymmetrical
impact, and are time-saving and cost-effective. In addition to all these, the
fact that AUAVs are remotely controlled by operators away from the operation
zone and therefore the absence of life-threatening risk to operators makes
AUAVs practical and advantageous. Furthermore, the fact that the AUAV
operations do not create any additional costs in terms of lives and properties
provides tolerance and support for public policies of these countries. The
basic features that distinguish these armed vehicles from others are as
follows: (i) The ability of decision-makers to follow and contribute to the
process of where and how the AUAV firing will take place. (ii) Possibility of
minimizing the damage to civilians due to the advantage of staying airborne on
the target longer compared to manned aircraft. This article aims to understand
today by making observations in the legal context, as it will be seen in the
coming years that AUAVs will be used more and more. In this way, it is
considered that new approaches to both national security and internal security
can be benefited. Foreseeing the international and national use of these
vehicles will contribute to the preparedness for the effects of these
technologies for life in modern society.
References
- Kitaplar
- Ak, T. (2017). Günümüzün Değişen Çatışma Koşullarında İnsansız Savaş Araçları ve Etik Tartışmalar, Sistem Ofset Yayıncılık, Ankara. Çakmak, C. (2014). Uluslararası Hukuk: Giriş, Teori ve Uygulama Bir Uluslararası İlişkiler Yaklaşımı, Ekin Basım Yayın Dağıtım, Bursa. Graham, S. (2011). Kuşatılan Şehirler Yeni Askeri Kentçilik, çev. Levent Aydeniz, Nota Bene Yayınları, Ankara.
- Makaleler
- Ak, T. (2018). Silahlı İnsansız Hava Araçlarının Kullanımında Karar Mekanizmaları, Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 7 (1), 111-130. Aslan, Y. (2008). Savaş Hukukunun Temel Prensipleri, TBB Dergisi, (79), 235-274. Batır, K. (2011). Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Dönemde Amerikan Müdahaleciliği ve Uluslararası Hukuk, Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi (Journal of Administrative Sciences), 9 (1), 115-134. Bethlehem, D. (2012). Principles Relevant to the Scope of a state’s Right of Self Defense Against an Immenent or Acyual Armed Attack By Non State Actors, The American Journal of International Law, Notes and Comments, 106:000, 1-8. Cengiz, S. (2011). Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi Kararları Işığında Yaşam Hakkı, TBB Dergisi, (93), 383-404. Dönmez, S. (2017). Kuvvet Kullanma Kapsamında Ön Alıcı ve Önleyici Saldırı Kavramları, Balkan ve Yakın Doğu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (Balkan and Near Eastern Journal of Social Sciences), 3 (3), 8-15. Ergül, E. (2014). Özgürlük ve Güvenlik Dengesi Bağlamında Uluslararası Terörle Mücadele Stratejileri, EÜHFD, 18 (1–2), 63-98. Pejic, J. (2015). Extraterritorial targeting by means of armed drones: Some legal implications, International Review of the Red Cross, 10.1017/S181 63831140 00447, 1-40. Sathyamoorthy, D. (2015). A Review of Security Threats of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Mitigation Steps, The Journal of Defence and Security, (6). Sevük, H. Y. (2012). Kolluk Görevlilerinin Silah Kullanma Yetkisi ve Yaşam Hakkı, Yeditepe Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 2 (2), 239-286. Vogel, R. J. (2011). Drone Warfare and The Law of Armed Conflict, Drone Warfare and the Law of Armed Conflict, Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, 39 (1), 101-139. Belgeler/Raporlar
- Council of Europe (2010). Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi. Council of Europe Publishing. Davis, L. E., McNerney M. J., Chow J., Hamilton T., Harting S. & Byman D. (2014). Armed and Dangerous? UAVs and U.S. Security, The RAND Corporation, USA. Holloway, A. MP, Gupta A., Molyneux C. (2018). The UK’s Use of Armed Drones: Working with Partners. All Party Parliamentary Group on Drones Inquiry Report, London. Homeland Security (2017). Unmanned Aircraft Systems Addressing Critical Infrastructure Security Challenges, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/ publications/uas-ci-challenges-fact-sheet-508.pdf (erişim tarihi: 25.01. 2019). International Court of Justice (2005). Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports. International Human Rights (IHR) and Conflict Resolution Clinic (CRC) (Stanford Law School) & Global Justice Clinic (NYU School of Law) (2012). Living Under Drones: Death, Injury, and Trauma to Civilians from US Drone Practices Pakistan. Melzer, N. (2009). Interpretive guidance on the notion of direct participation in hostilities under international humanitarian law. International Committee of the Red Cross (https://bit.ly/1WjvRb3). Ökten, T. (2015). Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukuk ve PKK Örneği, https://www. academia.edu/34367728/Uluslararası_İnsancıl_Hukuk_ve_PKK_Örneği (erişim tarihi: 25.01.2019). Schaus, J. & Johnson, K. (2018). Unmanned Aerial Systems’ Influences on Conflict Escalation Dynamics, CSIS Briefs, https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com /s3fspublic/publication/180808_SchausJohnson_UnmannedAerialSystems_UPDATE_0.pdf?ANfx9oj8wvgykmZ8Qz1fJvgAfhGvtC1I (erişim tarihi 18.01.2019). Quintana, E. (2008). The Ethics and Legal Implications of Military Unmanned Vehicles, The British Computer Society, Royal United Sevices Institute for Defence and Security Studies, Occasional Paper. UK MoD (2017). Joint Doctrine Publication 0-30.2 Unmanned Aircraft Systems, The Development, Concepts and Doctrine Center, Ministery of Defence, Wiltshire, UK. UN (2013). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms While Countering Terrorism, A/68/389, 18 September 2013, https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/ unispal.nsf/0/2DAADAFC 4682762585257C0B00609364. US The White House (2002). The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, Washington DC, USA. US DoD (2013). Unmanned System Integrated Roadmap FY 2013-2038, Washington DC, USA. Woodhams, G. & Borrie, J. (2018). Armed UAVs in Conflict Escalation and Inter-State Crisis, The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Geneva, Switzerland. Yamaner, M.B., Öktem, E., Kurtdarcan, B., Uzun, M.C. (2008). 12 Ağustos 1949 Tarihli Cenevre Sözleşmeleri ve Protokolleri, Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları Nu:42, İstanbul.
- İnternet Kaynakları
- Alderton, M. (2018). To the Rescue! Why Drones in Police Work Are the Future of Crime Fighting, Apr 13 2018, https://www.autodesk.com/redshift/drones-in-police-work-future-crime-fighting/ (erişim tarihi: 28.01.2019). BM Antlaşması (1945). Birleşmiş Milletler Antlaşması, https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ komisyon/insanhaklari/pdf01/3-30.pdf (erişim tarihi: 28.01.2019). European Court of Human Rights (1995), Case of Mccann and Others v. The United Kingdom, https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{"itemid":["001-57943"]} (erişim tarihi: 24.05.2019). Margaritoff, M. (2017). Drones in Law Enforcement: How, Where and When They're Used, October 13, 2017, http://www.thedrive.com/aerial/15092/ drones-in-law-enforcement-how-where-and-when-theyre-used (erişim tarihi: 28.01. 2019). Tucker, Patrick (2017). Look for Military Drones to Begin Replacing Police Helicopters by 2025, August 28, 2017, https://www.defenseone.com/ technology/2017/08/look-military-drones-replace-police-helicopters-2025/140588/ (erişim tarihi: 28.01.2019). Pilkington, E. (2014). ‘We see ourselves as the vanguard’: The Police Force Using Drones to Fight Crime, 1 Oct 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/world/ 2014/oct/01/drones-police-force-crime-uavs-north-dakota (erişim tarihi: 28.01.2019). Stanley, J. (2017). Police Chiefs Issue Recommendations on Drones; A Look At How They Measure Up, August 17, 2012, https://www.aclu.org/blog/ privacy-technology/surveillance-technologies/police-chiefs-issue-recom mendations-drones-look?redirect=blog/technology-and-liberty/police- chiefs-issue-recommendations-drones-look-how-they-measure (erişim tarihi: 28.01.2019).
Silahlı İnsansız Hava Araçlarının Uluslararası Alanda ve İç Güvenlikte Sevk ve İdaresine İlişkin Hukuki Saptamalar
Abstract
Günümüzde
Silahlı İnsansız Hava Araçları (SİHA)’nın zaman ve mekân üstünlüğü, asimetrik
etkisi, ekonomikliği, kullanıcısının çatışma bölgesinden uzaklığı veya ölme
riski taşımaması ülkeler tarafından önemli bir avantaj olarak görülmektedir.
Ayrıca, SİHA operasyonlarının cana ve
mala ilişkin herhangi bir ilave maliyet yaratmaması bu ülkelerin kamuoyları
nezdinde yürütülen politikalara tolerans ve destek sağlamaktadır. Bu silahlı
araçları diğerlerinden ayıran temel özellikler için ise şunlar söylenebilir:
(ı) Karar vericilerin, SİHA atışlarının nerede ve nasıl yapılacağına ilişkin
süreci takip edebilmeleri ve katkı sağlayabilme imkânı, (ıı) İnsanlı uçağa göre hedef üzerinde
daha uzun kalma avantajı sayesinde sivil kişilere olan zayiatı en aza
indirebilme imkânı. Bu makale, SİHA’ların önümüzdeki yıllarda daha da fazla
kullanılması durumuyla karşılaşılacağından, hukuki bağlamda tespitler yaparak
bugünü anlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu sayede, SİHA’lara ilişkin hem ulusal
güvenliğe hem de iç güvenliğine yönelik yeni yaklaşımların ortaya konulmasına
fayda sağlanabileceği değerlendirilmektedir. Bu araçların uluslararası ve ulusal alanda kullanımına ilişkin
öngörülerde bulunmak, modern toplumun hayatına giren bu teknolojilerin
etkilerine hazırlıklı olmaya katkı sağlayacaktır.
References
- Kitaplar
- Ak, T. (2017). Günümüzün Değişen Çatışma Koşullarında İnsansız Savaş Araçları ve Etik Tartışmalar, Sistem Ofset Yayıncılık, Ankara. Çakmak, C. (2014). Uluslararası Hukuk: Giriş, Teori ve Uygulama Bir Uluslararası İlişkiler Yaklaşımı, Ekin Basım Yayın Dağıtım, Bursa. Graham, S. (2011). Kuşatılan Şehirler Yeni Askeri Kentçilik, çev. Levent Aydeniz, Nota Bene Yayınları, Ankara.
- Makaleler
- Ak, T. (2018). Silahlı İnsansız Hava Araçlarının Kullanımında Karar Mekanizmaları, Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 7 (1), 111-130. Aslan, Y. (2008). Savaş Hukukunun Temel Prensipleri, TBB Dergisi, (79), 235-274. Batır, K. (2011). Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Dönemde Amerikan Müdahaleciliği ve Uluslararası Hukuk, Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi (Journal of Administrative Sciences), 9 (1), 115-134. Bethlehem, D. (2012). Principles Relevant to the Scope of a state’s Right of Self Defense Against an Immenent or Acyual Armed Attack By Non State Actors, The American Journal of International Law, Notes and Comments, 106:000, 1-8. Cengiz, S. (2011). Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi Kararları Işığında Yaşam Hakkı, TBB Dergisi, (93), 383-404. Dönmez, S. (2017). Kuvvet Kullanma Kapsamında Ön Alıcı ve Önleyici Saldırı Kavramları, Balkan ve Yakın Doğu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (Balkan and Near Eastern Journal of Social Sciences), 3 (3), 8-15. Ergül, E. (2014). Özgürlük ve Güvenlik Dengesi Bağlamında Uluslararası Terörle Mücadele Stratejileri, EÜHFD, 18 (1–2), 63-98. Pejic, J. (2015). Extraterritorial targeting by means of armed drones: Some legal implications, International Review of the Red Cross, 10.1017/S181 63831140 00447, 1-40. Sathyamoorthy, D. (2015). A Review of Security Threats of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Mitigation Steps, The Journal of Defence and Security, (6). Sevük, H. Y. (2012). Kolluk Görevlilerinin Silah Kullanma Yetkisi ve Yaşam Hakkı, Yeditepe Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 2 (2), 239-286. Vogel, R. J. (2011). Drone Warfare and The Law of Armed Conflict, Drone Warfare and the Law of Armed Conflict, Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, 39 (1), 101-139. Belgeler/Raporlar
- Council of Europe (2010). Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi. Council of Europe Publishing. Davis, L. E., McNerney M. J., Chow J., Hamilton T., Harting S. & Byman D. (2014). Armed and Dangerous? UAVs and U.S. Security, The RAND Corporation, USA. Holloway, A. MP, Gupta A., Molyneux C. (2018). The UK’s Use of Armed Drones: Working with Partners. All Party Parliamentary Group on Drones Inquiry Report, London. Homeland Security (2017). Unmanned Aircraft Systems Addressing Critical Infrastructure Security Challenges, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/ publications/uas-ci-challenges-fact-sheet-508.pdf (erişim tarihi: 25.01. 2019). International Court of Justice (2005). Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports. International Human Rights (IHR) and Conflict Resolution Clinic (CRC) (Stanford Law School) & Global Justice Clinic (NYU School of Law) (2012). Living Under Drones: Death, Injury, and Trauma to Civilians from US Drone Practices Pakistan. Melzer, N. (2009). Interpretive guidance on the notion of direct participation in hostilities under international humanitarian law. International Committee of the Red Cross (https://bit.ly/1WjvRb3). Ökten, T. (2015). Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukuk ve PKK Örneği, https://www. academia.edu/34367728/Uluslararası_İnsancıl_Hukuk_ve_PKK_Örneği (erişim tarihi: 25.01.2019). Schaus, J. & Johnson, K. (2018). Unmanned Aerial Systems’ Influences on Conflict Escalation Dynamics, CSIS Briefs, https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com /s3fspublic/publication/180808_SchausJohnson_UnmannedAerialSystems_UPDATE_0.pdf?ANfx9oj8wvgykmZ8Qz1fJvgAfhGvtC1I (erişim tarihi 18.01.2019). Quintana, E. (2008). The Ethics and Legal Implications of Military Unmanned Vehicles, The British Computer Society, Royal United Sevices Institute for Defence and Security Studies, Occasional Paper. UK MoD (2017). Joint Doctrine Publication 0-30.2 Unmanned Aircraft Systems, The Development, Concepts and Doctrine Center, Ministery of Defence, Wiltshire, UK. UN (2013). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms While Countering Terrorism, A/68/389, 18 September 2013, https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/ unispal.nsf/0/2DAADAFC 4682762585257C0B00609364. US The White House (2002). The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, Washington DC, USA. US DoD (2013). Unmanned System Integrated Roadmap FY 2013-2038, Washington DC, USA. Woodhams, G. & Borrie, J. (2018). Armed UAVs in Conflict Escalation and Inter-State Crisis, The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Geneva, Switzerland. Yamaner, M.B., Öktem, E., Kurtdarcan, B., Uzun, M.C. (2008). 12 Ağustos 1949 Tarihli Cenevre Sözleşmeleri ve Protokolleri, Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları Nu:42, İstanbul.
- İnternet Kaynakları
- Alderton, M. (2018). To the Rescue! Why Drones in Police Work Are the Future of Crime Fighting, Apr 13 2018, https://www.autodesk.com/redshift/drones-in-police-work-future-crime-fighting/ (erişim tarihi: 28.01.2019). BM Antlaşması (1945). Birleşmiş Milletler Antlaşması, https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ komisyon/insanhaklari/pdf01/3-30.pdf (erişim tarihi: 28.01.2019). European Court of Human Rights (1995), Case of Mccann and Others v. The United Kingdom, https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{"itemid":["001-57943"]} (erişim tarihi: 24.05.2019). Margaritoff, M. (2017). Drones in Law Enforcement: How, Where and When They're Used, October 13, 2017, http://www.thedrive.com/aerial/15092/ drones-in-law-enforcement-how-where-and-when-theyre-used (erişim tarihi: 28.01. 2019). Tucker, Patrick (2017). Look for Military Drones to Begin Replacing Police Helicopters by 2025, August 28, 2017, https://www.defenseone.com/ technology/2017/08/look-military-drones-replace-police-helicopters-2025/140588/ (erişim tarihi: 28.01.2019). Pilkington, E. (2014). ‘We see ourselves as the vanguard’: The Police Force Using Drones to Fight Crime, 1 Oct 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/world/ 2014/oct/01/drones-police-force-crime-uavs-north-dakota (erişim tarihi: 28.01.2019). Stanley, J. (2017). Police Chiefs Issue Recommendations on Drones; A Look At How They Measure Up, August 17, 2012, https://www.aclu.org/blog/ privacy-technology/surveillance-technologies/police-chiefs-issue-recom mendations-drones-look?redirect=blog/technology-and-liberty/police- chiefs-issue-recommendations-drones-look-how-they-measure (erişim tarihi: 28.01.2019).
There are 7 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | November 6, 2019 |
| Submission Date | February 8, 2019 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2019 Volume: 18 Issue: 36 |
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