Abstract
References
- Lakshminarayana P, Janardhan K, David HS. Anthropometry for syndromology. Indian J Pediatr. 1991;58: 253-258.
- Evereklioglu C, Yakinci C, Er H, Doganay S, Durmaz Y. Normative values of craniofacial measurements in idiopathic benign macrocephalic children. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2001;38(3):260-263.
- Poswillo D. Causal mechanisms of craniofacial deformity. Br Med Bull. 1975;31(2):101-106.
- Pryor HB. Objective measurement of interpupillary distance. Pediatrics. 1969;44(6):973-977.
- Fledelius HC, Stubgaard M. Changes in eye position during growth and adult life as based on exophthalmometry, interpupillary distance, and orbital distance measurements. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1986;64(5):481-486.
- Bisson M, Grobbelaar A. The esthetic properties of lips: a comparison of models and nonmodels. Angle Orthod. 2004;74(2):162-166.
- Berkovitz BKB, Standerij S. Face and scalp. In: S. Standring, H. Ellis, J.C. Healy, D. Johnson, A. Williams and P. Collins. (eds) Gray’s Anatomy, 39th ed. Edinburg: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, 2005; 497-498.
- Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Schmitz JH, Ciusa V, Dellavia C. Digitized three dimensional analysis of normal dento-labial relationships. Prog Orthod. 2001;2:14-23.
- Daniel CD. Lip implants, lip augmentation techniques. E-medicine WebMD 2008. URL: http://emedicine. medscape. com/article/838222-overview (accessed 10 Jun 2009).
- Singal P, Sidhu LS. A study of cephalo-facial measurements from age 20 to 80 in Jat-Sikh and Bania females of Punjab (India). Anthropol Anz. 1986;44(4):361-371.
- Evereklioglu C, Doganay S, Er H, et al. Craniofacial anthropometry in a Turkish population. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2002;39(2):208-218.
- Onizuka T, Iwanami M. Blepharoplasty in Japan. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 1984;8(2):97-100.
- Direk FK, Deniz M, Uslu AI, Doğru S. Anthropometric analysis of orbital region and age-related changes in adult women. J Craniofac Surg. 2016;27(6):1579-1582.
- Husein OF, Sepehr A, Garg R, et al. Anthropometric and aesthetic analysis of the Indian American woman's face. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2010;63(11):1825-1831.
- Choe KS, Sclafani AP, Litner JA, Yu GP, Romo T 3rd. The Korean American woman's face: anthropometric measurements and quantitative analysis of facial aesthetics. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2004;6(4):244-252.
- Wei WT. Eyelid anthropometry of different races in Singapore. Doctoral Dissertation (Unpublished Thesis,) Sim University School of Science and Technology. 2009.
- Negus V. The comparative anatomy&physiology of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Edinburg and London: E&S Livingstone Ltd. 1958.
- Rohrich RJ, Bolden K. Ethnic rhinoplasty. Clin Plast Surg. 2010;37(2):353-370.
- Farkas LG, Hreczko TA, Kolar JC, Munro IR. Vertical and horizontal proportions of the face in young adult North American Caucasians: revision of neoclassical canons. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1985;75(3):328-338.
- Strömland K, Chen Y, Norberg T, Wennerström K, Michael G. Reference values of facial features in Scandinavian children measured with a range-camera technique. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 1999;33(1):59-65.
- Barretto RL, Mathog RH. Orbital measurement in black and white populations. Laryngoscope. 1999;109(7 Pt 1):1051-1054.
- Pivnick EK, Rivas ML, Tolley EA, Smith SD, Presbury GJ. Interpupillary distance in a normal black population. Clin Genet. 1999;55(3):182-191.
Abstract
Aims: This study aims at collecting data on the morphology of the face during its development in order to get detailed information on the neighboring structures and its variations using anatomical dissections and obtain normal morphometric values of the face growth and human fetuses during the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester.
Methods: This study was performed on spontaneously aborted 97 fetuses (49 males, 48 females) (11 first trimester, 63 second trimester and 24 third trimester) that have no observable congenital malformations or maternal history of risky pregnancy. The fetuses were taken from a Gynecology Department of a School of Medicine and a Maternity Hospital in Konya. Thirteen direct facial anthropometric measurements were performed on 97 volunteers. The data obtained were compared with the data of previous studies.
Results: Means and standard deviations of the parameters in regard to gestational weeks and trimesters were calculated. A significant correlation was observed between all parameters and gestational age (p<0.05). There were also significant differences between sexes for any of the parameters (p<0.05). All measurements were determined to be greater in male fetuses than female fetuses except for en-gn, sn-gn, sa-sba and ex-en.
Conclusion: The data acquired in this study is expected to help other studies on face anomalies, pathologies and variations in addition to diagnoses and treatments of such conditions conducted in anatomy, pathologic anatomy (feto pathology), forensic medicine, medical imaging, obstetrics and pediatrics.
Keywords
References
- Lakshminarayana P, Janardhan K, David HS. Anthropometry for syndromology. Indian J Pediatr. 1991;58: 253-258.
- Evereklioglu C, Yakinci C, Er H, Doganay S, Durmaz Y. Normative values of craniofacial measurements in idiopathic benign macrocephalic children. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2001;38(3):260-263.
- Poswillo D. Causal mechanisms of craniofacial deformity. Br Med Bull. 1975;31(2):101-106.
- Pryor HB. Objective measurement of interpupillary distance. Pediatrics. 1969;44(6):973-977.
- Fledelius HC, Stubgaard M. Changes in eye position during growth and adult life as based on exophthalmometry, interpupillary distance, and orbital distance measurements. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1986;64(5):481-486.
- Bisson M, Grobbelaar A. The esthetic properties of lips: a comparison of models and nonmodels. Angle Orthod. 2004;74(2):162-166.
- Berkovitz BKB, Standerij S. Face and scalp. In: S. Standring, H. Ellis, J.C. Healy, D. Johnson, A. Williams and P. Collins. (eds) Gray’s Anatomy, 39th ed. Edinburg: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, 2005; 497-498.
- Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Schmitz JH, Ciusa V, Dellavia C. Digitized three dimensional analysis of normal dento-labial relationships. Prog Orthod. 2001;2:14-23.
- Daniel CD. Lip implants, lip augmentation techniques. E-medicine WebMD 2008. URL: http://emedicine. medscape. com/article/838222-overview (accessed 10 Jun 2009).
- Singal P, Sidhu LS. A study of cephalo-facial measurements from age 20 to 80 in Jat-Sikh and Bania females of Punjab (India). Anthropol Anz. 1986;44(4):361-371.
- Evereklioglu C, Doganay S, Er H, et al. Craniofacial anthropometry in a Turkish population. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2002;39(2):208-218.
- Onizuka T, Iwanami M. Blepharoplasty in Japan. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 1984;8(2):97-100.
- Direk FK, Deniz M, Uslu AI, Doğru S. Anthropometric analysis of orbital region and age-related changes in adult women. J Craniofac Surg. 2016;27(6):1579-1582.
- Husein OF, Sepehr A, Garg R, et al. Anthropometric and aesthetic analysis of the Indian American woman's face. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2010;63(11):1825-1831.
- Choe KS, Sclafani AP, Litner JA, Yu GP, Romo T 3rd. The Korean American woman's face: anthropometric measurements and quantitative analysis of facial aesthetics. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2004;6(4):244-252.
- Wei WT. Eyelid anthropometry of different races in Singapore. Doctoral Dissertation (Unpublished Thesis,) Sim University School of Science and Technology. 2009.
- Negus V. The comparative anatomy&physiology of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Edinburg and London: E&S Livingstone Ltd. 1958.
- Rohrich RJ, Bolden K. Ethnic rhinoplasty. Clin Plast Surg. 2010;37(2):353-370.
- Farkas LG, Hreczko TA, Kolar JC, Munro IR. Vertical and horizontal proportions of the face in young adult North American Caucasians: revision of neoclassical canons. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1985;75(3):328-338.
- Strömland K, Chen Y, Norberg T, Wennerström K, Michael G. Reference values of facial features in Scandinavian children measured with a range-camera technique. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 1999;33(1):59-65.
- Barretto RL, Mathog RH. Orbital measurement in black and white populations. Laryngoscope. 1999;109(7 Pt 1):1051-1054.
- Pivnick EK, Rivas ML, Tolley EA, Smith SD, Presbury GJ. Interpupillary distance in a normal black population. Clin Genet. 1999;55(3):182-191.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
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| Subjects | Infant and Child Health |
| Journal Section | Original Article |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | October 28, 2023 |
| Publication Date | October 29, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 6 |
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